Engineering:Marine VHF radio

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Short description: Radios operating in the very high frequency maritime mobile band
A standard handheld marine VHF, mandatory on larger seagoing vessels under the GMDSS rules
A VHF set and a VHF channel 70 DSC set, the DSC on top
A vintage (76-89) marine VHF radiotelephone

Marine VHF radio is a worldwide system of two way radio transceivers on ships and watercraft used for bidirectional voice communication from ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore (for example with harbormasters), and in certain circumstances ship-to-aircraft. It uses FM channels in the very high frequency (VHF) radio band in the frequency range between 156 and 174 MHz, inclusive, designated by the International Telecommunication Union as the VHF maritime mobile band. In some countries additional channels are used, such as[1] the L and F channels for leisure and fishing vessels in the Nordic countries (at 155.5–155.825 MHz). Transmitter power is limited to 25 watts, giving them a range of about 100 kilometres (62 mi; 54 nmi).

Marine VHF radio equipment is installed on all large ships and most seagoing small craft. It is also used, with slightly different regulation, on rivers and lakes. It is used for a wide variety of purposes, including marine navigation and traffic control, summoning rescue services and communicating with harbours, locks, bridges and marinas.

Background

Marine radio was the first commercial application of radio technology, allowing ships to keep in touch with shore and other ships, and send out a distress call for rescue in case of emergency. Guglielmo Marconi invented radio communication in the 1890s, and the Marconi Company installed wireless telegraphy stations on ships beginning around 1900. Marconi built a string of shore stations and in 1904 established the first Morse code distress call, the letters CQD, used until 1906 when SOS was agreed on. The first significant marine rescue due to radio was the 1909 sinking of the luxury liner RMS Republic, in which 1,500 lives were saved. This and the 1912 RMS Titanic rescue brought the field of marine radio to public consciousness, and marine radio operators were regarded as heroes. By 1920, the US had a string of 12 coastal stations stretched along the Atlantic seaboard from Bar Harbor, Maine to Cape May, New Jersey.[2]

The first marine radio transmitters used the longwave bands. During World War I amplitude modulation was developed, and in the 1920s spark radiotelegraphy equipment was replaced by vacuum tube radiotelephony allowing voice communication. Also in the 1920s, the ionospheric skip or skywave phenomenon was discovered, which allowed lower power vacuum tube transmitters operating in the shortwave bands to communicate at long distances.

Hoping to foil German detection during the World War II Battle of the Atlantic, American and British convoy escorts used Talk-Between-Ships (TBS) radios operating on VHF.[3]

Types of equipment

Sets can be fixed or portable. A fixed set generally has the advantages of a more reliable power source, higher transmit power, a larger and more effective antenna and a bigger display and buttons. A portable set (often essentially a waterproof, VHF walkie-talkie in design) can be carried on a kayak, or to a lifeboat in an emergency, has its own power source and is waterproof if GMDSS-approved. A few portable VHFs are even approved to be used as emergency radios in environments requiring intrinsically safe equipment (e.g. gas tankers, oil rigs, etc.).

Voice-only

Voice only equipment is the traditional type, which relies totally on the human voice for calling and communicating. Many lower priced handheld units are voice only as well as older fixed units.

Digital selective calling

DSC equipment, a part of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS), provides all the functionality of voice-only equipment and, additionally, allows several other features:

  • The ability to call another vessel using a unique identifier known as a Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI). This information is carried digitally and the receiving set will alert the operator of an incoming call once its own MMSI is detected. Calls are set up on the dedicated VHF channel 70 which DSC equipment must listen on continuously. The actual voice communication then takes place on a different channel specified by the caller.
  • A distress button, which automatically sends a digital distress signal identifying the calling vessel and the nature of the emergency
  • A built in GPS receiver or facility to connect an external GPS receiver so that the user's location may be transmitted automatically along with a distress call.

When a DSC radio is bought new the user will get the opportunity to program it with the MMSI number of the ship it is intended to be used on. However to change the MMSI after the initial programming can be problematic and require special proprietary tools. This is allegedly done to prevent theft.

Automatic identification system

Main page: Engineering:Automatic identification system

More advanced transceiver units support AIS. This relies on a GPS receiver built into the VHF equipment or an externally connected one by which the transceiver obtains its position and transmits this information along with some other details about the ship (MMSI, cargo, draught, destination and some others) to nearby ships. AIS operates as a mesh network and full featured units relay AIS messages from other ships, greatly extending the range of this system; however some low-end units are receive only or do not support the relaying functionality.

AIS data is carried on dedicated VHF channels 87B and 88B at a baud rate of 9,600bit/s using GMSK modulation[4] and uses a form of time-division multiplexing.

Text messaging

Using the RTCM 12301.1 standard it is possible to send and receive text messages in a similar fashion to SMS between marine VHF transceivers which comply with this standard.[5] However, as of 2019 very few transceivers support this feature. The recipient of the message needs to be tuned to the same channel as the transmitting station in order to receive it.

Regulation

In the United States, any person can legally purchase a Marine VHF radio and use it to communicate without requiring any special license as long as they abide by certain rules, but in a great many other countries a license is required to transmit on Marine VHF frequencies.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland and some other European countries Short Range Certificate is the minimum requirement to use an installed marine VHF radio. This is usually obtained after completing a course of around two days and passing an exam. This is intended for those operating on lakes and in coastal areas whereas a Long Range Certificate is usually recommended for those operating further out as it also covers HF and MF radios as well as INMARSAT systems. A basic marine portable radio license is available without testing.[6]

Automatic Transmitter Identification System (marine)

For use on the inland waterways within continental Europe, a compulsory Automatic Transmitter Identification System (ATIS) transmission conveys the vessel's identity after each voice transmission. This is a ten-digit code that is either an encoded version of the ship's alphanumeric call sign, or for vessels from outside the region, the ship MMSI prefixed with "9". The requirement to use ATIS in Europe, and which VHF channels may be used, are strongly regulated, most recently by the Basel agreements.

Channels and frequencies

A marine VHF set is a combined transmitter and receiver and only operates on standard, international frequencies known as channels. Channel 16 (156.8 MHz) is the international calling and distress channel. Transmission power ranges between 1 and 25 watts, giving a maximum range of up to about 60 nautical miles (111 km) between aerials mounted on tall ships and hills, and 5 nautical miles (9 km; 6 mi) between aerials mounted on small boats at sea level.[7] Frequency modulation (FM) is used, with vertical polarization, meaning that antennas have to be vertical in order to have good reception. For longer range communication at sea, marine MF and marine HF bands and satellite phones can be used.

Half-duplex channels here are listed with the A and B frequencies the same. The frequencies, channels, and some of their purposes are governed by the ITU. For an authoritative list see.[8] The original allocation of channels consisted of only channels 1 to 28 with 50 kHz spacing between channels, and the second frequency for full-duplex operation 4.6 MHz higher.

Improvements in radio technology later meant that the channel spacing could be reduced to 25 kHz with channels 60 to 88 interspersed between the original channels.

Channels 75 and 76 are omitted as they are either side of the calling and distress channel 16, acting as guard channels. The frequencies which would have been the second frequencies on half-duplex channels are not used for marine purposes and can be used for other purposes that vary by country. For example, 161.000 to 161.450 MHz are part of the allocation to the Association of American Railroads channels used by railways in the US and Canada.[9] [10]

Channel
number 		Frequencies (MHz)  United Kingdom[11]  United States  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  Finland[1]  Europe CEPT[12] Mediterranean countries
(sea, ocean) 		 Belgium
 France
 Germany
 Netherlands
Rhine: main stem, river, canal, lake, pond, estuary[13][14]
 A  Ship tx, usually  B  Shore tx, usually
0 156.000 160.600 Private, coast guard  A 
1 156.050 160.650 Ship-to-ship/shore, commercial and safety
West Coast  A 
 Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
BC Coast 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
2 156.100 160.700 Public
BC Coast 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
3 156.150 160.750  A  Illegal for public use[lower-alpha 1] Public
BC Coast/Inland 		Boat to Boat - Kawau Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks, Customs Coast Guard, search and rescue
4 156.200 160.800 Ship-to-ship/shore, commercial and safety
East Coast and Inland  A 

Canadian Coast Guard - public working channel
BC Coast[lower-alpha 2]  A 

Boat to boat Tutukaka/Raglan Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks, customs, coast guard, search and rescue
Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
5 156.250 160.850 Ship movements Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks, authorities responsible
6 156.300 156.300 Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air  A  Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air  A  Distress ship-to-air Inter-ship working  A  Ship-to-ship (commercial)
also SAR: Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air 		 A  Ship-to-ship and ship-to-air Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt) and ship-to-air
7 156.350 160.950 General working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Navy
8 156.400 156.400 Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship
East and west coasts,
Lake Winnipeg  A  		Inter-ship working Inter-ship working  A  Ship-to-ship (commercial)  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt)
9 156.450 156.450 Frequently used by pilots  A  Calling  A , commercial and non-commercial. Ship-to-air for maritime support
Atlantic and BC coasts  A  		Pilots, port operations Port operations  A  VTS
Ship-to-ship + port operations 		Marina pilots, marina operations, ship in a marina Marina pilots, marina operations, ship in a marina, limited to 1 watt
10 156.500 156.500 Frequently used by HM Coastguard  A  Ship-to-air - SAR and antipollution  A 
General working - Atlantic and BC coasts, Great Lakes 		Port operations  A  Ship-to-ship
port operations
also SAR and oil cleanup
only VTS on Gulf of Finland 		International waters ship-to-ship; customs, coast guard, navy Calling; ship-to-ship; customs, on-board working, limited to 1 watt; distress, safety, and calling
11 156.550 156.550 Port operations VTS - BC coast
Pilotage  A  		Port operations  A  port operations, also the Saimaa Canal locks Navy Port operations
12 156.600 156.600 Port operations VTS - San Francisco offshore
Pilotage  A  		VTS - BC coast
Port and pilot ops  A  		Port operations, VTS Port operations  A  port operations Commercial port operations, fishing port operations, pilots, ship in a fishing port, ship in a commercial port
13 156.650 156.650 Bridge-to-bridge working  A  Bridge-to-bridge safety  A : Vessels > 20m must maintain watch, Tx limited to 1 watt. Movable bridge / lock operations. VTS - BC coast
Bridge-to-bridge safety  A  		Port operations, VTS Intership Nav Safety  A  Pilots
Ship-to-ship
port operations 		Port operations, coast guard Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt)
14 156.700 156.700 Port operations VTS - San Francisco bay and delta
Pilotage  A  		VTS - BC coast
Port and pilot ops  A  		Port operations  A  Working channel for SAR authorities, Turku Radio
(port operations) 		Port operations, navy Port operations
15 156.750 156.750  A  On-board working, limited to 1 watt  A  max. 1 W
Intraship
Ship-to-ship
port operations 		Beach monitoring Radiocommunications on board a ship or in a group of boats towed or pushed, as well as those concerning the instructions for the maneuver bullish and docking, limited to 1 watt
16 156.800 156.800 International distress, safety and calling  A 
All vessels equipped with VHF must maintain watch. 		Estuary (16 + 10). Not used on: main stem, river, canal, lake, pond.
17 156.850 156.850  A  On-board working Aquatic sports events  A  max. 1 W
Intraship
Ship-to-ship
port operations 		Port operations, navy, Maritime Gendarmerie Radiocommunications on board a ship or in a group of boats towed or pushed, as well as those concerning the instructions for the maneuver bullish and docking. (limited to 1 watt)
18 156.900 161.500 Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
19 156.950 161.550 Landside facilities: harbormaster, marinas. Canadian Coast Guard working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), port operations
20 157.000 161.600 Repeater operations Continuous weather
Maritime Safety Service 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Port operations, Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
21 157.050 161.650  A  U.S. Coast Guard only Continuous marine broadcasts  B 
(WX 8) 		Continuous weather
Maritime Safety Service 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Port operations
22 157.100 161.700  A  U.S. Coast Guard public working channel[lower-alpha 3] Continuous weather
Maritime Safety Service 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Port operations, public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
23 157.150 161.750 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information: now on 62, 63, 64.  A  U.S. Coast Guard Only Continuous weather
Maritime Safety Service 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Port operations, Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
24 157.200 161.800 UKSAR G/A Winching  A 
UKSAR TWC  B [lower-alpha 4] 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
25 157.250 161.850 Maritime radio working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
26 157.300 161.900 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information Public correspondence (marine telephone operator) Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
27 157.350 161.950 Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
28 157.400 162.000 Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
31 157.550 162.150 (The Netherlands) Marina channel
public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
M1/37A 157.850 157.850 (As M1) Yacht clubs, race committees and marinas
60 156.025 160.625 GOFREP on Gulf of Finland
public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
61 156.075 160.675  A  Illegal for public use[lower-alpha 1] GOFREP (Estonia) on Gulf of Finland
Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), Independent radio networks
62 156.125 160.725 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information[lower-alpha 4] Boat to boat - Waiheke/Whangaroa Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex), independent radio networks
63 156.175 160.775 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information (half-duplex)[lower-alpha 4] Boat to boat - Manukau Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Coast Guard, port operations
64 156.225 160.825 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information (half-duplex)[lower-alpha 4]  A  Illegal for public use[lower-alpha 1] Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Coast Guard, port operations
65 156.275 160.875 National Coastwatch Institution (NCI) and Independent Coastwatch Stations (http://www.seasafetygroup.org) Working Channel for communication with local mariners for radio checks and local sea conditions. Effective 1 March 2021. Marine assistance working channel Boat to boat - Coromandel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore full-duplex)
port operations 		Coast Guard, port operations
66 156.325 160.925  A  BC coast marinas Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), Independent radio networks
67 156.375 156.375 UK Small Ship Safety Channel Working Channel, Marine Weather Maritime radio working channel  A  VTS
(Ship-to-ship + port operations) 		Coast Guard
68 156.425 156.425 Non-commercial  A  Maritime radio working channel

 A  port operations, border guard authorities,

Also some yacht clubs and marinas

Coast Guard
69 156.475 156.475 Port operations Non-commercial  A  Australian Navy Maritime radio working channel
surf lifesaving 		 A  Ship-to-ship
port operations 		Navy
70 156.525 156.525 Digital Selective Calling  A  Not used on: main stem, river, canal, lake, pond.
71 156.575 156.575 Port operations Non-commercial  A  Maritime radio working channel  A  VTS
(ship-to-ship + port operations) port operations 		Navy Port operations
72 156.625 156.625 Ship-to-ship  A Frequently used by leisure craft Non-commercial ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship
Ship-to-air 		 A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship)  A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship) (limited to 1 watt)
73 156.675 156.675 HM Coastguard Safety Broadcasts

Backup Small Ship Safety

Ship-to-ship Marinas working  A  Ship-to-ship

Ship-to-air
(port operations) 		Port operations, Navy
74 156.725 156.725 British Waterways/Canal and River Trust Channel (Canal and River System)

port operations

Ship-to-ship Coast/Ship working  A  port operations Port operations, navy, Maritime Gendarmerie Port operations
75 156.775 156.775 Navigation related communications, limited to 1 watt  A Restricted
ship-to-ship
port operations 		 A Restricted
ship-to-ship
port operations, (limited to 1 watt) 		Port operations
76 156.825 156.825  A  Restricted
port operations 		 A Restricted
ship-to-ship
port operations, (limited to 1 watt)
77 156.875 156.875 Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship)  A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship), limited to 1 watt
78 156.925 161.525 Non-commercial  A  Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks
79 156.975 161.575 Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Customs, coast guard, search and rescue, port operations
80 157.025 161.625 UK marina channel Repeater operations Coastguard radio working channel GOFREP on Gulf of Finland
public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Customs, Coast Guard, search and rescue, port operations
81 157.075 161.675  A  U.S. Government Use Only Repeater Operations Coastguard radio working channel GOFREP (Estonia) on Gulf of Finland
public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks
82 157.125 161.725  A  U.S. Government use only Canadian Coast Guard working channel Coastguard radio working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Port operations
83 157.175 161.775  A  U.S. Coast Guard use only Canadian Coast Guard working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations
84 157.225 161.825 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information: now on 62, 63, 64. Coastguard radio working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), Independent radio networks
85 157.275 161.875 UKSAR TWC (half-duplex)[lower-alpha 4] Radio telephone - full duplex Coastguard radio working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Navy
86 157.325 161.925 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information: now on 62, 63, 64. Coastguard radio working channel Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex)
port operations 		Navy
87 157.375 157.375 Public correspondence
port operations 		Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks, customs, Coast Guard, search and rescue
88 157.425 157.425 Commercial, inter-ship only Public correspondence (ship-to-shore duplex), independent radio networks
M2/P4 161.425 161.425 (As M2) Yacht clubs, race committees and marinas (As P4) In France, some yacht clubs, marinas and race committees
87B 161.975 161.975 Automatic Identification System  A  B 
88B 162.025 162.025 Automatic Identification System  A  B 
L1 155.500 155.500

Leisure activities

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries and Estonia

L2 155.525 155.525

Leisure activities

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries and Estonia

L3 155.650 155.650

Leisure activities

(Ship-to-ship) Used in Finland and Norway

F1 155.625 155.625

Fishing

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries

F2 155.775 155.775

Fishing

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries

F3 155.825 155.825

Fishing, also recreational fishing

(Ship-to-ship) Used in the Nordic countries

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Some radios enable channels 3A, 61A, and 64A when configured for "USA mode" even though those channels are allocated exclusively for Public Safety use by the FCC. The frequencies 156.075, 156.150, and 156.225 MHz are used for interoperability communication by police and fire departments in many areas.
  2. ↑ CCG public operations moved from 22A to 04A to avoid interference from USCG stations in northern Washington state.
  3. ↑ Channel 22A is reserved for communication between the U.S. Coast Guard vessels and private vessels. The Coast Guard does not monitor 22A: Contact must first be established on 16.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 UKSAR land-based search and rescue teams have access to the half-duplexed versions of 24, 62, 63, 64, 85 for operational and training needs. These include mountain rescue teams in England, Wales and Scotland.

Operating procedure

Marine VHF mostly uses half-duplex non-relayed transmission. Ship to ship communication is over a single radio frequency, while ship to shore uses two frequencies, but typically only one of the parties can transmit at a time. (Not to be confused with simplex communication, for example radio broadcasting, where one party transmits always transmits.) The transceiver is normally in receive mode; to transmit the user presses a "push to talk" button on the set or microphone which turns the transmitter on and the receiver off. Some channels, however, are "duplex" transmission channels where communication can take place in both directions simultaneously when the equipment on both ends allow it.[7] Each full-duplex channel has two frequency assignments. Duplex channels can be used to place calls over the public telephone network for a fee via a marine operator. When full-duplex is used, the call is similar to one using a mobile phone or landline. When half-duplex is used, voice is only carried one way at a time and the party on the boat must press the transmit button only when speaking. This facility is still available in some areas, though its use has largely died out with the advent of mobile and satellite phones. Marine VHF radios can also receive weather radio broadcasts, where they are available.

The accepted conventions for use of marine radio are collectively termed "proper operating procedure". These international conventions include:

  • Stations should listen for 30 seconds before transmitting and not interrupt other stations.
  • Maintaining a watch listening on Channel 16 when not otherwise using the radio. All calls are established on channel 16, except for distress working switch to a working ship-to-ship or ship-to-shore channel. (procedure varies in the U.S. only when calls can be established on Ch. 9)
  • During distress operations silence maintained on ch. 16 for other traffic until the channel is released by the controlling station using the pro-word "Silence Fini". If a station does use Ch. 16 during distress operations controlling station issues the command "silence mayday".
  • Using a set of international "calling" procedures such as the "Mayday" distress call, the "Pan-pan" urgency call and "Sécurité" navigational hazard call.
  • Using "pro-words" based on the English language such as Acknowledge, All after, All before, All stations, Confirm, Correct, Correction, In figures, In letters, Over, Out, Radio check, Read back, Received, Say again, Spell, Standby, Station calling, This is, Wait, Word after, Word before, Wrong (local language is used for some of these, when talking to local stations)
  • Using the NATO phonetic alphabet: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu
  • Using a phonetic numbering system based on the English language or a combination of English and Roman languages: Wun, Too, Tree, Fow-er, Fife, Six, Sev-en, Ait, Nin-er, Zero, Decimal; alternatively in marine communication: unaone, bissotwo, terrathree, kartefour, pantafive, soxisix, setteseven, oktoeight, novenine, nadazero

Slightly adjusted regulations can apply for inland shipping, such as the Basel rules (:de:Regionale Vereinbarung über den Binnenschifffahrtsfunk) in Western Europe.

Future

In 2022, the ETSI issued a proposal for implementing the use of FDMA protocols on the band in response to increasingly scarce availability of voice channels in some circumstances owing to the widespread use of systems such as AIS. The plan includes significantly narrower 6.25 kHz channel spacing, and would support voice and data applications.[15]

See also

  • 2182 kHz
  • Automated Maritime Telecommunications System
  • Maritime mobile amateur radio
  • Radio horizon
  • Ship-to-shore

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Kommunikationsverket 2010: Handbok i VHF-radiokommunikation för radiooperatör med kusttrafikcertifikat" (PDF). Viestintavirasto.fi. https://www.viestintavirasto.fi/attachments/Rannikkolaivurin_radioliikenneopas_SV.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Harbord, J.G. (1929). "The Commercial Uses of Radio". The Annals of the American Academy. doi:10.1177/0002716229142001S09. 
  3. ↑ "Radio Research Paper - World War 2 Naval Operations". http://jproc.ca/rrp/nro_ww2.html. 
  4. ↑ All about AIS
  5. ↑ RTCM 12301.1, Standard for VHF-FM Digital Small Message Services
  6. ↑ https://www.ofcom.org.uk/manage-your-licence/radiocommunication-licences/online-licensing-service
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "MGN 324 Operational guidance on the use of radio and automatic identification systems". Gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mgn-324-operational-guidance-on-the-use-of-radio-and-automatic-identification-systems. 
  8. ↑ Circular letter CM/19-E, International Telecommunication Union, 27 March 2009
  9. ↑ "American Association of Railroads channel allocation" (PDF). Arrl-al.org. http://www.arrl-al.org/Railroad%20Communications%20Channels.pdf. 
  10. ↑ "U.S. VHF Channels". Navcen.uscg.gov. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=mtvhf. 
  11. ↑ Noice, Alison, ed (2008). VHF Radio (including GMDSS) (2nd ed.). RYA. ISBN 978-1-906435-20-2. 
  12. ↑ MANUEL DE PREPARATION DU CRR MARITIME 2015 Agence nationale des fréquences
  13. ↑ Guide de radiotéléphonie pour la navigation intérieure 2014: Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin
  14. ↑ MANUEL DE PREPARATION DU CRR FLUVIAL 2015 Agence nationale des fréquences
  15. ↑ "Digital VHF Maritime Radio; Air interface for voice and data services using FDMA in 6,25 KHz bandwidth". ETSI. https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/103700_103799/103784/01.01.01_60/tr_103784v010101p.pdf. 

External links

fr:Bandes marines#Bande VHF



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