Engineering:List of space stations

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An image of the International Space Station. The silver-colored center module is dark blue, surrounded by four golden solar arrays on each side. The sun is reflecting off of the set to the left. In the background is the outline of the Earth.
The International Space Station in front of the Earth. This image was taken by Space Shuttle Discovery while pulling away during STS-119.
An image of Skylab. The left side of the frame is dominated by a communications array, painted white with a cylindrical satellite dish on top. On they right is a brown-grey cylinder, which is the main station. No solar arrays are visible.
Skylab viewed from the command module of Skylab 2
This section is an excerpt from Space station[ edit ]

Operational stations

As of 2026, two stations are orbiting Earth with life support system in place and fully operational.

Name Entity Crew size Launched Days in orbit[lower-alpha 1] Days
occupied 		Total crew
and visitors 		Crewed
visits 		Robotic
visits 		Mass Pressurized
volume 		Habitable
volume
International Space Station
7[1] 20 November 1998[1][lower-alpha 2] 10072 9361[2] 230[3] 88[4] 94[4] 450,000 kg (990,000 lb)[5] 1,005 m3 (35,500 cu ft)[6] 388 m3 (13,700 cu ft)
Tiangong space station
  • China CMSA
 3–6[7] 29 April 2021 1876 1746 33 11 10 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) 340 m3 (12,000 cu ft) 122 m3 (4,310 cu ft)

Past stations

These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated. The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously in the 1970s, both of which were called Salyut publicly. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight whilst the Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance.[8]

  double-dagger     = Never crewed

Name Program
Entity 		Crew
size 		Launched Reentered Days
in orbit 		Days
occu-
pied 		Total crew
and visitors 		Number of
crewed visits 		Number of
robotic visits 		Mass
(* = at launch) 		Pressurized
volume
Salyut 1 DOS[9] 0003 3[10]


0710419 19 April 1971[11]


0711011 11 October 1971[12]


0175 175


0024 24[13]


0006 6[14]


0002 2[14]


0000 0[14]


018425 18,425 kg (40,620 lb)[11]


100 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[15]


Soviet Union MOM[11]
DOS-2double-dagger DOS[16] —[lower-alpha 3] 0720729 29 July 1972[11][17]


0720729 29 July 1972


000 failed to reach orbit


000 —


000 —


000 —


000 —


018000 18,000 kg (40,000 lb)[18]


000 —


Soviet Union RVSN[19]
Salyut 2double-dagger Almaz[17] —[lower-alpha 3] 0730403 3 April 1973[17]


0730416 16 April 1973[17]


0013 13[17]


000 —


000 —


000 —


000 —


018500 18,500 kg (40,800 lb)[20]


000 —


Soviet Union MOM[21]
Kosmos 557double-dagger DOS[22] —[lower-alpha 3] 0730511 11 May 1973[23]


0730522 22 May 1973[24]


0011 11


000 —


000 —


000 —


000 —


019400 19,400 kg (42,800 lb)[18]


000 —


Soviet Union MOM
Skylab Skylab[25] 0003 3[26]


0730514 14 May 1973[27]


0790711 11 July 1979[28]


2249 2249


0171 171[29]


0009 9[30]


0003 3[31]


0000 0[32]


077088 77,088 kg (169,950 lb)[33]


360 360 m3 (12,700 cu ft)[34]


United States NASA
Salyut 3 Almaz[9] 0002 2[35]


0740625 25 June 1974[36]


0750124 24 January 1975[37]


0213 213


0015 15[38]


0002 2[38]


0001 1[38]


0000 0


018900 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)*[39]


090 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[22]


Soviet Union MOM[21]
Salyut 4 DOS[40] 0002 2[41]


0741226 26 December 1974[42]


0770203 3 February 1977[42]


0770 770[42]


0092 92[43]


0004 4[43]


0002 2[43][44]


0001 1[43]


018900 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)[22]*


090 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[22]


Soviet Union MOM[19]
Salyut 5 Almaz[40] 0002 2[45]


0760622 22 June 1976[46]


0770808 8 August 1977[47]


0412 412


0067 67[48]


0004 4[48]


0003 3[48]


0000 0[48]


019000 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[22]*


100 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[22]


Soviet Union MOM[21]
Salyut 6 DOS[40][49] 0002 2[50]


0770929 29 September 1977[50]


0820729 29 July 1982[51]


1764 1764


0683 683[52]


0033 33[52]


0016 16[52]


0014 14[52]


009000 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[53]


090 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[54]


Soviet Union MOM[21]
Salyut 7 DOS[40][49] 0003 3[55]


0820419 19 April 1982[56]


0910207 7 February 1991[56]


3216 3216[56]


0861 861[55]


0022 22[55]


0010 10[55]


0015 15[55]


019000 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[57]


090 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[22]


Soviet Union MOM[21]
Mir DOS[40][49] 0003 3[58]


0860219 19 February 1986[59][lower-alpha 2]


1010323 23 March 2001[28][59]


5511 5511[59]


4594 4594[60]


0125 125[60]


0031 39[61]


0068 68[60]


129700 129,700 kg (285,900 lb)[62]


350 350 m3 (12,400 cu ft)[63]


Tiangong-1 Tiangong 3[64] 29 September 2011[65][66] 2 April 2018[67] 2377 22 6[68][69] 2[68] 1[70] 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[71] 15 m3 (530 cu ft)[72]
China CMSA
Tiangong-2 Tiangong 2 15 September 2016 19 July 2019 1037 29 2 1 1 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[71] 15 m3 (530 cu ft)[72]
China CMSA

Prototypes

These stations are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and were never intended to be crewed. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately. The Genesis stations were "retired" when their avionics systems stopped working after two and a half years, yet they remained in orbit as derelict spacecraft as their orbits gradually degraded over the next 18 years. Both Genesis stations re-entered the atmosphere and were destroyed two months apart in mid-2025.

Name Entity Program Launched Reentered Days in orbit Mass Pressurized volume
OPS 0855 United States USAF MOL 3 November 1966[73] 9 January 1967[73] 67 9,680 kg (21,340 lb) 11.3 m3 (400 cu ft)
Genesis I United States Bigelow Aerospace 12 July 2006[74] 2 July 2025[75] 7281 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[76] 11.5 m3 (410 cu ft)[77]
Genesis II 28 June 2007[74] 2 September 2025[78] 6930 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[77]

Concepts

Name Entity Crew Size Pressurized Volume Ref
Station in a Box United States Above
TBD
 TBD [79]
Pioneer Station
28
 TBD [80]
Voyager Station
400
 TBD
VERA Station United States Gateway Spaceport LLC
200
 369,523 m3 [81]
Gateway Spaceport
TBD
 11,906,250 m3 [82]
Mars Base Camp United States Lockheed Martin
TBD
 TBD [83]

Planned and proposed

These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in planning, development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.

Name Entity Program Crew size Launch date Planned Pressurized Volume Remarks
LIFE Pathfinder United States Sierra Space Private
TBD
 2026 285 m3[84] "Before offering LIFE for Orbital Reef, though, the company is proposing to launch a standalone “pathfinder” version of LIFE as soon as the end of 2026".[85]
StarMax United States Gravitics Private
TBD
 2026[86] 400 m3 (14,000 cu ft) "The StarMax module provides up to 400 cubic meters of usable habitable volume - nearly half the volume of the International Space Station in one module."
Haven-1 United States Vast Private
4
 Q1 2027[87] 80 m3[88] "Scheduled to be the world's first commercial space station, Haven-1 and subsequent human spaceflight missions will accelerate access to space exploration"[89]
Axiom Station United States Axiom Space Private
TBD
 2027[90] Private, free flying space station for commercial tourism and science activities.
Orbital Reef United States Blue Origin
United States Sierra Space 		Private
10
 2027[91] 830 m3

(29,000 cu ft)

"Commercial station in LEO for research, industrial, international, and commercial customers."
Russian Orbital Service Station Russia Roscosmos Russia's next generation space station.
TBD
 2027[92] With Russia leaving the ISS programme sometime after 2024, Roscosmos announced this new space station in April 2021 as the replacement for that program.
Bharatiya Antariksha Station India ISRO Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
3
 TBD ~ 265 m3 (9,400 cu ft) ISRO chairman K. Sivan announced in 2019 that India will not join the International Space Station, but will instead build a space station of its own.[93] of 52 Tonne Mass[94] It is intended to be completed 5–7 years after the conclusion of the Gaganyaan program.[95]
Starlab United States NanoRacks
United States Voyager Space
European Union Airbus
CanadaMDA Space
JapanMitsubishi Corporation 		Private
4
 2028[96] ~450 m3 (16,000 cu ft) "Commercial platform supporting a business designed to enable science, research, and manufacturing for customers around the world."

While originally Lockheed Martin was included in the project, as of 2024, it appears their primary role has been filled by Airbus, to provide the main habitat for the station.[97] As of 2024, they are no longer listed as a partner on Starlab's website.[98]

Haven-2 United States Vast Private
12
 2028 1160 m3

[88]

A planned successor to Haven-1. Vast CEO Max Hoat expressed hope that the first module of Haven-2 will be launched in 2028 if the station will be approved during the second phase of NASA's Commercial LEO Destinations program.[99]
Thunderbird Station United States Max Space Private
4
 2029 350 m3 [100]
Artificial Gravity Station United States Vast Private
40
 2035 2160 m3 [88]
Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) Japan JAXA|Mitsui & Co. TBA
TBD
 TBD Japan's spaceflight agency, JAXA, announced in July 2024 that has contracted Mitsui & Co. to develop a concept for a new space station module for eventual flight and docking to an American private space station as yet to be determined as of the initial announcement.[101][102][103]

Cancelled projects

A mockup of the inside of Skylab at the Smithsonian, based on the Skylab B module. In the center, a dummy dressed in a gold jumpsuit sits at a table. Behind him are white cabinets that hold the crews equipment. Off to the right, a porthole shows a view of the Smithsonian.
The interior of Skylab B, on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum

Most of these stations were cancelled due to financial difficulties, or merged into other projects.

Name Entity Crew Cancellation Remarks
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1–7 United States USAF 2[104] 1969 Boilerplate mission launched successfully, wider project cancelled due to excessive costs[105]
Skylab B United States NASA 3[106] 1976 Constructed, but launch cancelled due to lack of funding.[107] Now a museum piece.
OPS-4 Soviet Union USSR 3[108] 1979 Constructed, but Almaz program cancelled in favour of uncrewed recon satellites.
Freedom United States NASA 14–16[109] 1993 Merged to form the basis of the International Space Station.
Mir-2 Soviet Union USSR
Russia Roscosmos 		2[110]
Columbus MTFF 20px ESA 3
Galaxy United States Bigelow Aerospace Robotic[111] 2007 Cancelled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems[112]
Sundancer 3 2011 Was under construction, but cancelled in favour of developing B330.
Lunar Orbital Station Russia Roscosmos 5 2007 Cancelled after feasibility reports.[113]
Almaz commercial United Kingdom Excalibur Almaz 4+ 2016 Soviet hardware was acquired, but never launched due to lack of funds.
Tiangong-3 China CNSA 3 2017 The goals for Tiangong-2 and 3 were merged, and were completed by a single station rather than two separate stations.
OPSEK Russia Roscosmos 2+ 2017 Some modules such as Nauka were launched and attached to the ISS- but proposals to split these off as a separate station were cancelled, and they instead remain part of the ISS.
B330 United States Bigelow Aerospace 3 2020 Test articles were constructed but not flight ready hardware; cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Northrop Grumman CLD United States Northrop Grumman 4-8[114] 2023 Developed under the Commercial LEO Destinations program, cancelled by Northrop Grumman to partner with Nanoracks on Starlab.
Lunar Gateway United States NASA
20px ESA
Canada CSA
Japan JAXA
4
 2026[115] Intended to serve as a science platform and as a staging area for the lunar landings of NASA's Artemis program and follow-on human mission to Mars. Cancelled after a major revamp of the entire Artemis program in favour of building a Moon base by 2029–2036.[115]

Timeline

Template:Timeline of space stations

Size comparison

Template:Space station size comparison

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Correct as of Template:Currentdaymonth 2026
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The USSR intended to crew these stations with two men, however they re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "International Space Station, ISS Information, Space Station Facts, News, Photos – National Geographic". National Geographic. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration/international-space-station-article/. Retrieved 15 January 2012. 
  2. ↑ "Facts and Figures". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/onthestation/facts_and_figures.html. 
  3. ↑ "Facts and Figures". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 28 April 2016. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "A timeline of ISS missions". Russian Space Web. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_chronology_flights.html. 
  5. ↑ "The International Space Station". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2023. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/ISS_International_Space_Station. 
  6. ↑ Public Broadcasting Station (28 April 2016). "Space Station | FYI | ISS Fact Sheet". PBS. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures. 
  7. ↑ Lutz, Eleanor (2021-09-22). "A Tour of China's Future Tiangong Space Station" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/science/tiangong-space-station.html. 
  8. ↑ "The Station: Russian Space History". PBS. 1999. https://www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/russian.htm. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Harland, David Michael (2005). The Story Of Space Station Mir. Springer Praxis Books. Praxis Publishing. p. 351. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73977-9. ISBN 978-0-387-73977-9. OCLC 56531303. https://books.google.com/books?id=sBdUh8WqEfYC&pg=PA341. 
  10. ↑ "Space Stations". ThinkQuest. http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=habitat02. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Wade, Mark, ed. "Salyut 1". http://www.astronautix.com/s/salyut1.html. 
  12. ↑ Long, Tony (19 April 2011). "April 19, 1971: Soviets Put First Space Station Into Orbit". WIRED. https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/04/0419soviets-launch-first-space-station/. 
  13. ↑ "Space Station". World Almanac Education Group Inc.. http://kids.yahoo.com/science/space/article/spacestation. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Vic Stathopoulos. "The first Space Station - Salyut 1". aerospaceguide.net. http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut1.html. 
  15. ↑ Gibbons, John H. (2008). Salyut: Soviet steps toward permanent human presence in space.. DIANE Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4289-2401-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk10eqF6lXcC&pg=PA15. 
  16. ↑ Grujica S. Ivanovich (2008). Salyut - The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-387-73973-1. Bibcode: 2008saly.book.....I. https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Zimmerman, Robert (2003). Leaving Earth. Washington, DC, United States: Joseph Henry Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-309-08548-9. https://archive.org/details/leavingearth00robe/page/84. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Salyut". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/project/salyut.htm. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Salyut". http://www.astronautix.com/s/salyut.html. Retrieved 2021-07-17. 
  20. ↑ "Saylut 2". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-017A. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 "Almaz". http://www.astronautix.com/a/almaz.html. Retrieved 2021-07-17. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 D.S.F. Portree (1995). "Mir Hardware Heritage". NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N 95: 23249. http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf. Retrieved 30 November 2010.  (Full text available on Wikisource)
  23. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-026A. 
  24. ↑ "Large Uncontrolled Reentries". planet4589.org. http://www.planet4589.org/space/jsr/ree. 
  25. ↑ Harris, Phillip (2008). Space Enterprise: Living and Working Offworld in the 21st Century. Springer. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-387-77639-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=b9RlRq_DP0UC&pg=PA582. 
  26. ↑ Collins, Martin, ed (2007). After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age. United States: Smithsonian Institution with Harper Collins Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-06-089781-9. https://archive.org/details/aftersputnik50ye00coll/page/161. 
  27. ↑ "Skylab". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/project/skylab.htm. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Stewart Taggart (22 March 2001). "The Day the Sky(lab) Fell". Wired. https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2001/03/42564?currentPage=. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  29. ↑ "Skylab's Goals". https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/skylab/missions/. Retrieved 2021-07-17. 
  30. ↑ "Skylab 30 Years Later". Space Daily. 11 November 2003. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/skylab-03a.html. 
  31. ↑ Tony Long (11 July 2008). "July 11, 1979: Look Out Below! Here Comes Skylab!". Wired. https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2008/07/july-11-1979-look-out-below-here-comes-skylab/. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  32. ↑ Oberg, Jame (1992). "Skylab's Untimely Fate". Air & Space. http://www.astronautix.com/articles/skyyfate.htm. Retrieved 5 May 2012. 
  33. ↑ "BBC – Solar System – Skylab (pictures, video, facts & news)". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/skylab. 
  34. ↑ Zimmerman, Robert (2003). Leaving Earth. Washington, DC, United States: Joseph Henry Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-309-08548-9. https://archive.org/details/leavingearth00robe/page/51. 
  35. ↑ Furniss, Tim (2003). A History of Space Exploration: And Its Future.... Lyons Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-58574-650-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-jQG5C8wwcC&pg=PA100. 
  36. ↑ "Salyut-3 (OPS-2)". Russian Space Web. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops2.html. 
  37. ↑ "Largest Objects to Reenter". Aerospace Corporation. http://reentrynews.aero.org/largeobject.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Resident Crews of Salyut 3". spacefacts.de. http://www.spacefacts.de/salyut/english/salyut-3_1.htm. 
  39. ↑ "Skylab". University of Oregon. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec21.html.  (Lecture at the University of Oregon, Salyut 3 is mentioned later in the lecture)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Dudley-Rowley, Marilyn (2006). "The Mir Crew Safety Record: Implications for Space Colonization". Space 2006. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 2. doi:10.2514/6.2006-7489. ISBN 978-1-62410-049-9. https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2006-7489. 
  41. ↑ "Salyut 4". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut4.htm. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 "Salyut-4". Aerospaceguide. http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut4.html. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 "The DOS Space Stations: Salyut 4". Zarya.info. http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsDOS/Salyut4.php. 
  44. ↑ "Spaceflight :Soviet Space Stations". Centennial of Flight. http://centennialofflight.net/essay/SPACEFLIGHT/soviet_stations/SP22.htm. 
  45. ↑ "Soyuz 21". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://astronautix.com/flights/soyuz21.htm. 
  46. ↑ "OPS-3 (Salyut-5) space station". Russian Space Web. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops3.html. 
  47. ↑ "Sixth Salyut Space Station Launched". Science News 112 (15): 229. 1977. doi:10.2307/3962473.  (requires JSTOR access)
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 "Salyut 5". Aerospaceguide. http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut5.html. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Grujica S. Ivanovich (2008). Salyut - The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-387-73973-1. Bibcode: 2008saly.book.....I. https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Salyut 6". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-097A. 
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  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 "Salyut 6". Aerospaceguide. http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut6.html. 
  53. ↑ "Salyut 6 (craft information)". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut6.htm. 
  54. ↑ "Salyut 6". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/project/salyut6.htm. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 "Salyut 7". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut7.htm. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "Summary of Recovered Reentry Debris". Aerospace Corporation. http://reentrynews.aero.org/recovered.html. 
  57. ↑ "Salyut 7". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1982-033A. 
  58. ↑ Seth Borenstein (16 November 1995). "Atlantis' Astronauts Bear Gifts To Mir Crew". Orlando Sentinel. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1995/11/16/atlantis-astronauts-bear-gifts-to-mir-crew/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Tony Long (19 February 2008). "Feb. 19, 1986: Mir, the Little Space Station That Could". Wired. https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/02/dayintech_0219. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "Mir Space Station". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/mir/mir.htm. 
  61. ↑ "Mir". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/mir.htm. 
  62. ↑ "Space Station Mir". SpaceStationInfo. http://www.spacestationinfo.com/space-station-Mir-8.html. 
  63. ↑ Macatangay, Ariel V.; Perry, Ray L.. "Cabin Air Quality On Board Mir and the International Space Station—A Comparison". International Conference on Environmental Systems (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070013700_2007011164.pdf. Retrieved 5 May 2012. 
  64. ↑ Stephen Clark. "Chinese rocket successfully launches mini-space lab". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1109/29tiangonglaunch. 
  65. ↑ Ken Kremer (29 September 2011). "China Blasts First Space Lab Tiangong 1 to Orbit". universetoday.com. http://www.universetoday.com/89316/chinas-blasts-first-space-lab-tiangong-1-to-orbit/. 
  66. ↑ "China Successfully Launches 1st Space Lab Module". Arabia 2000. 29 September 2011. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FI3704001549&site=src-live. 
  67. ↑ Kuo, Lily (2018-04-02). "Tiangong-1 crash: Chinese space station comes down in Pacific Ocean". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/tiangong-1-crash-china-space-station. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Amos, Jonathan (2012-06-18). "Shenzhou 9 Docks with Tiangong 1". BBC News (BBC). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18481806. 
  69. ↑ Shenzhou 10
  70. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (2 November 2011). "Chinese spacecraft dock in orbit". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15562928. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "Tiangong". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tiangong.htm. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "Chinese Space Program | Tiangong 1 | SinoDefence.com". SinoDefence.com. http://www.sinodefence.com/spacelab/tiangong1.asp. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles". Designation Systems. http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app3/ov.html. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "The Dnpur launcher". Russian Space Web. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/dnepr.html. 
  75. ↑ "CelesTrak: SATCAT Search Results, Genesis 1". https://celestrak.org/satcat/table-satcat.php?CATNR=29252. 
  76. ↑ Alan Boyle (17 April 2007). "Private space station test delayed till May". NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/18142397. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Tariq Malik and Leonard David. "Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space". Space.com. http://www.space.com/4007-bigelow-orbital-module-launches-space.html. 
  78. ↑ "CelesTrak: SATCAT Search Results, Genesis 2". https://celestrak.org/satcat/table-satcat.php?CATNR=31789. 
  79. ↑ "ABOVE - Providing More Space in Space" (in en). https://abovespace.com/the_future. 
  80. ↑ Admin (2022-05-10). "Introducing Pioneer Station » ABOVE: Media" (in en-US). https://news.abovespace.com/2022/introducing-pioneer-station/. 
  81. ↑ "VERA Station" (in en-US). https://gatewayspaceport.com/vera/. 
  82. ↑ "The Gateway" (in en-US). https://gatewayspaceport.com/the-gateway/. 
  83. ↑ "Mars Base Camp" (in en). https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/mars-base-camp.html. 
  84. ↑ "LIFE® | Inflatable Space Station". https://www.sierraspace.com/commercial-space-stations/life-space-habitat/. 
  85. ↑ Foust, Jeff (28 June 2023). "Sierra Space describes long-term plans for Dream Chaser and inflatable modules". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/sierra-space-describes-long-term-plans-for-dream-chaser-and-inflatable-modules/. 
  86. ↑ "Gravitics". https://www.gravitics.com/news/20m-raise. 
  87. ↑ Berger, Eric (2026-01-20). "The first commercial space station, Haven-1, is now undergoing assembly for launch" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/the-first-commercial-space-station-haven-1-is-now-undergoing-assembly-for-launch/. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 "Roadmap — VAST". https://www.vastspace.com/roadmap. 
  89. ↑ "VAST Announces the Haven-1 and VAST-1 Missions" (Press release). Long Beach, California: Vast Space LLC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  90. ↑ Foust, Jeff (18 December 2024). "Axiom Space revises space station assembly plans". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/axiom-space-revises-space-station-assembly-plans/. 
  91. ↑ "Blue Origin andn Sierra Space Developing Commercial Space Station". https://blueorigin-static-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/orbital-reef-press-release.pdf. 
  92. ↑ "Russia to set up national orbital outpost in 2027 — Roscosmos". https://tass.com/science/1566383. 
  93. ↑ "India planning to have own space station: ISRO chief". https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/articleshow/69771669.cms. 
  94. ↑ "India's Space Exploration Roadmap". https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2024/Technical_Presentations/26Day/6_item_15_Updated_India_Space_Exploration_Roadmap_21_June_2024-edited_1.pdf. 
  95. ↑ Singh, Surendra (13 June 2019). "India's own space station to come up in 5–7 years: Isro chief". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms. 
  96. ↑ Jewett, Rachel (2 August 2023). "Voyager Space and Airbus to Form Joint Venture for Starlab Commercial Space Station". Via Satellite. https://www.satellitetoday.com/space-economy/2023/08/02/voyager-space-and-airbus-to-form-joint-venture-for-starlab-commercial-space-station/. 
  97. ↑ "Airbus et Voyager vont créer une coentreprise pour la construction d'une station spatiale" (in fr). 2023-08-02. https://www.boursorama.com/bourse/actualites/airbus-et-voyager-vont-creer-une-coentreprise-pour-la-construction-d-une-station-spatiale-2ecde733391bae2505c8113d012c15fc. 
  98. ↑ "Starlab - A New-Era Space Destination" (in en). https://starlab-space.com/. 
  99. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 October 2024). "Vast releases design of Haven-2 commercial space station". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/vast-releases-design-of-haven-2-commercial-space-station/. 
  100. ↑ "Thunderbird Station | Expandable Space Station | Max Space" (in en). https://www.getmaxspace.com/thunderbird. 
  101. ↑ Foust, Jeff (9 July 2024). "Japanese venture seeks to develop commercial space station module". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/japanese-venture-seeks-to-develop-commercial-space-station-module/. 
  102. ↑ "Space Compass initiates feasibility study to commercialize telecom and on-orbit data processing for post-ISS Japanese Module" (PDF) (Press release). Space Compass Corporation. 26 September 2023. Tokyo, Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2024.
  103. ↑ "Mitsui selected to conduct a concept study of Japanese module" (Press release). Mitsui. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024.
  104. ↑ Collins, Martin J., ed (2007). After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age. New York: Smithsonian Books/HarperCollins. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-06-089781-9. https://archive.org/details/aftersputnik50ye00coll/page/93. 
  105. ↑ "Spaceflight: The International Space Station and Its Predecessors". https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/SPACEFLIGHT/space_station/SP27.htm. 
  106. ↑ Shayler, David; Burgess, Colin (2007). NASA'S scientist-astronauts. Springer. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-387-21897-7. Bibcode: 2006nasa.book.....S. https://books.google.com/books?id=TweEC3h633AC&pg=PA280. 
  107. ↑ astronautix.com. "Skylab B". astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/flights/skylabb.htm. 
  108. ↑ Wade, Mark, ed. "Almaz". http://www.astronautix.com/a/almaz.html. 
  109. ↑ Wade, Mark, ed. "Space Station Freedom". http://www.astronautix.com/s/spacestationfreedom.html. 
  110. ↑ "ISS Elements: Service Module ("Zvezda")". spaceref.com. http://www.spaceref.com/iss/elements/sm.html. 
  111. ↑ Cohen, Dan. "Developing a Galaxy". Bigelow Aerospace. http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/out_there/developing_a_galaxy.php. 
  112. ↑ "Bigelow Aerospace Fast-Tracks Manned Spacecraft". Space.com. 14 August 2007. https://www.space.com/4220-bigelow-aerospace-fast-tracks-manned-spacecraft.html. 
  113. ↑ Ahatoly Zak. "Lunar Orbital Station, LOS". Russian Space Web. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/los.html. 
  114. ↑ "Northrop Grumman Signs Agreement with NASA to Design Space Station for Low Earth Orbit" (Press release). Dulles, Va.: Northrop Grumman. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 "NASA kills lunar space station to focus on ambitious Moon base". 2026-03-25. https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/03/nasa-kills-lunar-space-station-to-focus-on-ambitious-moon-base/. 



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