Engineering:Direct-shift gearbox

From HandWiki
Short description: Type of dual-clutch transmission
DSG DL 501 Mechatronics
DSG DL 501
Part-cutaway view of the Volkswagen Group 6-speed direct-shift gearbox. The concentric multi-plate clutches have been sectioned, along with the mechatronics module. This also shows the additional power take-off for distributing torque to the rear axle for four-wheel drive applications. (View this image with annotations)
Schematic diagram of a dual-clutch gearbox:
  • M: Motor
  • A: Primary drive and driving shaft
  • B: Dual clutch
  • C: Driven shaft
  • D: Layshaft, hollow, even gears
  • E: Layshaft, odd gears
  • F: Output

A direct-shift gearbox (DSG, German: Direktschaltgetriebe[1])[2][3] is an electronically controlled, dual-clutch,[2] multiple-shaft, automatic gearbox, in either a transaxle or traditional transmission layout (depending on engine/drive configuration), with automated clutch operation, and with fully-automatic[2] or semi-manual gear selection. The first dual-clutch transmissions were derived from Porsche in-house development for the Porsche 962 in the 1980s.

In simple terms, a DSG automates two separate "manual" gearboxes (and clutches) contained within one housing and working as one unit.[2][3][4] It was designed by BorgWarner and is licensed to the Volkswagen Group, with support by IAV GmbH.[citation needed] By using two independent clutches,[2][4] a DSG can achieve faster shift times[2][4] and eliminates the torque converter of a conventional epicyclic automatic transmission.[2]

Overview

Transverse DSG

At the time of launch in 2003,[2][5] it became the world's first automated dual-clutch transmission in a series-production car,[2][5] in the German-market Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32,[2][5] and shortly afterwards worldwide, in the original Audi TT 3.2.[6] and the 2004+ New Beetle TDI. For the first few years of production, this original DSG transmission was only available in transversely oriented[2] front-engine, front-wheel-drive and Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive vehicle layouts.

The first DSG transaxle that went into production for the Volkswagen Group mainstream marques had six forward speeds (and one reverse)[5][6] and used wet/submerged multi-plate clutch packs[2] (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ250, parts code prefix: 02E).[6][7] It has been paired to engines with up to 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) of torque.[5][6] The two-wheel-drive version weighs 93 kg (205 lb). It is manufactured at Volkswagen Group's Kassel plant,[2] with a daily production output of 1,500 units.[5]

At the start of 2008, another world-first[5] 70 kg (150 lb) seven-speed DSG transaxle[5] (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ200, parts code prefix: 0AM)[7][8][9] became available. It differs from the six-speed DSG, in that it uses two single-plate dry clutches (of similar diameter).[9] This clutch pack was designed by LuK Clutch Systems, Gmbh.[10] This seven-speed DSG is used in smaller front-wheel-drive cars with smaller-displacement engines with lower torque outputs,[5][6][9] such as the Volkswagen Golf Mk6,[5][9] Volkswagen Polo Mk5,[9] and the new SEAT Ibiza.[6] It has been paired to engines with up to 250 N⋅m (180 lb⋅ft).[11] It has considerably less oil capacity than the six-speed DQ250; this new DQ200 uses just 1.7 litres (0.37 imp gal; 0.45 US gal) of transmission fluid.[5]

In September 2010, VW launched a new seven-speed DSG built to support up to 600 N⋅m (440 lb⋅ft), the DQ500.[12]

Audi longitudinal DSG

In late 2008, an all-new seven-speed longitudinal[6][13] S tronic[13] version of the DSG transaxle went into series production (Volkswagen Group internal code: DL501, parts code prefix: 0B5).[7] Initially, from early 2009, it is only used in certain Audi cars, and only with longitudinally mounted engines. Like the original six-speed DSG, it features a concentric dual wet multi-plate clutch.[13] However, this particular variant uses notably more plates – the larger outer clutch (for the odd-numbered gears) uses 10 plates, whereas the smaller inner clutch (driving even-numbered gears and reverse) uses 12 plates.[13] Another notable change over the original transverse DSGs is the lubrication system[14][15] – Audi now utilise two totally separate oil circuits.[13] One oil circuit, consisting of 7.5 litres (1.65 imp gal; 1.98 US gal), lubricates the hydraulic clutches and mechatronics with fully synthetic specialist automatic transmission fluid (ATF),[13] whilst the other oil circuit lubricates the gear trains and front and centre differentials with 4.3 litres (0.95 imp gal; 1.14 US gal) of conventional hypoid gear oil.[13] This dual circuit lubrication is aimed at increasing overall reliability, due to eliminating cross-contamination of debris and wear particles.[13] It has a torque handling limit of up to 600 N⋅m (440 lb⋅ft),[6] and engine power outputs of up to 330 kW (450 PS; 440 bhp).[6] It has a total mass, including all lubricants and the dual-mass flywheel of 141.5 kg (312 lb).[6]

This was initially available in their quattro all-wheel-drive variants,[7] and is very similar to the new ZF Friedrichshafen-supplied[16] Porsche Doppel-Kupplung (PDK).[17][18]

List of DSG variants

Name Orientation Ratios Max. torque (N·m) Clutch type Comments
DQ200 Transverse 7 250 Dry 7-speed DSG transmission with dry clutch, most found on VAG-cars from 2007 till present day. With engine capacity between 1.0–1.9-litre. (Max torque 250Nm)
DQ200e Transverse 7 Dry 7-speed DSG transmission with dry clutch, found on the Volkswagen Jetta 1.4 TSI Hybrid.
DQ250 Transverse 6 400 Wet 6-speed DSG transmission with wet clutch, most found on VAG-cars from 2003 till present day.
DQ380[19] Transverse 7 420 Wet 7-speed DSG transmission with wet clutch, used in the Golf 7 GTI and Audi S3. Production started in 2015, widespread in China. This transmission is a smaller version of the DQ500, which can be found on the Audi RS3 & Audi Q3 2.0TFSI/TDI engines.
DQ381 Transverse 7 420-430 Wet In 2017 an improvement of DQ380 was derived as the DQ381(also known as 0GC), is used in many new vehicles with MQB platform like Arteon. DQ381 has an all wheel drive variant as DQ381-7A, the front drive variant is called DQ381-7F.[20][21]
DQ400e Transverse 6 400 Wet 6-speed DSG transmission with wet clutch used in the plug-in hybrid Golf GTE and Passat GTE, and the equivalent e-tron versions of the Audi A3 and Audi Q3. The electric motor is included in the DSG assembly. There are a total of 3 clutches on this DSG.
DQ500 Transverse 7 600 Wet 7-speed DSG transmission with wet clutch, mostly found on Transporters 2009–2013, VW Tiguan 2.0TDI 4motion, but also used in the Audi RS3 or VW Passat B8 BiTDI. Also standard on Audi Q3 series with 2.0TFSI/TDI engines.
DQ511 Transverse 10 550 Wet The DQ511 was a planned 10-speed DSG transmission. The project was cancelled citing cost and complexity issues.[22]
DL382 Longitudinal 7 500[23] Wet 7-speed DSG transmission with wet clutch. Used in the Audi A4/A5/A6/Q5 and Volkswagen Phideon. Production started in 2015 with a 400Nm capacity, both front wheel drive variant DL382-7F and all wheel drive variant DL382-7Q are provided. The Quattro Ultra all wheel drive version DL382-7A is introduced with Q5(typ FY).[24] Starting with Audi A6/A7(typ 4K), the high torque variant(up to 500Nm) named as DL382+ is introduced. 0CK and 0DN are codenames for DL382-7F, 0CL is for DL382-7Q, 0CJ and 0DP are for DL382-7A and 0HL is for DL382+-7A.[25][26]
DL501 Longitudinal 7 600 Wet 7-speed DSG transmission with wet clutch. (Audi S-tronic)
DL800 Longitudinal 7 Wet 7-speed DSG transmission with wet clutch. Rarely used, only in the second generation Audi R8 (2015–present) and the Lamborghini Huracan.

Operational introduction

The internal combustion engine drives two clutch packs.[2][4] The outer clutch pack drives gears 1, 3, 5[2] (and 7 when fitted), and reverse[2] – the outer clutch pack has a larger diameter compared to the inner clutch, and can therefore handle greater torque loadings. The inner clutch pack drives gears 2, 4, and 6.[2] Instead of a standard large dry single-plate clutch, each clutch pack for the six-speed DSG is a collection of four small wet interleaved clutch plates (similar to a motorcycle wet multi-plate clutch). Due to space constraints, the two clutch assemblies are concentric, and the shafts within the gearbox are hollow and also concentric.[4] Because the alternate clutch pack's gear-sets can be pre-selected[2][4] (predictive shifts enabled via the unloaded section of the gearbox), un-powered time while shifting is avoided[2][4] because the transmission of torque is simply switched from one clutch-pack to the other.[2] While the DSG has one of the fastest shift times on the market, the claim that the DSG takes only about 8 milliseconds to upshift is un-proven with 3-party data nor claimed by the manufacturer.

The variant of DSG fitted to plug-in hybrid vehicles (such as the Golf/Passat GTE and the Audi A3 e-tron) also have a third clutch - its function is connect the electric motor to the combustion engine when both power sources are required simultaneously to propel the vehicle (the motor armature permanently turns with the input shaft of the transmission) - it also is engaged to bump start the combustion engine from the electric motor whenever the transmission is in the "N" position - this is due to the engine not having a conventional starter motor.

DSG controls

The direct-shift gearbox uses a floor-mounted transmission shift lever, very similar to that of a conventional automatic transmission.[9] The lever is operated in a straight 'fore and aft' plane (without any 'dog-leg' offset movements), and uses an additional button to help prevent an inadvertent selection of an inappropriate shift lever position.

P

P position of the floor-mounted gear shift lever means that the transmission is set in park. Both clutch packs are fully disengaged, all gear-sets are disengaged, and a solid mechanical transmission lock is applied to the crown wheel of the DSG's internal differential. This position must only be used when the motor vehicle is stationary. Furthermore, this is the position which must be set on the shift lever before the vehicle ignition key can be removed.

N

N position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in neutral. Similar to P above, both clutch packs and all gear-sets are fully disengaged; however, the parking lock is also disengaged.

D mode

Whilst the motor vehicle is stationary and in neutral (N), the driver can select D for drive (after first pressing the foot brake pedal). The transmission's outer clutch K2 engages at the start of the bite point, while on the alternate gear shaft the reverse gear clutch K1 is also selected.[2][3] The clutch pack for second gear (K2) gets ready to engage. When the driver releases the brake pedal, the K2 clutch clamping force is increased, allowing the transmission to drive the wheels. Depressing the accelerator pedal engages the clutch and causes an increase of forward vehicle speed. Pressing the throttle pedal to the floor (hard acceleration) will cause the gearbox to "kick down" to first gear to provide the acceleration associated with first, although there will be a slight hesitation while the gearbox deselects second gear and selects first gear. As the vehicle accelerates, the transmission's computer determines when the second gear (which is connected to the second clutch) should be fully used. Depending on the vehicle speed and amount of engine power being requested by the driver (determined by the position of the throttle pedal), the DSG then up-shifts. During this sequence, the DSG disengages the first outer clutch whilst simultaneously engaging the second inner clutch[2][3] (all power from the engine is now going through the second shaft), thus completing the shift sequence. This sequence in a fraction of a second (aided by pre-selection), and can be performed without lifting off the throttle, resulting in minimal power loss.[2]

Once the vehicle has completed the shift to second gear, the first gear is immediately de-selected, and third gear is pre-selected.[2][3] Once the time comes to shift into 3rd, the second clutch disengages and the first clutch re-engages.[2] This sequence repeats through the gear changes.

Downshifting is similar to up-shifting but in reverse order. At 600 milliseconds downshifting is necessarily slower, due to the engine's Electronic Control Unit (ECU) needing to 'blip' the throttle so that the engine crankshaft speed can match the appropriate gear shaft speed.[2] A downshift occurs when the ECU senses the car slowing down, or when more power is required.

The actual shift points are determined by the DSG's transmission ECU, which controls a hydro-mechanical unit.[2] The transmission ECU, combined with the hydro-mechanical unit, are collectively called a mechatronics[2] unit or module. Because the DSG's ECU uses fuzzy logic, the operation of the DSG is said to be adaptive;[dubious – discuss] that is, the DSG will "learn" how the user drives the car, and will progressively tailor the shift points accordingly to suit the habits of the driver.[citation needed]

In the vehicle instrument display, between the speedometer and tachometer, the available shift-lever positions are shown, the current position of the shift-lever is highlighted (emboldened), and the current gear ratio in use is also displayed as a number.

Under "normal", progressive and linear acceleration and deceleration, the DSG shifts in a sequential manner; i.e., under acceleration: 1st → 2nd → 3rd → 4th → 5th → 6th, and the same sequence reversed for deceleration. However, the DSG can also skip the normal sequential method, by missing gears, and shift two or more gears.[3] This is most apparent if the car is being driven at sedate speeds in one of the higher gears with a light throttle opening, and the accelerator pedal is then pressed down, engaging the kick-down function. During kick-down, the DSG will skip gears,[9] shifting directly to the most appropriate gear depending on speed and throttle opening. This kick-down may be engaged by any increased accelerator pedal opening, and is completely independent of the additional resistance to be found when the pedal is pressed fully to the floor, which will activate a similar kick-down function when in Manual operation mode. The seven-speed unit in the 2007 Audi variants will not automatically shift to 6th gear; rather, it stays at 5th to keep power available at a high RPM while cruising.[citation needed]

When the floor-mounted gear selector lever is in position D, the DSG works in fully automatic mode,[3][4] with emphasis placed on gear shifts programmed to deliver maximum fuel economy.[3][9] That means that shifts will change up and down very early in the rev-range. As an example, on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 GTI, sixth gear will be engaged around 52 km/h (32 mph), when initially using the DSG transmission with the default ECU adaptation; although with an "aggressive" or "sporty" driving style, the adaptive shift pattern will increase the vehicle speed at which sixth gear engages.

S mode

The floor selector lever also has an S position.[2] When S is selected, sport mode[2] is activated in the DSG. Sport mode still functions as a fully automatic mode,[3] identical in operation to D mode, but upshifts and downshifts are made much higher up the engine rev-range.[2][3][9] This aids a more sporty driving manner,[2] by utilising considerably more of the available engine power, and also maximising engine braking. However, this mode does have a detrimental effect on the vehicle fuel consumption, when compared to D mode. This mode may not be ideal to use when wanting to drive in a sedate manner; nor when road conditions are very slippery, due to ice, snow or torrential rain – because loss of tire traction may be experienced (wheel spin during acceleration, and may also result in road wheel locking during downshifts at high engine rpms under closed throttle). On 4motion or quattro-equipped vehicles this may be partially offset by the drivetrain maintaining full-time engagement of the rear differential in S mode, so power distribution under loss of front-wheel traction may be marginally improved.

S is highlighted in the instrument display, and like D mode, the currently used gear ratio is also displayed as a number.

R

R position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in reverse. This functions in a similar way to D, but there is just one reverse gear. When selected, R is highlighted in the instrument display.

Manual mode

Additionally, the floor shift lever also has another plane of operation, for manual[3][4] mode, with spring-loaded + and − positions. This plane is selected by moving the stick away from the driver (in vehicles with the driver's seat on the right, the lever is pushed to the left, and in left-hand drive cars, the stick is pushed to the right) when in D mode only. When this plane is selected, the DSG can now be controlled like a manual gearbox, albeit only under a sequential shift pattern.

In most (VW) applications, the readout in the instrument display changes to 6 5 4 3 2 1, and just like the automatic modes, the currently used gear ratio is highlighted or emboldened. In other versions (e.g., on the Audi TT) the display shows just M followed by the gear currently selected; e.g., M1, M2, etc.

To change up a gear, the lever is pushed forward (against a spring pressure) towards the +, and to change down, the lever is pulled rearward towards the −. The DSG transmission can now be operated with the gear changes being (primarily) determined by the driver. This method of operation is commonly called tiptronic.[2] In the interests of engine preservation, when accelerating in Manual/tiptronic mode, the DSG will still automatically change up just before the redline, and when decelerating, it will change down automatically at very low revs, just before the engine idle speed (tickover). Furthermore, if the driver calls for a gear when it is not appropriate (e.g., requesting a downshift when engine speed is near the redline) the DSG will not change to the driver's requested gear.[3]

Current variants of the DSG will still downshift to the lowest possible gear ratio when the kick-down button is activated during full throttle whilst in manual mode. In Manual mode this kick-down is only activated by an additional button at the bottom of the accelerator pedal travel; unless this is pressed the DSG will not downshift, and will simply perform a full-throttle acceleration in whatever gear was previously being utilised.

Paddle shifters

Initially[when?] available on certain[example needed] high-powered cars, and those with a "sporty" trim level—such as those using the 2.0 T FSI and 3.2/3.6 VR6 engines[2]—steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters[3][4] were available. However, these are now being offered (either as a standard inclusive fitment, or as a factory optional extra) on virtually all DSG-equipped cars, throughout all model ranges, including lesser power output applications, such as the 105 PS Volkswagen Golf Plus.[9]

These operate in an identical manner as the floor mounted shift lever when it is placed across the gate in manual mode. The paddle shifters have two distinct advantages: the driver can safely keep both hands on the steering wheel when using the Manual/tiptronic mode; and the driver can temporarily manually override either of the automatic programmes (D or S),[9] and gain instant manual control of the DSG transmission[9] (within the above described constraints).

If the paddle-shift activated manual override of one of the automatic modes (D or S) is used intermittently the DSG transmission will default back to the previously selected automatic mode after a predetermined duration of inactivity of the paddles, or when the vehicle becomes stationary. Alternatively, should the driver wish to immediately revert to fully automatic control, this can be done by activating and holding the + paddle[9] for at least two seconds.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

  • Better fuel economy[2][5] (up to 15% improvement) than conventional planetary geared automatic transmission (due to lower parasitic losses from oil churning)[4] and for some models with manual transmissions;[2]
  • No loss of torque through the transmission from the engine to the driving wheels during up-shifts;[2][4]
  • Short up-shift time when shifting to a gear the alternate gear shaft has preselected;
  • Smooth gear-shift operations;[4]
  • Consistent down-shift time of 600 milliseconds, regardless of throttle or operational mode;

Disadvantages

  • The clutch pack mechanisms have a limited lifespan;
  • Marginally worse mechanical efficiency compared to a conventional manual transmission, especially on wet-clutch variants due to electronics and hydraulic systems;[4]
  • Expensive specialist transmission fluids/lubricants with dedicated additives are required, which need regular changes;[14][15]
  • Relatively expensive to manufacture,[citation needed] and therefore increases new vehicle purchase price;
  • Relatively lengthy shift time when shifting to a gear ratio which the transmission control unit did not anticipate (around 1100 ms, depending on the situation);[27]
  • Torque handling capability constraints impose a limit on after-market engine tuning modifications (though many tuners and users may exceed the official torque limits notwithstanding); (Later variants have been fitted to more powerful cars, such as the 300 bhp/350 Nm VW R36 and the 272 bhp/350 Nm Audi TTS.)
  • Heavier than a comparable Getrag conventional manual transmission (75 kg (165 lb) vs. 47.5 kg (105 lb));

Applications

Volkswagen Group vehicles with the DSG gearbox include:[7]

Audi

After originally using the DSG moniker, Audi subsequently renamed their direct-shift gearbox to S tronic.

Bugatti

Lamborghini

  • Lamborghini Huracan

SEAT

Škoda

Volkswagen

Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles

Problems and recalls of DSG-equipped vehicles

The 7-speed DQ200 and 6-speed DQ250 gearboxes sometimes suffer from power-loss (gear disengaging) due to short-circuiting of wires caused by a build-up of sulphur in the transmission oil.[30]

United States

In August 2009, Volkswagen of America issued two recalls of DSG-equipped vehicles. The first involved 13,500 vehicles,[31] and was to address unplanned shifts to the neutral gear,[31] while the second involved similar problems (by then attributed to faulty temperature sensors) and applied to 53,300 vehicles.[31][32][33] These recalls arose as a result of investigations carried out by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),[34] where owners reported to the NHTSA a loss of power whilst driving.[31] This investigation preliminary found only 2008 and 2009 model year vehicles as being affected.[31][34]

Australia

In November 2009, Volkswagen recalled certain Golf, Jetta, EOS, Passat & Caddy models equipped with 6-speed DQ250 DSG transmission because the gearbox may read the clutch temperature incorrectly, which leads to clutch protection mode, causing a loss of power.[35]

China

Since 2009 there have been widespread concerns from Chinese consumers particularly among the online community, who expressed that Volkswagen has failed to respond to complaints about defects in its DSG-equipped vehicles. Typical issues associated with 6-speed DSG include abnormal noise and inability to change gear; while issues associated with 7-speed DSG include abnormal noise, excessive shift shock, abnormal increase in engine RPM, flashing gear indicator on the dashboard as well as inability to shift to even-numbered gears.[citation needed] In March 2012 China's quality watchdog the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) said that it had been in contact with Volkswagen (China) and urged the carmaker to probe the issues.[36][37] In a survey held by Gasgoo.com (China) of 2,937 industry experts and insiders, 83% of respondents believed that the carmaker should consider a full vehicle recall.[38] In March 2012 Volkswagen Group China admitted that there could be an issue in its seven-speed DSG gearboxes that may affect approximately 500,000 vehicles from its various subsidiaries in China.[39] A software upgrade has since been offered for the affected vehicles in an attempt to repair the problem.

According to 163.com - one of China's most popular web portals - in March 2012 about a quarter of the complaints about problems found in cars in China's automotive market were made against DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen.[40] The top five models that dominate those complaints were:

Would be worth noting that Touareg has never been fitted with a DSG transmission.

On 15 March 2013, China Central Television aired a program for the World Consumer Rights Day. The program criticized the issue associated with DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen. On 17 March 2013 Volkswagen Group China announced on its official Weibo that it will voluntarily recall vehicles equipped with DSG boxes.[41] Some sources have estimated the failure rate of DSG-equipped vehicles sold in China to be greater than 20,000 per million sold.[citation needed]

Sweden

VW Sweden stopped selling the Passat EcoFuel DSG as a taxi after many cars had problems with the 7 speed DSG gearbox. They instead offered the Touran EcoFuel DSG, which uses an updated version of the same DSG gearbox.[42]

Japan

The recall has been extended to Japan with 91,000 (VW and Audi using the same DSG) being recalled.[43]

Malaysia

13 days after the Singapore recall, Volkswagen Malaysia also announced a recall for the 7-speed DSG. No official statement was released by the company, but it was stated that a total of 3,962 were involved in the unit recall exercise - units produced between June 2010 and June 2011, with affected vehicles being Golf, Polo, Scirocco, Cross Touran, Passat and Jetta models equipped with the transmission.[44]

Australian recall

15 October 2019, Australia recall of DSG 7-speed gearboxes. Due to a production fault, over time a crack in the transmissions pressure accumulator can occur. If the pressure accumulator cracks, oil and pressure is lost in the hydraulic system of the gearbox. As a result, the transmission of engine power via the gearbox is interrupted. The experience of this symptom would be comparable to depressing the clutch in a vehicle fitted with a manual transmission. This could increase the likelihood of an accident affecting the occupants of the vehicle and other road users.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Volkswagen Service Training Manual 308 - 02E 6-speed DSG 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 "Volkswagen DSG - World's first dual-clutch gearbox in a production car". Volkswagen-Media-Services.com (Press release). Volkswagen Group / Volkswagen AG. 22 November 2002. Archived from the original on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 "Twin Clutch / Direct Shift Gearbox (DSG) - What it is, how it works". Cars.About.com. http://cars.about.com/od/thingsyouneedtoknow/a/ag_howDSGworks.htm. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 "How the Dual Clutch Transmission Works". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/widc_pg3a.asp. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 "The 7-speed DSG - the intelligent automatic gearbox from Volkswagen". VolkswagenAG.com. Volkswagen Group / Volkswagen AG. 21 January 2008. http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/themes/2008/01/the_7speed_dsg.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 "Volkswagen Group extends reach of dual clutch transmissions". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 8 May 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory6a.asp. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 ETKA[clarification needed]
  8. ↑ Volkswagen Service Training Manual 390 - 0AM 7-speed DSG 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 "Golf Plus on the Road". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/otr_pg1.asp. 
  10. ↑ "LuK Dual Dry Clutch 7-Speed DSG Gearbox in volume production at Volkswagen". LuKclutch.com. Schaeffler Group USA Inc., BÜHL, GERMANY. 13 February 2008. http://www.lukclutch.com/content.schaeffler_as.us/us/press/press-releases/press-details.jsp?id=2877676.  [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  11. ↑ "7-Speed DSG Gearbox < Technical Glossary < Innovation & Technology < Volkswagen International". http://en.volkswagen.com/en/innovation-and-technology/technical-glossary/7-gang-dsg-getriebe.html. 
  12. ↑ "Volkswagen Group DSG: The New DQ500". http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/themes/2010/01/dsg_the_new_dq500.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 "Inside Audi's premium DCT". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 8 May 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/indusIn_pg3.asp. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Special Transmissions Need Special Lubricants". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory2a.asp. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Special Transmissions Need Special Lubricants". DCTFacts.com. http://www.dctfacts.com/information/special-lubricants.aspx. 
  16. ↑ "ZF 7-speed dual clutch transmission". ZF.com. ZF Friedrichshafen AG. http://www.zf.com/corporate/en/products/product_range/cars/cars_7_speed_dual_clutch_transmission.shtml. 
  17. ↑ "Top 911 moves to industry-standard shift controls". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 24 September 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/lnws_pg12a.asp. 
  18. ↑ "Porsche Joins the DCT Set". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory3.asp. 
  19. ↑ "DQ380". auto.sina.com.cn. http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2014-11-06/15271355710.shtml. 
  20. ↑ "VAG SSP 556 - The development goal for the 7-speed dual-clutch gearbox 0GC - Pdf Online Download" (in en-US). 30 March 2018. https://procarmanuals.com/vag-ssp-556-the-development-goal-for-the-7-speed-dual-clutch-gearbox-0gc/. 
  21. ↑ "VAG SSP 557 - The Arteon - Pdf Online Download" (in en-US). 30 March 2018. https://procarmanuals.com/vag-ssp-557-the-arteon/. 
  22. ↑ "VW confirms its 10-Speed dual-clutch transmission is dead" (in en). https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1100071_vw-confirms-its-10-speed-dual-clutch-transmission-is-dead. 
  23. ↑ "Фотоотчеты по ремонту Ауди А6, A7 - документация для Audi A6, A7 (4A)" (in ru). https://vwts.ru/audi_a6_4a_a7_4k.html. 
  24. ↑ "VAG SSP 657 - Audi Q5 (type FY) - Pdf Online Download" (in en-US). 30 March 2018. https://procarmanuals.com/vag-ssp-657-audi-q5-type-fy/. 
  25. ↑ "erWin Online | Audi of America | Document properties". https://erwin.audiusa.com/erwin/showArticleProperties.do;jsessionid=A7A80ED2F5EE683AE2C1FE5A147615A0.ASTPERWUS01?articleId=174028. 
  26. ↑ "Ремонт Ауди А6, A7 своими руками: документация, фотоотчеты для Audi A6, A7 (4A)" (in ru). https://vwts.ru/audi_a6_4a_a7_4k.html. 
  27. ↑ "How Dual-Clutch Transmissions Work". AutoEvolution.com. SoftNews NET. 31 March 2009. http://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-dual-clutch-transmissions-work-5458.html. 
  28. ↑ "Ricardo Extends DCT Production for Open-top Bugatti". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 16 January 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory2b.asp. 
  29. ↑ "Bugatti Chiron Trims & Specs". https://carbuzz.com/cars/bugatti/chiron/specs-and-trims. 
  30. ↑ "Volkswagen in damage limitation mode after recalls". The Australian. 15 June 2013. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/executive-living/volkswagen-in-damage-limitation-mode-after-recalls/story-fngmee2f-1226664115767. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Jensen, Christopher (21 August 2009). "VW DSG Transmission Problem Leads to Recall". wheels.blogs.nytimes.com (The New York Times Company). http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/vw-dsg-transmission-problem-leads-to-recall/. 
  32. ↑ Chang, Richard S. (28 August 2009). "VW Has More Problems With Its DSG Transmission". wheels.blogs.nytimes.com (The New York Times Company). http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/vw-has-more-problems-with-its-dsg-transmission/. 
  33. ↑ "Volkswagen will repair DSG transmissions on 53,300 vehicles". Blog.CarAndDriver.com. Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., Inc.. 28 August 2009. http://blog.caranddriver.com/volkswagen-will-repair-dsg-transmissions-on-53300-vehicles/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "ODI Resume - Volkswagen of America, Inc., 2008-2009 Volkswagen EOS, GTI, Jetta and R32 with DSG transmission". http://nhthqnwws112.odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/docservlet/Artemis/Public/Pursuits/2009/PE/INOA-PE09035-36241.pdf. , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Retrieved 30 November 2009. The direct shift gearbox can malfunction at any speed and cause the vehicle to lose motive power suddenly and without warning
  35. ↑ "Volkswagen—Volkswagen Golf, Jetta, EOS, Passat & Caddy Vehicles". 3 November 2009. https://www.recalls.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/1048814. 
  36. ↑ "VW urged to probe DSG defects, recall possible". China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-03/14/content_14835905.htm. 
  37. ↑ "VW urged to probe DSG defects, recall possible". just-auto.com. 22 March 2012. http://www.just-auto.com/news/vw-criticised-for-ignoring-dsg-gearbox-customer-complaints_id121552.aspx. 
  38. ↑ "Analysis: Industry viewpoints on VW's Chinese DSG gearbox controversy". Gasgoo. http://autonews.gasgoo.com/commentary/analysis-industry-viewpoints-on-vw-s-chinese-dsg-120317.shtml. 
  39. ↑ "VW issues software upgrade to resolve gearbox problems, shies away from recall". Gasgoo. http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/vw-issues-software-upgrade-to-resolve-gearbox-prob-120313.shtml. 
  40. ↑ "大众DSG投诉居首 3月投诉平台数据分析" (in zh). 163.com. http://auto.163.com/12/0331/15/7TUFFTKV00084P3B_2.html. 
  41. ↑ "315曝光大众汽车DSG问题 大众中国回应" (in zh). qq.com. http://auto.qq.com/a/20130316/000003.htm. 
  42. ↑ "Volkswagen Passat slut som taxi – DSG-lådan är problemet | Konsument | Teknikens Värld". http://www.teknikensvarld.se/2012/12/29/37192/volkswagen-passat-slut-som-taxi/.  - - Volkswagen Passat slut som taxi
  43. ↑ "Volkswagen recall extended.". drive.com.au (Fairfax Media). 13 May 2013. http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/volkswagen-recall-extended-20130513-2jhon.html. 
  44. ↑ "VW Malaysia joins recall of 7-speed DSG cars". Volkswagen Malaysia (Asiaone). 12 May 2013. http://ride.asiaone.com/news/general/story/vw-malaysia-joins-recall-7-speed-dsg-cars. 
  45. ↑ Volkswagen Group Australia — Volkswagen Golf MY2009-2015, Jetta MY2009-2015, Beetle MY2013-2015, Passat MY2010-2015, Polo MY2010-2015 & Caddy MY2011-2015 15 October 2019 www.productsafety.gov.au, accessed 29 December 2019

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