Engineering:Chevrolet Corvette SS

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Chevrolet Corvette SS
Chevrolet Corvette SS XP-64 (1957) (cropped).jpg
Overview
ManufacturerChevrolet (General Motors)
Also calledXP-64
Production1957
DesignerClare MacKichan
Body and chassis
Body styleRoadster
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
Powertrain
Engine283 cu in (4.6 L)
Transmission4-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase92.0 in (2,337 mm)
Length168 in (4,267 mm)
us|uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight1,850 lb (839 kg)
Chronology
PredecessorChevrolet Corvette SR-2[1]
SuccessorXP-87 Stingray racer

The Chevrolet Corvette SS is a sports racing car built by Chevrolet in 1957. The car raced once at the 1957 12 Hours of Sebring before Chevrolet withdrew from all racing activities in response to a ban that year by the Automobile Manufacturers Association for all of its member companies, which included GM.

History

By the mid-1950s GM engineer and future Director of High Performance Zora Arkus-Duntov was convinced that publicity from Corvette racing victories would increase sales of the car.[2] Duntov took a team of three Corvettes to Daytona Speedweeks in February 1956; two cars that were essentially stock and one modified car. John Fitch won the Sports Car division in one of the stock Corvettes, and Betty Skelton took second place in the other, while Duntov won the Modified Sports Car division in the modified car.[3] Four Corvettes, all with the new SR package and one with additional modifications including an enlarged engine, appeared in the 1956 12 Hours of Sebring. Duntov declined to participate, so Fitch acted as Team Manager.[4] General Manager of Chevrolet Ed Cole, watching the 1956 Sebring race, realized that only a Corvette built specifically for racing stood a chance of winning against the international competition.[2]:74[5] Two other racing Corvettes called SR-2s were built, one car for Jerry Earl, son of Harley Earl, the head of GM's Art and Color Section, and a second car for Bill Mitchell.[6]

At the New York Auto Show in December 1956 Chevrolet debuted the 1957 Corvette Super Sport, a show car based on a production Corvette with the latest engine and some features first seen on the SR and SR-2 racing cars.[7][2]:72

Harley Earl brought Jack Ensley's Jaguar D-Type into GM's Research Studio.[8][4]:16 He instructed the team to convert the car to left-hand drive, install a Chevrolet V8 engine, and restyle the car incorporating styling cues from the production Corvette. Work on the D-Type conversion started May 1956.[8] Engineers working on the conversion identified several problems with Earl's idea, leading to the conversion being abandoned, and the project moving in another direction.[9][2]:74[10]:32 Some suggest that the entire D-Type episode was a ruse by Earl to get Duntov committed to the project.[4][11]:26[5]

The redirected project received GM designation XP-64, with approval given in August 1956 to ready two cars to race at Sebring in six months time.[12][13]:54 The ultimate goal was to race the car in the 24 Hours of Le Mans.[14][15] GM designer Clare MacKichan headed up the team designing the bodywork.[5][2]:74 Also on the design team were Robert Cumberford and Anatole Lapine.[16]:189[17] Some references include Bob Cadaret in this group.[5] Although the Jaguar was gone, its shape influenced MacKichan's design.[2]:74

Development of the car's chassis, drivetrain and running gear took place in Duntov's skunkworks shop at GM.[5][18] At Lapine's suggestion, a Mercedes-Benz 300 SL was obtained, put up on stands and the body removed.[19]:50–51[11] The Mercedes' chassis was cut and modified to accept a new small-block V8 drivetrain and new rear suspension of Duntov's design.[19]:49–53 This first chassis was used to create a development mule that would receive a fiberglass body. That frame was also used as a template for building all subsequent SS chassis.[4][20]

The official name for Project XP-64 was the Corvette SS. This was the first Chevrolet to wear the "SS" badge.[21][22] When Cole announced the car, it was described as an engineering project researching various features to improve both performance and safety.[23]

The Corvette SS was Chevrolet's first purpose-built race car.[24] It was considered the successor to the three "SR" cars that raced at 1956 in Sebring, and the two SR-2 Corvettes,[15] which were based on a production Corvette chassis.

Two cars were completed; the development car called the "mule", and a full-spec Corvette SS. Three additional Corvette SS chassis were built, but not turned into complete cars.[23] Some references report that Mitchell later bought the complete development mule for just US$1 as the base for his Stingray racer.[25] In interviews Shinoda and Mitchell both describe Mitchell buying a spare SS chassis for US$500.[26] He estimated the value of the chassis at US$500,000.[27]

After its career ended, the Corvette SS remained in storage at various locations within GM until Duntov convinced John DeLorean, Chevrolet's new general manager, to donate the car to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.[28]

In 2006 a plan was made to apply the Corvette SS name to a special version of the C6 Corvette.[21] This enhanced Corvette was eventually released as the Corvette ZR1.

Features

The chassis for the Corvette SS was a tubular steel space-frame unit inspired by that of the Mercedes-Benz 300 SL.[16]:189

The full-spec car had a body made of magnesium, rather than the fiberglass used by production Corvettes.[29] The mule had a fiberglass body. A transparent bubble top was also produced for the car, but was not used when racing.[30]

Front suspension was by short-long arms with coil springs over tubular shock absorbers. At the rear was a De Dion tube with two pairs of trailing arms and coil over shocks.

The engine in the Corvette SS was a production Chevrolet small block V8 that displaced 283 cu in (4,640 cc).[8] It was fitted with Rochester Ramjet fuel injection. 9.0:1 compression aluminum cylinder heads and a deep-sump oil pan made of magnesium were used.[23] The camshaft was a special “Duntov” profile solid-lifter piece. The exhaust system used the 40 in (1,016 mm) tuned-length headers developed for the SR2.[23] Power output was 310 hp (231.2 kW) and 295 lb⋅ft (400.0 N⋅m).

The transmission was a close ratio four-speed Borg Warner manual with an aluminum alloy case.[23][4]

The differential was a Halibrand quick-change unit. Depending on the gearset installed, top speed was between 143 and 180 mph (230.1 and 289.7 km/h).[4]

The brakes were twin-leading-shoe Center-Plane mechanisms from Chrysler with a custom GM designed Al-Fin drum made up of an iron face and inner surface and finned aluminum cover. Heat transfer was increased by flowing aluminum through over 100 holes drilled in the iron drum.[23] The brakes were inboard at the rear.[23]

Overall weight for the complete car was 1,850 lb (839.1 kg).[31]

Technical data

Chevrolet Corvette SS: Detail[4]
Engine: Chevrolet small-block V8
Displacement: 283 cu in (4,640 cc)
Bore × Stroke: 3.875 in × 3.000 in (98 mm × 76 mm)
Maximum power: 310 hp (231.2 kW) at 6000 rpm
Maximum torque: 295 ft⋅lb (400.0 N⋅m) at 4400 rpm
Compression ratio: 9.0:1 (11.0:1 optional)
Valvetrain:  Single cam-in-block, pushrods, 2 overhead valves per cylinder
Induction:  Rochester constant-flow mechanical fuel-injection
Cooling:  Water-cooled
Transmission:  4-speed manual
Differential:  Halibrand quick-change
Steering:  Saginaw recirculating ball — 2.5 turns lock-to-lock
Brakes f/r: Drum/drum
Suspension front: Short-long arms (SLA) with coil springs over tubular Delco shock absorbers, anti-roll bar
Suspension rear: De Dion tube, four trailing arms, coil springs over tubular Delco shock absorbers
Body/Chassis: Magnesium body (fiberglass body on development mule)
Tubular steel space frame chassis
Track f/r: 51.5 / 51.5 in (1,308 / 1,308 mm)
Wheelbase: 92 in (2,337 mm)
Wheels: Halibrand cast magnesium, 5.00-15 with knock-off hubs
Tires f/r: Firestone Super Sports 6.50-15/7.60-15
Length
Width
Height:		 168 in (4,267 mm)
———
48.7 in (1,237 mm)
Weight: 1,850 lb (839.1 kg)
Maximum speed:

Motorsports

Duntov had originally signed Juan Manuel Fangio and Carroll Shelby to drive the car at Sebring in 1957, but both asked to be released from their contracts, so Fitch and Piero Taruffi were substituted on short notice.[4] In practice, and driving the mule rather than the full-spec SS, Fitch managed a lap time of 3:32, while Taruffi turned in a time of 3:35 in the same car. Duntov persuaded both Stirling Moss and Fangio to try the mule in practice, and they turned in times of 3:28.2 and 3:27.2 respectively.[32][33][4] Late Friday Fitch did a few laps in the magnesium-bodied SS, and found that while the fiberglass body of the mule insulated the driver from heat produced by the engine, the magnesium body provided no such protection, allowing the heat into the interior unimpeded. He also encountered problems with the brakes on the car. Parts from the mule were swapped over to the SS.

For the race, the starting grid was determined by engine displacement, so the SS started in the number one position. Fitch was in the car for the Le Mans start. After the third lap he pitted to have two front tires replaced, then turned in a lap time of 3:29.8; the fastest lap the SS would achieve. Fitch later pitted to have first a coil wire, then the coil itself, replaced. The car began to overheat. Then the bushings tying the rear lower trailing arms to the chassis split due to having been installed improperly. Fitch retired the SS after 23 laps.[34]

In April 1957, the Automobile Manufacturers Association (AMA) voted to enact a ban on motor racing for all of its member companies, which included GM. The ban went into effect on 1 June, and GM accordingly withdrew the SS from further racing.[35][18] The drivers that had been arranged for the 1957 Le Mans did not learn of the withdrawal until a month and a half after Sebring."[23] For 1958 the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) reduced the maximum displacement limit to 3.0 liters for sports cars, effectively disqualifying the Corvette SS from any future European events.[36]

At the opening of the Daytona Motor Speedway in 1959, Duntov took the SS out on the track and set fastest lap with a speed of 155 mph (249.4 km/h).[37]

Further reading

  • Rudeen, Kenneth (25 March 1957). "Detroit's Secret Weapon". Sports Illustrated. https://www.si.com/vault/1957/03/25/599920/detroits-secret-weapon. 
  • "Factory Competition Corvette". Hot Rod. June 1957. 
  • Cooper, Jeff (June 1957). "The Chevy of the Future - Will the Corvette SS Influence the '58 '59 '60 Models?". Motor Trend 9 (6). 
  • Huntington, Roger (August 1957). "Detroit Goes Grand Prix". Speed Age. 
  • Cumberford, Bob (1957). "the $1.5 Million Sportscar". Sportscar Quarterly. 
  • "Project XP-64 Corvette". Chevy Action. November 1974. 
  • Genat, Robert (19 June 2012). Chevy SS: The Super Sport Story. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0760342978. 
  • Ludvigsen, Karl E. (4 July 2014). Corvette - America's Star-Spangled Sports Car 1953-1982. Bentley Publishers. ISBN 978-0837616599. 

References

  1. ↑ DeLorenzo, Matt (15 September 2007). Corvette Dynasty. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1932855821. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Temple, David (9 May 2016). The Cars of Harley Earl. Cartech. ISBN 978-1613252345. 
  3. ↑ Hardin, Drew (7 March 2019). "Rarely Seen Archival Photos of Duntov and the Corvette Team at 1956 Daytona". http://www.superchevy.com/features/1903-rarely-seen-archival-photos-of-duntov-corvette-team-1956-daytona/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Taylor, Rich (October 1988). "Corvette SS — The One and Only". Special Interest Autos (107): 16–23, 58, 59. https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2011/10/23/sia-flashback-corvette-ss-the-one-and-only/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Ludvigsen, Karl (April 6, 2018). "Duntov's Stealth Fighters – Part 1". https://revsinstitute.org/news/duntovs-stealth-fighters-part-1/. 
  6. ↑ van Ginneken, Mario. "1956 Corvette SR-2 Sebring Racer". https://www.corvettes.nl/gm_prototypes/sr2racer/index.html. 
  7. ↑ Ernst, Kurt (2 March 2017). "After decades in the shadows, the 1957 Chevrolet Corvette Super Sport reemerges at Amelia Island". https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2017/03/02/after-decades-in-the-shadows-the-1957-chevrolet-corvette-super-sport-reemerges-at-amelia-island/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ernst, Kurt (13 April 2018). "Zora Duntov's "Stealth Fighter" Corvettes featured at The Revs Institute". https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2018/04/13/zora-duntovs-stealth-fighter-corvettes-featured-at-the-revs-institute/. 
  9. ↑ Temple, David (5 June 2018). Chevrolets of the 1950s: A Decade of Technical Innovation. Cartech. p. 126. ISBN 978-1613253748. 
  10. ↑ Leffingwell, Randy (10 September 2010). Legendary Corvettes: 'Vettes Made Famous on Track and Screen. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0760337745. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kimble, David (27 January 2013). Corvette Racing: The Complete Competition History from Sebring to Le Mans. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0760343432. 
  12. ↑ Ross, Scott (12 August 2010). "Found! Factory '57 Corvette Race Car". http://www.superchevy.com/features/corp-1010-1957-chevy-corvette-race-car/. 
  13. ↑ Mueller, Mike (23 January 2012). The Complete Book of Corvette: Every Model Since 1953. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0760341407. 
  14. ↑ "Greatest Moments in Chevrolet Racing History". 10 October 2011. https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Oct/1010_motorsports.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Breeze, Joe (14 November 2011). "Classic Concepts: 1959 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray". https://www.classicdriver.com/en/article/cars/classic-concepts-1959-chevrolet-corvette-stingray. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Leffingwell, Randy (4 June 2012). Corvette Sixty Years. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0760342312. 
  17. ↑ Holmes, Jake (4 May 2012). "GM, Porsche Designer Anatole Lapine Dies at Age 81". https://www.automobilemag.com/news/former-porsche-gm-stylist-anatole-lapine-dies-at-age-81-131481/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Scott, Tim (September 2003). "Genetically modified". Motor Sport: 36–42. https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-2003/36/genetically-modified. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Brock, Peter (2013). Corvette Sting Ray — Genesis of an American Icon. Henderson, NV: Brock Racing Enterprises LLC. ISBN 978-0-9895372-1-6. 
  20. ↑ Witzenburg, Gary (16 August 2018). "The Corvette Stingray Concept's Stunning History". https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a22718143/chevrolet-corvette-stingray-concept-history/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Matt Stone (1 July 2005). "The SS Returns: Return Of The Corvette SS?". https://motortrend.staging.enthusiastnetwork.com/cars/chevrolet/corvette/2006/chevrolet-corvette-ss-2/. 
  22. ↑ Magnange, Steve (23 February 2018). Steve Magnante's 1001 Corvette Facts. Cartech. p. 72. ISBN 978-1613253731. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 Ludvigsen, Karl (31 December 1969). "Chevrolet Corvette SS — SCI Technical Report.". https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15150226/chevrolet-corvette-ss/. 
  24. ↑ Burton, Jerry (16 November 2017). "Renaissance man: Visionary thinking and fast driving were John Fitch trademarks". https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2017/11/16/renaissance-man-john-fitch. 
  25. ↑ Teeters, Scott (11 November 2014). "Corvette Prototypes and Concepts - Trend Setting: Part 3". http://www.superchevy.com/features/1501-corvette-prototypes-and-concepts-trend-setting-part-3/. 
  26. ↑ Benford, Tom (December 1997). "Larry Shinoda's Last Interview". http://www.tombenford.com/shinivew/. 
  27. ↑ "The Reminiscences of William L. Mitchell". http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Design/Mitchell/mitchellinterview.htm. 
  28. ↑ "Painting an Icon". 18 August 2016. https://www.corvettemuseum.org/painting-an-icon/. 
  29. ↑ Kolecki, Scott (23 January 2017). "C2 Corvette". https://www.corvsport.com/c2-corvette-overview-sting-ray/. 
  30. ↑ "SNAPSHOT 151: 1957 Chevrolet Corvette SS". https://www.thesahb.com/snapshot-151-1957-chevrolet-corvette-ss/. 
  31. ↑ van Ginneken, Mario. "1956 Corvette SS XP-64". https://www.corvettes.nl/gm_prototypes/xp64/index.html. 
  32. ↑ Evans, Art (June 2012). "Corvettes and John Fitch". Victory Lane: 40, 41. http://www.briggscunningham.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Victory_Lane.pdf. 
  33. ↑ "History: The Chevrolet Corvette SS Makes Its 1957 Sebring Debut". December 16, 2010. https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/history-the-chevrolet-corvette-ss-makes-its-1957-sebring-debut-ar101913.html. 
  34. ↑ D, Nick (29 March 2016). "1957 Chevrolet Corvette SS XP-64". https://www.supercars.net/blog/1957-chevrolet-corvette-ss-xp-64/. 
  35. ↑ McLellan, Dave (14 April 2008). "007 Corvette Chief Podcast – Zora Arkus-Duntov, the Corvette SS and The 12 Hours of Sebring, 1957". http://corvettechief.com/2008/04/14/007-corvette-chief-podcast-zora-arkus-duntov-the-corvette-ss-and-the-12-hours-of-sebring-1957/. 
  36. ↑ Yates, Brock (April 1967). "Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport". Car and Driver. https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15150237/chevrolet-corvette-grand-sport-specialty-file/. 
  37. ↑ "Chevrolet Unveils 2012 Corvette Daytona Prototype". 15 November 2011. https://www.daytonainternationalspeedway.com/Articles/2011/11/Corvette-announcement.aspx. 

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