Engineering:List of premodern combat weapons

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This is a list of notable types of weapons that were used in warfare, and more broadly in combat, prior to the advent of the early modern period, i.e., approximately prior to the start of the 16th century. It therefore excludes objects that may be broadly understood as weapons but are not combat weapons, such as ceremonial weapons and ritual tools shaped or conceptualized as weapons, hunting weapons, and other items that may be perceived as weapons but for which there is no historical evidence of their use in combat during the relevant period.

The entries are grouped according to their uses, with similar weapons categorized together. Some weapons may fit more than one category (e.g. the spear may be used either as a polearm or as a projectile), and the earliest gunpowder weapons that fill within this period are also included.

Hand-to-hand combat

Hand or fist weapons and fans

Single-handed weapons not resembling a straight dagger blade, usually wielded without wrist action; often protects the forearm.

Edged and bladed weapons

Main article: Engineering:Edged and bladed weapons

Thrusting and cutting weapons for melee combat. Col. D.H. Gordon's classification has been used where applicable.[2][3]

Swords

For broader coverage of this topic, see Lists of swords.
See also: Engineering:Types of swords and Classification of swords
Curved one-handed
  • Dao, beidao, zhibei dao (Chinese)
  • Dao (Northeast Indian)
  • Dha (Southeast Asian)
  • Falchion (European)
  • Hwando (Korean)
  • Kampilan (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
  • Khopesh, sappara, sickle sword (Egyptian, Middle Eastern)
  • Kilij (North Indian, Middle Eastern)
  • Klewang (Southeast Asian)
  • Krabi (Southeast Asian)
  • Liuyedao (Chinese)
  • Mameluke (Middle Eastern)
  • Nimcha (African)
  • Parang Nabur (Bornean)
  • Piandao (Chinese)
  • Pulwar (Middle Eastern)
  • Scimitar, saif (Middle Eastern)
  • Shamshir (Pakistani, North Indian, Middle Eastern)
  • Shashka (Caucasian, Circassian)
  • Surik (Indonesian)
  • Talwar (Pakistani, North Indian, Middle Eastern)
  • Yanmaodao (Chinese)
Straight one-handed
  • Arming sword, war sword (European)
  • Backsword (European)
  • Chokutō (Japanese)
  • Estoc (European)
  • Firangi, firanghi[1] (Central Asian)
  • Flamberge (European)
  • Flyssa (North African)
  • Hwandudaedo (Korean)
  • Ida (West African)
  • Jian (Chinese)
  • Kampilan (Philippinese)
  • Kaskara (Central African)
  • Khanda (South Asian)
  • Moplah[1] (Southwestern Indian)
  • Patag (Bhutanese)
  • Rapier (European)
  • Saingeom (Korean)
  • Seax (European)
  • Side sword (European)
  • Sikin Panyang (Sumatran)
  • Spatha (Mediterranean, Greek)
  • Takoba (North African)
  • Tibetan Jian[1] (Middle Asian)
  • Tsurugi (Japanese)
  • Ulfberht (Frankish)
Curved two-handed
  • Dōtanuki (Japanese)
  • Falx (European, Thraco-Dacian)
  • Katana (Japanese)
  • Miao dao (Chinese)
  • Nandao (Chinese)
  • Nihontō (Japanese)
  • Panabas (Philippinese)
  • Ssangsudo (Korean)
  • Tachi (Japanese)
  • Uchigatana (Japanese)
Hand-and-a-half and two-handed greatswords
  • Assamese dao[1] (Indian, Southeast Asian)
  • Boar sword[1] (European)
  • Changdao (Chinese)
  • Claidheamh da laimh, highland sword[1] (European)
  • Claymore, Scottish Gaelic for "great sword" (Scottish, European)
  • Dadao (Chinese)
  • Executioner's sword, heading sword, sword of justice (European)
  • Flame-bladed sword, flambard, flammard, flammenschwert (European)
  • Katana (Japanese)
  • Longsword, bastard sword, espée bastarde, hand and a half sword (European)
  • Nagamaki[4] (Japanese)
  • Nodachi, Ōdachi (Japanese)
  • Parade sword, paratschwerter[1] (European)
  • Wodao (Chinese)
  • Zanbatō (Japanese)
  • Zhanmadao (Chinese)
  • Zweihänder, great sword, espadon, spadone, tuck, montante, lowland sword, two handed sword, dopplehänder (European)
Shortswords

Delineated as 20-28 inches/51–71 cm total length.[2]

Curved shortswords include the following:

  • Aikuchi, haikuchi (Japanese)
  • Akrafena (West African)
  • Barong (Southeast Asian)
  • Janbiya, jambiya, jambya, jambia, janbia (Middle Eastern)
  • Khanjar (Middle Eastern)
  • Kodachi (Japanese)
  • Pinuti (Southeast Asian)
  • Shikomizue (Japanese)
  • Talibon (Southeast Asian)
  • Wakizashi (Japanese)

Straight shortswords include the following:

  • Baselard (European)
  • Bilbo (European)
  • Billao (Somali)
  • Bolo, itak (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
  • Cinquedea, anelace (European)
  • Colichemarde (European)
  • Gladius (Roman)
  • Luwuk (Javanese)
  • Misericorde (European)
  • Ninjatō, Shinobi gatana (Japanese)
  • Small sword (European)
  • Swiss dagger, holbein dagger, schweizerdegen (European)
  • Xiphos (Greek)
Axe-like

Generally, convex blades used for heavy chopping or slashing.

  • Aruval (South Indian)
  • Bolo, itak (Philippinese, Asian)
  • Falcata (Mediterranean)
  • Golok (Southeast Asian)
  • Harpe, harpi (Greek)
  • Kopis (Greek)
  • Kora (sword) (ru)[5] (Nepali)
  • Kudi (Southeast Asian)
  • Kukri, khukri (Nepali)
  • Machete (Spain, Latin America)
  • Vettukathi (South Indian)
  • Mahera (Greek)
  • One handed Dacian falx, sica (Mediterranean, Greek)
  • Parang Pandit (Southeast Asian)
  • Sosun pattah[1] (South Asian)
  • Yatagan, yataghan (Middle Eastern)
Other

Fighting knives and daggers

Sickles and sickle like knives

Generally short, concave blades used for heavy cutting.

  • Arit (Maduresian, Indonesian)
  • Karambit, kerambit, korambit (Minangkabauian, Indonesian)
  • Kujang (Sundanese, Indonesian)
  • Kukri (Indian)
  • Mandau (Malaysian, Indonesian, Bornean, Bruneian)
  • Pichangatti[1] (Indian)
  • Punyal (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
  • Sickle (Improvised, worldwide)
  • Sudanese sickle knife[1] (African)

Picks and pickaxes

  • Chicken sickles (Chinese)
  • Crowbill (European, Central Asian)
  • Elephant goad, ankus, ankusha, bullhook, elephant hook (South and Southeast Asian)
  • Hakapik (European)
  • Horseman's pick, martel de fer, also a blunt weapon (European)
  • Kama (Japanese)
  • Mattock (Improvised, European)
  • Pickaxe (Improvised, European)
  • War hammer also a blunt weapon (European)

Axes

  • Adze (Improvised, European)
  • Bardiche (European)
  • Battle axe (European)
  • Bhuj with blade shaped like the dagger on a long shaft[1]
  • Broadaxe (European)
  • Congolese axe[1] (African)
  • Dahomey axe club, also an effective blunt weapon[1] (African)
  • Danish axe, hafted axe, English long axe, Viking axe, Danish longer axe (European)
  • Doloire (European)
  • Fu (Chinese)
  • Hand axe, ovate handaxe (Paleolithic)
  • Hatchet (European)
  • Igorot headhunting axe[6] (Philippinese, Southeast Asian)
  • Labrys, pelekys (Greek)
  • Long-bearded axe (European)
  • Masakari (Japanese)
  • Nzappa zap also thrown (African)
  • Ono (Japanese)
  • Palstave (Bronze Age, improvised, European)
  • Sagaris (Middle Eastern)
  • Shepherd's axe, valaška (European)
  • Sparth Axe (European)
  • Tabarzin (Middle Eastern)
  • Tomahawk, Spontoon Tomahawk, also thrown (American)
  • Tlaximaltepoztli (American)
  • Vechevoral[1] (Middle Asian)

Truncheons and blunt weapons

Usually wielded with one or two hands at close quarters with striking motions, although some sharp-pointed truncheons like the sai were more often used for stabbing.

  • Aklys (Osci tribe of Southern Italy)
  • Bō (Japanese)
  • Bokken (Japanese)
  • Clubbing boomerang (Worldwide)
  • Returning boomerang (Australian)
  • Cambuk (Southeast Asian)
  • Canne de combat (European)
  • Cateia (European)
  • Chúi (Chinese)
  • Club, baseball bat, stone club, truncheon, cudgel, bludgeon
  • Crop (Worldwide)
  • Bastons, Eskrima Sticks, straight sticks (Southeast Asian)
  • Flail (European)
  • Gada (Indian)
  • Gunstock war club also thrown (American)
  • Gurz, Ottoman gurz[1] (Middle Eastern)
  • Hammer (Improvised)
  • Hanbō (Japanese)
  • Horseman's pick, horseman's hammer, martel de fer, also a pickaxe weapon (European)
  • Jawbone war club (American)
  • Jō (Japanese)
  • Jutte, jitte (Japanese)
  • Kanabō (Japanese)
  • Knobkierrie, knopkierie, knobkerry (African)
  • Kotiate (Māori)
  • Kurunthadi, churuvadi, kuruvadi, muchan, otta (Indian)
  • Macana (American)
  • Mace, spiked mace, flanged mace (European, Middle Asian)
  • Macuahuitl, maquahuitl (American)
  • Mallet (American)
  • Mere used to strike, jab (Māori)
  • Morning star, goedendag, holy water sprinkler (European)
  • Mughal[1] (Central Asian)
  • Ōtsuchi (Japanese)
  • Patu, patuki (Māori)
  • Plançon a picot, planson (European)
  • Quauholōlli (American)
  • Roundhead (European)
  • Rungu also thrown (African)
  • Sai (Okinawan, Japanese)
  • Shestopyor, Pernach (Russian)
  • Shillelagh (Irish)
  • Short scepter, mace scepter (European)
  • Stone war club (American)
  • Suburito (Japanese)
  • Sword mace 鐧 (Chinese)
  • Tambo, tanbo (Okinawan)
  • Tekkan (Japanese)
  • Tekpi (Malaysia)
  • Tewhatewha (Māori)
  • Tonfa (Okinawan)
  • Waddy, Nulla Nulla (Australian)
  • War hammer also a pickaxe weapon (European)
  • Yawara, pasak, yawara bo, dulodulo (Japanese, Southeast Asian)
  • Yubi-bo (Japanese)

Polearms and spears

Wielded mainly with two hands. Primarily for hand-to-hand combat with sweeping, thrusting, and or hooking motions.

Blunt staves

  • Bâton français (European)
  • Bō (Japanese)
  • Eku (Okinawan)
  • Gun (Chinese)
  • Jō (Japanese)
  • Lathi (Indian)
  • Naboot, shoum, nabboot, asa, asaya (Middle Eastern)
  • Quarterstaff (European)
  • Shareeravadi (Middle Asian)
  • Taiaha (Māori)

Spears

Polearms with axe-like blades

Polearms with spikes and hammers

Flexible weapons

Whips

Used for whipping.

  • Bullwhip (Worldwide)
  • Buntot Pagi (Philippinese)
  • Cat o' nine tails (European)
  • Chain whip, jiujiebian, samjitbin, qijiebian (Chinese)
  • Knout (Eastern European)
  • Nagyka, nagaika, nogaika (Eastern European)
  • Small whips, crops (Worldwide)
  • Stockwhip (Australian)
  • Urumi, chuttuval (Indian)

Sectional and composite

Having multiple handles or holdable sections.

Chains and ropes

Having a heavy object attached to a flexible chain or rope. Wielded by swinging, throwing, or projecting the end, as well as wrapping, striking, and blocking with the chain or rope, sometimes attached to another type of weapon.

  • Chigiriki (Japanese)
  • Cumberjung, double ended flail, flail with quoits[1] (Indian)
  • Flail, fleau d'armes, kriegsflegel (European)
  • Flying claws (Chinese)
  • Flying guillotine (Chinese)
  • Kusari-fundo, manrikigusari, manriki (Japanese)
  • Kusari-gama (Japanese)
  • Kyoketsu-shoge (Japanese)
  • Lasso, uurga, lariat (American, Chinese)
  • Meteor hammer, dragon's fist, dai chui, flying hammer, sheng bao, liu xing chui (Chinese)
  • Rope dart, jouhyou, rope javelin, sheng biao (Japanese, Chinese)
  • Monkey's fist (Improvised, European, Japanese, Chinese)
  • Surujin, suruchin (Okinawan)

Shields

Main article: Engineering:Shield

Used not only to block strikes and missiles but also swung outwardly (or in quick upward motions) to strike an opponent. Also used to rush an opponent (known as shield bashing). Some shields had spikes, sharp edges, or other offensive designs.

  • Aspis, oplon (Greek)
  • Buckler (European)
  • Clipeus (Roman, Greek)
  • Dhal (Indian)
  • Heater shield, heraldic shield (European)
  • Hide, wickerwork, leather and ceremonial shields (Tribal, Worldwide)
  • Hungarian shield (European)
  • Kite shield (European)
  • Lantern shield (Italian)
  • Parma, parmula (Roman)
  • Peltarion (Greek)
  • Rattan shield (Korean, Chinese)
  • Round shield
  • Scuta, rectangular, tower and oval scutum (Roman)
  • Targe (European)
  • Nguni shield (African)
  • Chīmalli (American)

Thrown

Throwing blades and darts

Throwing spears

All could be used as spears, but were designed and primarily used for throwing.

Throwing axes

Could also be used as axe weapons, but were specifically designed for throwing.

  • Francisca, francesca (European)
  • Hunga munga, danisco, goleyo, njiga (African)
  • Hurlbat, whirlbat (European)
  • Kapak siam (Asian)
  • Nzappa zap (African)
  • Tomahawk also an axe weapon (American)

Throwing balls

  • Bolas, ayllo, liwi, qilumitautit (Central American, South American, Arctic)
  • Slungshot not to be confused with a slingshot (Improvised, Worldwide)
  • Stone, rock (Improvised, Worldwide)

Throwing sticks

Main article: Engineering:Throwing stick
  • Boomerang (Australian, Worldwide)
  • Knobkierrie, knopkierie, knobkerry, also a blunt weapon (African)
  • Rungu (East African)
  • Stick, branch (Improvised, Worldwide)

Gunpowder-based

See also: Engineering:History of the firearm and Gunpowder § History
An illustration of an "eruptor", a proto cannon from the 14th century Ming Dynasty book Huolongjing. The cannon was capable of firing proto shells, cast iron bombs filled with gunpowder.

Slings

  • Kestros, cestrus, cestrosfendoni, kestrosfedoni (Greek)
  • Sling (Worldwide)
  • Stave sling, fustibale (Mediterranean)

Bows

Main article: Bow and arrow

Longbows

Recurve bows

Main article: Engineering:Recurve bow

Short bows and reflex bows

Crossbows

Main article: Engineering:Crossbow
  • Arbalest, arblast (European)
  • Bullet bow, English bullet bow, pellet crossbow[1] (European)
  • Cheiroballistra, hirovallistra hand ballista (Roman, Greek)
  • Crossbow (European, Chinese)
  • Gastraphetes, gastrafetis (Greek)
  • Pistol crossbow
  • Repeating crossbow, chu ko nu, zhuge (Chinese)
  • Skåne lockbow (European)
  • Stone bow (European)

Blowguns

Stationary, mounted, or wheeled ballistic devices

This section includes ballistic (missile-launching) siege engines and similar larger ballistic devices which were either stationary, mounted on moving objects such as carts or elephants, or wheeled.
  • Ballista (European, Asian)
  • Ballista elephant (Angkor)
  • Carroballista (Roman)
  • Catapult (European, Asian)
  • Catapulta (Roman)
  • Efthytonon catapult (Greek)
  • Hu Dun Pao trebuchet (Chinese)
  • Mangonel (Chinese)
  • Onager (Roman)
  • Oxybeles, oxyvelis ballista (Greek)
  • Palintonon catapult (Greek)
  • Polybolos, polyvolos repeating ballista (Greek)
  • Trebuchet (European, Asian)

Flamethrowers

See also

Swords

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 Regan, Paula, ed (2006). Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7566-2210-7. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cope, Anne, ed (1989). Swords and Hilt Weapons. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 8. ISBN 1-55584-290-9. 
  3. ↑ Gordon, Col. D.H. (1953). "Swords, Rapiers and Horse riders". Antiquity (Antiquity Publications Ltd) 27 (106): 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00024595. http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/027/Ant0270067.htm. 
  4. ↑ Levine, Bernard; Weland, Gerald. Knives, swords, & daggers. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 200. 
  5. ↑ ((Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton)) (2002). Indian and Oriental armour. Dover Publications. p. 100. ISBN 978-0486422299. https://books.google.com/books?id=00_CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA98-IA4. 
  6. ↑ "Igorot Head Hunting Axe #2". http://traditionalfilipinoweapons.com/IrogotAxe2.html. 
  7. ↑ "Spear (Sang) Indian". https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/30762. 
  8. ↑ "Northern spear". http://traditionalfilipinoweapons.com/Spear.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Γεώργιος Ηλιόπουλος (Georgios Iliopoulos), "Η χαμένη πυραυλική τεχνολογία των αρχαίων Ελλήνων" (The lost missile technology of the ancient Greeks), Ιχώρ (Ihor), 27, page 12-13, Greece, 2002.
  10. ↑ Γεώργιος Ηλιόπουλος (Georgios Iliopoulos), "Η χαμένη πυραυλική τεχνολογία των αρχαίων Ελλήνων" (The lost missile technology of the ancient Greeks), Ιχώρ (Ihor), 27, page 13, Greece, 2002.



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