Engineering:Self-lubricating chain
Self-lubricating chains, also referred to as lube-free chains, are commonly found in both roller chain (ANSI Standards, British Standards, and DIN Standards) and conveyor chain varieties, with specialty self-lubricating chains also available. These chains utilize a bush made of an oil-impregnated sintered metal or plastic to provide continuous lubrication to the chain during drive, eliminating the need for further lubrication.[1]
History
While some of the earliest self-lubricating bearings were developed by Chrysler[2] the earliest self-lubricating chains were bushed chains, which consisted of pins, plates, and sintered bushes. The loss in strength of the bush required it to be made extra thick. This made the outer diameter so large that it did not allow enough room for a roller. These bushed chains suffer from the drawback of lower allowable load and tensile strength compared to regular roller chain, and the outer diameter of the bushes do not rotate when engaging a sprocket and may suffer faster wear and damage. While various chain manufacturers offered self-lubricating bushed chain designs based on sintered-bush technology since the 1950s, the world's first[3][unreliable source?] self-lubricating roller chain was developed and launched by a Japanese chain manufacturer in 1988.[4] After they made further improvements to the oil impregnation and sintering technologies, they received a patent for their lube-free roller chain, as evidenced by Patent #JP20070237969.[5] In the new design, advancements in powder metal bush technology allowed engineers to design a bush that had a smaller diameter yet was stronger, which allowed room for rollers. These rollers improved performance by allowing the chain to articulate more smoothly into sprockets and protect the sintered bushes. Because of these advancements, the self-lubrication style chains achieved strength on par with regular roller chain, with the added benefit of being lube-free.[citation needed] Powdered metal sintered bearings (in the case of roller chain, the bushes) are self-lubricating because their porosity is impregnated with lubricants during the manufacturing process. In use, frictional heat causes the lubricant to expand and flow out of the pores, forming a film between mating parts. Low coefficients of friction, minimal maintenance and trouble-free service life, low cost, and simple installation are the chief advantages of powdered metal bearings.[6][7]
Construction
As with standard roller chains, self-lubricating roller chains consist of five basic parts: inner plates, outer plates, pins, bushes, and rollers. However, the bushes for self-lubricating chains are sintered metal, produced using powder metallurgy. Self-lubricating chains can be manufactured cheaply, quickly, and to precision tolerances.[8] To form the bushings, alloyed powdered metal is mixed, compacted, and sintered. The initial compaction to a large degree dictates the density, shape, dimensions, and mechanical properties of the finished part.[7] Sintered materials have inherent porosity, and the pores have both beneficial and detrimental effects on part performance. The pores act as stress concentration zones and reduce mechanical strength and ductility. However, the pores also reduce noise and vibration and serve as lubricant pockets in lubricated contacts. Sintered bearings and gears are used in many applications where the external lubrication is not possible or not preferred.[9] It is essential that the pores form an interconnected system of controlled size and volume, so that oil is supplied to the entire bearing surface. The rate of oil supply increases with temperature and therefore with increasing speeds of rotation, improving performance.[10]
Applications
Self-lubrication is ideal in situations where normal lubrication is difficult, troublesome, or impossible. For example, in paper and food processing, lubrication is undesirable due to product contamination. (Chain companies like Tsubaki and Renold PLC also offer sintered bushes impregnated with food grade lubricant.)
Self-lubricating bushes are used in conveyor chains as well as roller chains for a variety of conveyance applications. These could include not only RS attachment roller chain, but small size conveyor chains and a wide variety of top chains as well.
References
- ↑ so that the bearing requires no further lubrication during the whole life of the machine in which it is used, according to "Porous bearings". http://www.epma.com/bearings.
- ↑ "Chrysler engineers developed bearings that were made of metal powders forced together under high pressure and heat (a process known as sintering). The ingredients were pure virgin copper (88.5%), tin (10%), and graphite (1.5%). The sintered bearings were so impregnated with oil — with around one third of their volume being oil — that, in most cases, they needed no service attention after installation, although they were seemingly solid. The bearings were dubbed Oilite ®; Oilite bearings would be used in distributors, generators, starters, and ball joints as well as water pump and clutch pilots," according to Zatz, David. "Oilite bearings and the Chrysler Amplex Division". Allpar LLC. http://www.allpar.com/history/amplex.html.
- ↑ "Brief History of Lambda Chain". http://tsubakimoto.com/lambdachain/#History_of_Lambda_Chain.
- ↑ "Lambda Chain". http://tsubakimoto.com/lambdachain/.
- ↑ "Lubricant and Oil Non-Feeding Chain" JP patent granted JP20070237969, published 2009-04-02, assigned to Tsubakimoto Chain Co
- ↑ Specification for Iron-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated). 2012. doi:10.1520/B0439-12.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 To a large degree, the initial compaction dictates the density, shape, dimensions, and mechanical properties of the finished part, according to Brian James (5 December 2012). "General Description of Production, Properties, and Uses of Sintered Powder Metallurgy Bearings and Structural Parts" (DOC). ASTM. pp. 1. http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/B09%20Final%20Version%20of%20Revised%20Gray%20Pages.doc.
- ↑ They are economical, suitable for high production rates and can be manufactured to precision tolerances, according to "2.0 Sintered-Metal Bearings". QBC Bearings. 22 May 2008. pp. 1. http://www.qbcbearings.com/TechInfo/PDF/TechT31.pdf.
- ↑ The pores act as stress concentration zones and reduce the mechanical strength and ductility, according to Dhanasekaran, S; Gnanamoorthy, G (2004). Development of Self Lubricating Sintered Steels for Tribological Applications (PDF) (Thesis). Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ It is essential that the pores form an interconnected system of controlled size and volume, so that oil is supplied to the entire bearing surface, according to "Porous bearings". http://www.epma.com/bearings.
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