Engineering:Electrohydraulic manual transmission

From HandWiki

Electrohydraulic manual transmission[1], also known as a clutchless manual[2], or automated manual[3][4][5], is a type of automatic and semi-automatic transmission system, closely based on the internals of a manual transmission, but it uses an electronically-controlled automated clutch mechanism, with electromechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic activation, unlike a conventional manual transmissions where the driver operates the clutch manually. Gear shifting, clutch actuation, shift-timing, and rev-matching are all controlled by electronic computers and hydraulic or pneumatic actuators.[6] To change gears, the driver selects the desired gear with the transmission shift lever, and the electronic sensors and actuators connected to the TCU automatically operate the clutch and throttle to match revs and to re-engage the clutch. Also, many such transmissions operate in a sequential mode, where the driver can only upshift or downshift by one gear at a time.

Depending on the implementation, some computer-controlled electrohydraulic manual transmissions will automatically shift gears at the right points (like an automatic transmission), while others require the driver to manually select the gear even when the engine is at the redline. Despite the superficial similarity, automated manual transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver's 'feel' from a manumatic, the latter of which is an automatic transmission (automatics use a torque converter instead of a hydraulic or pneumatic clutch like in an automated manual, to manage the link between the engine and the transmission) with the ability to override the automatic transmission's computer, and actuate shifts manually.[7]

Use in road cars

In 1984, Isuzu introduced the "NAVi5", a semi-automatic gearbox with electronically-controlled hydraulics, for their domestic-market Aska. Initially available with an automatic mode only, the later incarnations added a manual mode. It was operated with an H-pattern gearshift, not a sequential shifter or paddles popular in today’s cars.

Ferrari offered the Mondial T model with a clutchless semi-automatic transmission, called Valeo transmission. In this system, the stick shift of a traditional manual transmission is retained, except the shifting and rev-matching is operated via hydraulic actuation. Moving the shifter automatically actuates the electrohydraulic clutch. This transmission was featured in an episode of Top Gear. In 2017, Toyota unveiled the GR HV SPORTS[8] concept with what looks like a similar transmission.

The most famous application of a sequential transmission in road-cars would be their use in some Ferraris since the late-nineties, beginning with the 355 F1. Their system, the most current version of which is called "F1-Superfast," with shift times of 60 ms[9] is designed to serve as a link to their Formula One efforts (which is the same type of electrohydraulic manual transmission system used in the Ferrari 640 Formula 1 car in 1989). This technology has also trickled down to the cars of their sister company, Maserati, where it is known as "Cambiocorsa". In 1999 Alfa Romeo 156 was the first mainstream car with a sequential transmission derived from the Ferrari system (Selespeed).[10][11]

BMW offered an H-pattern manual with an automated clutch in approximately half of their early-mid 90s Alpina E31 models (referred to as "Shiftronic"). This was in some ways a predecessor to their later sequential gearbox offering, a system simply called "sequential manual gearbox" (SMG) on the E36 M3(Starting in 1997) and later "SMG-II" on the E46 M3. BMW's first-generation SMG was also partly a Magneti Marelli system similar to the one used by Ferrari and Alfa.[12] The BMW SMG transmission has both automatic and manual shift modes. Inside the different modes, there are different programs, with six settings to control the upshift/downshift speed for manual operation, and five settings for automatic mode. BMW's final SMG gearbox, known as SMG III, was the fastest shifting gearbox at the time (2006), recording a 65 millisecond shift time in its most aggressive mode[13] - a time only surpassed by Ferrari with the 599 GTO (60 milliseconds) and later the Lamborghini Aventador (55 milliseconds).

BMW has since switched over to a Getrag dual-clutch transmission in the latest M3, and Ferrari as well in 2009 with the California and 458 Italia.

The 3rd generation Toyota MR2 used Toyota's version, known as the "Sequential Manual Transmission" (SMT).

Volkswagen Group (parent owner of Lamborghini) introduced an automated manual transmission to the Lamborghini Gallardo[14] [15] (E-gear) and then added it to the Audi R8[16] [17] [18] (R-tronic).

Applications

Production Year (*) Manufacturer Model Version Transmission Name
1996 Alfa Romeo 156 2.0 TS/JTS/GTA Selespeed
2000 147 2.0 TS/GTA
2003 GT JTS
2004 159 2.2 JTS
2005 Brera 2.2 JTS
2006 Spider 2.2 JTS
2007 8C Competizione & 8C Spider - Q-Select
2001-2007 Aston Martin Vanquish / Vanquish S All Sequential Shift Manual (SSM)
2006 Audi Sport GmbH type 42 R8[19] - R-Tronic[20]
1992 BMW[21] E36 M3[22] - SMG (Sequential ///M Gearbox)
2003 E46 325Ci, 330Ci SMG (Sequential Manual Gearbox)
2000 E46 M3 - SMG II (Sequential ///M Gearbox)
2002 E85 Z4 - SMG (Sequential Manual Gearbox)
2003 E60/61 525i, 530i, 545i, 550i - SMG (Sequential Manual Gearbox)
2005 E60/61 M5 - SMG III (Sequential ///M Gearbox)
2003 E63/64 645Ci, 650i - SMG (Sequential Manual Gearbox)
2005 E63/64 M6 - SMG III (Sequential ///M Gearbox)
2004 Citroën C4 equipped with a HDI engine EGS
1955 Citroën DS - B.V.H. (Boîte de Vitesses hydraulique)[23]
2017 Dallara Stradale - -
1993 Fiat Punto - Selespeed
2001 Stilo Abarth
1995 Bravo in Brazil Dualogic
2003 Idea
1988 Ferrari Mondial T - Valeo
1994 355 F1 - F1
1999 360 -
2002 575M Maranello -
2002 Enzo -
2004 612 Scaglietti -
2004 F430 -
2005 FXX -
2006 599 -
1983 Isuzu Aska 2.0 (option available from 1984) NAVi5
1985 Gemini FF (option available from 1986)
2001 Lamborghini Murciélago - e-gear
2003 Gallardo -
2007 Reventón -
2011 Sesto Elemento -
2011 Aventador - ISR
2013 Veneno -
2016 Centenario -
2003 Lancia Ypsilon (option available from 2006) DFN (Dolce Far Niente)
2004 Musa -
2010 Lexus LFA - ASG (Automated Sequential Gearbox)
2001 Maserati Coupé and Spyder - Cambiocorsa
2003 Quattroporte V - DuoSelect
2004 MC12 - Cambiocorsa
2007 GranTurismo - MC-Shift
1967 Porsche Porsche 911 - Sportomatic[24][25]
2005 Proton Savvy - AMT (Automated Manual Transmission)
1994 Saab 900 NG - Sensonic[26][27][28][29][30]
1998 Smart Fortwo - Softouch
2004 Smart Forfour - Softouch
1999 Toyota MR2 mk3 (aka MR-S) - SMT (Sequential Manual Transmission)
1967 Volkswagen Beetle - Autostick

(*) "Production Year" is the first production year of the entire car (if multiple generations are available, this is the year of the one that introduced the electrohydraulic manual transmission), it's not the first year the electrohydraulic manual transmission was available (because there is currently not enough information available) and it's definitely not the first "Model Year" of the car.

See also

References

  1. ↑ [1]
  2. ↑ https://www.autozine.org/technical school/gearbox/Gearbox Manual.html
  3. ↑ [2]
  4. ↑ [3]
  5. ↑ [4]
  6. ↑ "Automated Manual Transmission". ZF. https://www.zf.com/products/en/cars/products_29280.html. 
  7. ↑ Electric Gearshift Actuator - MAGNETI MARELLI
  8. ↑ "Toyota to Unveil GR HV SPORTS concept at Tokyo Motor Show 2017". Toyota. 2017-10-06. https://global.toyota/en/detail/19001900. 
  9. ↑ Neff, John (2007-07-18). "Ferrari reveals F430 Scuderia, not Challenge Stradale". Autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2007/07/18/ferrari-reveals-f430-scuderia-not-challenge-stradale. Retrieved 2009-10-03. 
  10. ↑ Ciferri, Luca. "FERRARI LAUNCHES F1-STYLE GEARBOX ON F355". http://europe.autonews.com/article/19970804/ANE/708040768/ferrari-launches-f1-style-gearbox-on-f355. Retrieved 12 June 2018. 
  11. ↑ "Directly from the Formula 1. - Magneti Marelli". https://www.magnetimarelli.com/press_room/news/directly-formula-1. Retrieved 26 March 2020. 
  12. ↑ "BMW 330i SMG". evo.co.uk. http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/19725/bmw_330i_smg.html. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  13. ↑ Lewin, Tony. The BMW Century: The Ultimate Performance Machines. Motorbooks. p. 137. ISBN 9780760353042. https://books.google.ca/books?id=3I8yDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA137&dq=bmw%20e39%20transmission&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 21 July 2017. 
  14. ↑ [5]
  15. ↑ [6]
  16. ↑ [7]
  17. ↑ [8]
  18. ↑ [9]
  19. ↑ [10]
  20. ↑ [11]
  21. ↑ ST 813 M DCT Drivelogic. BMW AG. p. 7. https://archive.org/details/st813mdctdrivelogic. Retrieved 14 July 2019. 
  22. ↑ "FAQ E36 M3 3.2". BMW M Registry. http://www.bmwmregistry.com/model_faq.php?id=15. Retrieved 2009-10-03. 
  23. ↑ http://www.mycitroen.dk/library/ds/Red/Hydraulics/Chas'%20Hydraulic%20Course.pdf
  24. ↑ https://www.total911.com/automatic-gearbox-a-porsche-911-history/#:~:text=In%201967%2C%20Porsche%20released%20its,driver%20touched%20the%20gear%20lever.
  25. ↑ [[https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15366473/shift-this-a-history-of-porsches-sportomatic-tiptronic-and-pdk-transmissions/
  26. ↑ https://jalopnik.com/for-10-000-come-to-your-sensonics-1463638326
  27. ↑ https://www.saabplanet.com/uber-rare-saab-900-ng-sensonic-edition/
  28. ↑ https://www.autonews.com/article/19980216/ANA/802160766/saab-shelves-sensonic-transmission
  29. ↑ https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1994-05-12-9405110114-story.html
  30. ↑ https://www.autozine.org/technical school/gearbox/Gearbox Manual.html

External links




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