Earth:Tramp species
In ecology, a tramp species is an organism that has been spread globally by human activities. The term was coined by William Morton Wheeler in the bulletin of the American museum of natural history in 1906, used to describe ants that “have made their way as well known tramps or stow-aways[sic] to many islands[1] The term has since widened to include non-ant organisms, but remains most popular in myrmecology. Tramp species have been noted in multiple phyla spanning both animal and plant kingdoms, including but not limited to arthropods, mollusca, bryophytes, and pteridophytes. The term "tramp species" was popularized and given a more set definition by Luc Passera in his chapter of David F William's 1994 book Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact, And Control Of Introduced Species.[2]
Definition
![](/wiki/images/thumb/6/64/Bradybaena_similaris_%2814528589874%29.jpg/250px-Bradybaena_similaris_%2814528589874%29.jpg)
Tramp species are organisms that have stable populations outside their native ranges.[3] They are closely associated with human activities.[3] They are disturbance-specialists,[3] and are characterized by their synanthropic associations with humans[4] as their primary mode of expansion is human-mediated dispersal.[5] That being said, tramp species are not limited to anthropogenically disturbed habitats, they have the potential to invade pristine habitats, especially when established in a new area.[6] For example, Anoplolepis gracilipes was able to invade undisturbed forest ecosystems in Australia after being introduced and having an established population in northeast Arnhem Land.[7] It is important to note that while some tramp species are invasive, the majority of them are not.[8] Some can exist alongside native species without competing with them, simply occupying unfilled niches, such as is the case with some populations of Tapinoma melanocephalum and Monomorium pharaonic, who rarely interfere with native species outside human settlement areas.[8]
Ants
![](/wiki/images/thumb/9/9b/M.pharaonis.jpg/250px-M.pharaonis.jpg)
Ants have a more rigid list of criterion to be considered "true" tramp species. The most cited body of work outlining these traits comes from Luc Passera.[2] His primary and most important criterion is that the distribution of the species must be linked to human activities, what he refers to as "anthropophilic tendency".[2] He also lists the following traits as being likely common to all tramp species: small size, monomorphism of worker ants (worker ants having only one phenotype), high rates of polygyny, unicoloniality, strong interspecific aggressiveness, worker ant sterility, and colony reproduction by budding.[2] These traits may appear with more or less intensity among considered tramp species,[2] and in fact, literature does not currently require a tramp species to possess every single one of these attributes.[9] Ant tramp species in particular can be ecological indicators on the susceptibility of an ecosystem to become invaded[6] or ecological instability.[2]
Causes and distribution
All tramp species are distributed globally by as a result of human transportation.[5][10][11][12][8][13][6][4] As such, they are almost always present in urban or human-settled environments, and have colonizing mechanisms that are well adapted to human cohabitation,[13] referred to as possessing "anthropogenically reinforced dispersal biology".[11] The globalization of trade and travel have contributed significantly to the dispersal of tramp species worldwide.[11] Trade activities involving the importation and exportation of cargos on ships (often containing plants, soil, wood and other biological mediums) are noted as being an especially important methods of introduction.[5] These often repeated introductions (as oftentimes shipments will come from the same place) contribute to fortifying the genetic variability and initial population sizes of newly transplanted tramp species, which facilitates their establishment in novel environments.[5] After their human-mediated introductions, tramp species can also benefit from human disturbance to the environment. Anthropogenic forces (such as construction and agriculture) can dramatically impact local fauna and flora, weakening the environment and making the area more susceptible to the encroachment of tramp species.[13] This phenomenon is noted as a particularly tough issue in Tropical Asia, where monocropping practices of local rubber plant farms have decimated indigenous species assemblages and habitat structures, allowing the establishment of many problematic tramp species.[6] Another example is the Thousand Islands Archipelago in Indonesia, where the small tropical islands are especially vulnerable to human disturbance, which facilitated the establishment of multiple tramp species.[13]
The range expansion of tramp ants is projected to increase with weather pattern changes due to climate change.[5] As many tramp species are well adapted to disturbances in their native habitat, they are particularly resilient to large-scale, unpredictable weather events (such as floods, wildfires and monsoons), which are set to increase in frequency as anthropogenic activity continues to affect global systems.[5]
Effects on local environments
Tramp species can have similar effects to invasive species, and in some literature the term "tramp" species is used as a synonym for invasive.[14][15][6][5] As such they can outcompete and displace local fauna, decreasing species richness.[13][9][8] They can also have direct impacts on human health, such as is the case with Solenopsis geminata and Pachycondyla senaarensis.[9] Both of these venomous species have been known to bite humans, often times causing severe anaphylactic reactions; this has made them known public health hazards in the regions they are found.[16][17][18] Tramp species can also be nuisance pests, damaging housing structures and crops.[11][9] However, it is important to note that tramp species are not always invasive, and can cohabitate without harming local environments or species assemblages.[8]
Control and eradication
As tramp species are so diverse in their ecology, there is no universal protocol to prevent their encroachment into new territories. However, there are certain strategies that can be employed to mitigate tramp species. In some environments, maintaining diversity of local species assemblages can deter certain tramp species.[6] Currently, there is a deficiency in our ability to identify potential new tramp species quickly - a phenomenon dubbed "taxonomic impediment", which is a delay in identifying invasive species threats.[5] As such, it is essential to increasing identification tools for preventative action against tramp species.[5] Interdepartmental cooperation for pest management can be very effective in tramp species management, as a collaborative effort between affected stakeholders can increase the likelihood of success in mitigation.[11] Direct pest management efforts have included baits with insect growth regulators to sterilize colonies to varying degrees of success.[19] One method that can be successful for urban infestation of tramp ants specifically (depending on their specific biology) in temperate zones is to shut off heat sources for two weeks or more, as many can be heat-adapted species.[8][20]
List of tramp species
Arthropods
Ants
Achycondyla sennaarensis[9]
Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi[21]
Cardiocondyla obscurior[22]
Cardiocondyla wroughtonii[21]
Iridomyrmex anceps[9]
Monomorium destructor[25][9][13]
Monomorium floricola[14][21][13]
Monomorium indicum[9]
Monomorium monomorium[13]
Monomorium pharaonic[8]
Nylanderia spp.*
Pachycondyla sennaarensis[9]
Paratrechina flavipes[9]
Paratrechina jaegerskioeldi[9]
Paratrechina longicornis[14][12][26][13]
Pheidole megacephala[12][21][26]
Solenopsis geminata[9][14][12][26]
Tetramorium bicarinatum[9][21]
Tetramorium lanuginosum[20][12][21]
Tapinoma melanocephalum[9][12][21][26][8][13]
Technomyrmex brunneus[21]
Wasmannia auropunctata[26][14]
Millipedes
Chondromorpha xanthotricha[27]
Glyphiulus granulatus[27]
Oxidus gracilis [27]
Pseudospirobolellus avernus[27]
Silverfish
Termites
Cryptotermes sp.[15]
Wasps
Calliscelio elegans [10]
Platygastroidea superfamily[28]
Mollusca
Land snails
Slugs
Plants
Bryophytes
Diplasiolejeunea ingekarolae[31]
Daltonia splachnoides[31]
Pteridophytes
Williams and Lucky 2020[5] provide a thorough listing of all known Nylanderia species with established populations outside their native ranges.
See also
- Lists of invasive species
- Supertramp (ecology)
- Climate change and invasive species
- Attribution of recent climate change
References
- ↑ Asaph., Allen, Joel (1906). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History : volume 22, 1906. American Museum of Natural History. OCLC 730437041. http://worldcat.org/oclc/730437041.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 F., Williams, David (1994). Exotic ants : biology, impact, and control of introduced species. Westview. ISBN 0-8133-8615-2. OCLC 636847669. http://worldcat.org/oclc/636847669.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Janicki, Julia; Narula, Nitish; Ziegler, Matt; Guénard, Benoit; Economo, Evan P. (March 2016). "Visualizing and interacting with large-volume biodiversity data using client–server web-mapping applications: The design and implementation of antmaps.org". Ecological Informatics 32: 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.02.006. ISSN 1574-9541.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 McDonald, Danny Lee. Investigation of an Invasive Ant Species: Nylanderia fulva Colony Extraction, Management, Diet Preference, Fecundity, and Mechanical Vector Potential. OCLC 865509308. http://worldcat.org/oclc/865509308.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Williams, Jason L; Lucky, Andrea (2020-03-16). "Non-native and Invasive Nylanderia Crazy Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World: Integrating Genomics to Enhance Taxonomic Preparedness". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113 (4): 318–336. doi:10.1093/aesa/saz039. ISSN 0013-8746.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Lee, Roger Ho; Wang, Chase Liu‐Wei; Guénard, Benoit (2020-05-10). "The ecological implications of rubber‐based agroforestry: Insect conservation and invasion control". Journal of Applied Ecology 57 (8): 1605–1618. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13642. ISSN 0021-8901.
- ↑ Hoffmann, Benjamin D.; Saul, Wolf-Christian (2010-01-30). "Yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) invasions within undisturbed mainland Australian habitats: no support for biotic resistance hypothesis". Biological Invasions 12 (9): 3093–3108. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9701-3. ISSN 1387-3547. Bibcode: 2010BiInv..12.3093H. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9701-3.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 McGlynn, Terrence P. (May 1999). "The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions". Journal of Biogeography 26 (3): 535–548. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00310.x. ISSN 0305-0270. Bibcode: 1999JBiog..26..535M. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00310.x.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 Collingwood, Cedric A.; Tigar, Barbara J.; Agosti, Donat (November 1997). "Introduced ants in the United Arab Emirates". Journal of Arid Environments 37 (3): 505–512. doi:10.1006/jare.1997.0309. ISSN 0140-1963. Bibcode: 1997JArEn..37..505C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0309.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 MASNER, LUBOMÍR; JOHNSON, NORMAN F.; MUSETTI, LUCIANA (2009-09-22). "Calliscelio elegans (Perkins), a tramp species, and a review of the status of the genus Caenoteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)". Zootaxa 2237 (1): 59–66. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2237.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Aak, Anders; Hage, Morten; Magerøy, Øyvind; Byrkjeland, Ragna; Lindstedt, Heidi; Ottesen, Preben; Rukke, Bjørn Arne (2021). "Introduction, dispersal, establishment and societal impact of the long-tailed silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudata (Escherich, 1905) in Norway". BioInvasions Records 10 (2): 483–498. doi:10.3391/bir.2021.10.2.26. ISSN 2242-1300.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Karaman, Celal; Kıran, Kadri (2018-01-17). "NEW TRAMP ANT SPECIES FOR TURKEY: Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences. doi:10.23902/trkjnat.340008. ISSN 2147-0294.
- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Rizali, Akhmad; Lohman, David J.; Buchori, Damayanti; Prasetyo, Lilik Budi; Triwidodo, Hermanu; Bos, Merijn M.; Yamane, Seiki; Schulze, Christian H. (February 2010). "Ant communities on small tropical islands: effects of island size and isolation are obscured by habitat disturbance and 'tramp' ant species". Journal of Biogeography 37 (2): 229–236. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02194.x. ISSN 0305-0270. Bibcode: 2010JBiog..37..229R. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02194.x.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Falcão, Jéssica C.F.; Dáttilo, Wesley; Díaz-Castelazo, Cecilia; Rico-Gray, Victor (May 2017). "Assessing the impacts of tramp and invasive species on the structure and dynamic of ant-plant interaction networks". Biological Conservation 209: 517–523. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.03.023. ISSN 0006-3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.03.023.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Evans, Theodore A.; Inta, Ra; Lai, Joseph C. S. (2010-11-27). "Foraging choice and replacement reproductives facilitate invasiveness in drywood termites". Biological Invasions 13 (7): 1579–1587. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9915-4. ISSN 1387-3547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9915-4.
- ↑ Knight, David; Bangs, Michael J. (September 2007). "Cutaneous allergic vasculitis due to Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) envenomation in Indonesia". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 38 (5): 808–813. ISSN 0125-1562. PMID 18041296. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041296.
- ↑ Ebaid, Hossam; Al-Khalifa, Mohamed; Isa, Ahmed M; Gadoa, Saad (2012). "Bioactivity of Samsum ant (Pachycondyla sennaarensis) venom against lipopolysaccharides through antioxidant and upregulation of Akt1 signaling in rats". Lipids in Health and Disease 11 (1): 93. doi:10.1186/1476-511x-11-93. ISSN 1476-511X. PMID 22824368.
- ↑ Rafinejad, J.; Zareii, A.; Akbarzadeh, K.; Azad, M.; Biglaryan, F.; Doosti, S.; Sedaghat, Mm (2009). "Faunestic study of ants with emphasis on the health risk of stinging ants in qeshm island, iran". Iranian Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 3 (1): 53–59. ISSN 1735-7179. PMID 22808373.
- ↑ New, Tim R. (2015), New, Tim R., ed., "Alien Species in Urban Environments" (in en), Insect Conservation and Urban Environments (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 87–101, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21224-1_5, ISBN 978-3-319-21224-1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21224-1_5, retrieved 2021-11-15
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Bharti, Himender; Kumar, Rakesh (2012-07-11). "Taxonomic studies on genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) with report of two new species and three new records including a tramp species from India with a revised key". ZooKeys (207): 11–35. doi:10.3897/zookeys.207.3040. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 22855638. Bibcode: 2012ZooK..207...11B.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 KATAYAMA, Motoki; TSUJI, Kazuki (2010-10-15). "Habitat differences and occurrence of native and exotic ants on Okinawa Island". Entomological Science 13 (4): 425–429. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2010.00400.x. ISSN 1343-8786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2010.00400.x.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 SCHMIDT, CHRISTINE V.; SCHREMPF, ALEXANDRA; TRINDL, ANDREAS; HEINZE, JÜRGEN (2016-03-08). "Microsatellite markers for the tramp ant, Cardiocondyla obscurior (Formicidae: Myrmicinae)". Journal of Genetics 95 (S1): e1-4. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0613-6. ISSN 0022-1333. PMID 27029964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12041-016-0613-6.
- ↑ DELABIE, JACQUES H.C.; BLARD, FABRICE (March 2002). "The tramp ant Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae): new records from the southern hemisphere". Neotropical Entomology 31 (1): 149–151. doi:10.1590/s1519-566x2002000100020. ISSN 1519-566X.
- ↑ Seifert, Bernhard (1991-07-12). "Lasius platythorax n. sp. a Widespread Sibling Species of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Entomologia Generalis 16 (1): 69–81. doi:10.1127/entom.gen/16/1991/69. ISSN 0171-8177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/16/1991/69.
- ↑ Patterson, Richard S. (2021-10-07), "Biological Control of Introduced Ant Species", Exotic Ants (New York: CRC Press): pp. 293–307, doi:10.1201/9780429040795-25, ISBN 9780429040795, http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429040795-25, retrieved 2021-11-09
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Mbenoun Masse, Paul Serge; Tindo, Maurice; Djiéto-Lordon, Champlain; Mony, Ruth; Kenne, Martin (2021-07-12). "Temporal variation in ant community assemblages along a rural–urban gradient in the Yaoundé metropolis, Cameroon". Urban Ecosystems 25: 193–204. doi:10.1007/s11252-021-01143-1. ISSN 1083-8155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01143-1.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Wesener, Thomas; Anilkumar, Pooja Avinipully (2020-04-28). "The millipedes collected by the Museum "La Specola" on Madagascar 1989/1991, with the description of three new species of giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Arthrosphaeridae)". ZooKeys (930): 3–35. doi:10.3897/zookeys.930.47620. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 32390746. Bibcode: 2020ZooK..930....3W.
- ↑ POPOVICI, OVIDIU ALIN; MASNER, LUBOMÍR; VICIRIUC, MĂDĂLINA; PINTILIOAIE, ALEXANDRU; NOTTON, DAVID G.; TALAMAS, ELIJAH (2018-01-09). "New distribution data for some charismatic tramp species of Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera)". Zootaxa 4370 (1): 1–22. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4370.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 29689852. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4370.1.1.
- ↑ Hirano, Takahiro; Saito, Takumi; Shariar, Shovon Mohammad; Tanchangya, Rupamoy; Chiba, Satoshi (2020). "The first record of the introduced land snail Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1822) (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Camaenidae) from Bangladesh". BioInvasions Records 9 (4): 730–736. doi:10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.07. ISSN 2242-1300.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Reise, Heike; Hutchinson, John M. C.; Schunack, Susann; Schlitt, Bettina (2011-12-01). "Deroceras panormitanum and congeners from Malta and Sicily, with a redescription of the widespread pest slug as Deroceras invadens n. sp.". Folia Malacologica 19 (4): 201–223. doi:10.2478/v10125-011-0028-1. ISSN 1506-7629.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Dong, Shanshan; Schäfer-Verwimp, Alfons; Meinecke, Philipp; Feldberg, Kathrin; Bombosch, Andrea; Pócs, Tamás; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Reitner, Joachim et al. (November 2012). "Tramps, narrow endemics and morphologically cryptic species in the epiphyllous liverwort Diplasiolejeunea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65 (2): 582–594. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.009. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 22842092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.009.
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