Engineering:List of Starship launches
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Short description: List of launches of SpaceX's fully reusable Starship
As of Template:SpaceX Starship Statistics, the SpaceX Starship has been launched Template:SpaceX Starship Statistics times, with Template:SpaceX Starship Statistics successes and Template:SpaceX Starship Statistics failures. SpaceX has developed Starship with the intention of lowering launch costs using economies of scale.[1] It aims to achieve this by reusing both rocket stages, increasing payload mass to orbit, increasing launch frequency, creating a mass-manufacturing pipeline and adapting it to a wide range of space missions.[2][3] Starship is the latest project in SpaceX's reusable launch system development program and plan to colonize Mars, and is one of two landing systems selected by NASA for the Artemis program's crewed Lunar missions.
SpaceX calls the entire launch vehicle "Starship", which consists of the Super Heavy first stage (booster) and the Starship second stage (ship).[4] There are four versions of the Starship vehicle: Block 1[note 1], which is retired,[5] Block 2,[note 2], which first flew in Starship flight test 7 and was retired after Starship flight test 11, Block 3[note 3], which first flew in Starship flight test 12, and Block 4, currently in development. As of Template:SpaceX Starship Statistics, 6 Block 1 vehicles, Template:SpaceX Starship Statistics Block 2 vehicles, and Template:SpaceX Starship Statistics Block 3 vehicles have flown.[6] Both Starship's first and second stages are planned to be reusable, and are planned to be caught by the tower arms used to assemble the rocket at the pad.[7] This capability was first demonstrated during Starship's fifth flight test, using a Block 1 booster.[8]
Launch statistics
Launch sites
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Launch outcomes
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Booster landings
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Ship landings
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Booster version
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Ship version
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Past launches
2023
| Flight No. |
Date and time (UTC) |
Version, booster[lower-alpha 1] |
Version, ship[lower-alpha 1] |
Launch site | Payload | Payload mass | Orbit | Customer | Launch outcome | Booster landing | Ship landing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | April 20, 2023 13:33:09[9] |
Block 1 B7 |
Block 1 S24 |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | N/A | N/A | Transatmospheric[10] | SpaceX | Failure | Precluded | Precluded |
| Flight 1 was the first with a ship integrated with the Super Heavy booster, the booster was planned to make a powered splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, and the ship would enter a transatmospheric Earth orbit before reentering and impacting the Pacific Ocean north of Hawaii. Several engines were shut down before and during flight. The vehicle eventually entered an uncontrolled spin before stage separation due to loss of thrust vector control. The flight termination system activated but the vehicle remained intact for 40 more seconds.[11] SpaceX declared this flight a success, as their primary goal was to only clear the pad.[12] The launch resulted in extensive damage to the orbital launch mount and the infrastructures around it, including the propellant tank farm.[13] | |||||||||||
| 2 | November 18, 2023 13:02:50[14] |
Block 1 B9 |
Block 1 S25 |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | N/A | N/A | Transatmospheric[15] | SpaceX | Failure | Failure (gulf) | Precluded |
| Flight 2 had a test flight profile similar to the first flight, with the addition of a new hot-staging technique and the introduction of a water deluge system as part of the ground support equipment at the launch pad. During the first stage ascent, all 33 engines fired to full duration. Starship and Super Heavy successfully accomplished a hot-staging separation. After initiating a flip maneuver and initiating boostback burn, the booster suffered engine shutdowns and was lost.[16] The upper stage ascended nominally[17] until the automated flight termination system destroyed it due to loss of communications from a fire.[16] | |||||||||||
2024
| Flight No. |
Date and time (UTC) |
Version, booster[lower-alpha 1] |
Version, ship[lower-alpha 1] |
Launch site | Payload | Payload mass | Orbit | Customer | Launch outcome | Booster landing | Ship landing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | March 14, 2024 13:25:00[18] |
Block 1 B10 |
Block 1 S28 |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | N/A | N/A | SpaceX | Success | Failure (gulf) | Failure (ocean) | |
| Flight 3 included a full-duration burn of the second-stage engines, an internal propellant-transfer demonstration, and a test of the Starlink dispenser door. The planned in-space engine relight of the spacecraft and its hard splashdown into the Indian Ocean did not occur.[19] The booster successfully propelled the spacecraft to staging, with 13 engines ignited for a boostback burn, though six engines shut down prematurely. During the landing burn ignition, only three engines ignited, and the booster was lost around 400 meters above the ocean.[20] At reentry, Ship had an uncontrolled roll and lost telemetry, leading SpaceX to conclude the ship was lost during reentry. | |||||||||||
| 4 | June 6, 2024 12:50:00[21] |
Block 1 B11 |
Block 1 S29 |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | N/A | N/A | Suborbital[22] | SpaceX | Success | Controlled (gulf) | Controlled (ocean) |
| Flight 4 flew a similar trajectory to Flight 3, with the addition of a ship landing burn and soft splashdown. One Raptor engine was lost shortly after liftoff, but the booster performed in accordance to its flight profile and conducted a controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico[23] on a "virtual tower", in preparation for a catch by the launch tower during Flight 5.[24] The spacecraft performed a successful reentry despite severe forward flap damage and conducted a controlled splashdown in the Indian Ocean,[25] within the target region but 6 kilometers from the center.[26] | |||||||||||
| 5 | October 13, 2024 12:25:00[27] |
Block 1 B12 |
Block 1 S30 |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | N/A | N/A | Suborbital[28] | SpaceX | Success | Success (OLP-1) | Controlled (ocean) |
| Flight 5 was the first to achieve booster recovery and complete a flight without engine failures. After stage separation, the booster returned to the launch site and was caught by the launch tower arms despite damage to a chine during descent. Following a coast phase, Ship 30 reentered the atmosphere, performed reentry despite forward flap damage, and executed a landing burn, splashing down at its target in the Indian Ocean.[8] | |||||||||||
| 6 | November 19, 2024 22:00:00[29] |
Block 1 B13 |
Block 1 S31 |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | Plush banana | Unknown | Transatmospheric[30] | SpaceX | Success | Controlled (gulf) Abort (OLP‑1)
|
Controlled (ocean) |
| Flight 6 was the second attempt at booster recovery and the final use of a Block 1 upper stage. Heat shield tiles were removed from key areas of Ship 31, which also lacked the ablative backup layer from Flight 5. Following stage separation, the booster was diverted to the ocean near the launch site due to damage to the catch tower during liftoff. The ship completed an in-space engine relight test and re-entered, splashing down in the Indian Ocean during daylight—a first for Starship. Despite a reduced heat shield and steeper re-entry trajectory, Ship 31 sustained minimal flap damage. The flight also carried Starship's first payload, a toy stuffed banana serving as the zero-gravity indicator, which remained onboard throughout the mission.[31] | |||||||||||
2025
In a talk in November 2024, Starbase General Manager Kathy Lueders announced that SpaceX hoped to be able to catch a Starship upper stage sometime in the next 6 months and have as many as 25 launches in 2025.[32] This did not occur. Starship was launched five times in 2025.
| Flight No. |
Date and time (UTC) |
Version, booster[lower-alpha 1] |
Version, ship[lower-alpha 1] |
Launch site | Payload | Payload mass | Orbit | Customer | Launch outcome | Booster landing | Ship landing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | January 16, 2025 22:37:00[33] |
Block 2 B14‑1[34] |
Block 2 S33[35] |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | 10 Starlink simulator satellites[36] | ~20,000 kg (44,000 lb)[37][38] | Transatmospheric[39] | SpaceX | Failure | Success (OLP-1) | Precluded |
| Flight 7 was to follow a trajectory similar to the previous mission, with a planned splashdown in the Indian Ocean approximately one hour post-launch.[40] It marked the inaugural flight of a Block 2 Ship, featuring structural, avionics, and other upgrades.[35] The mission also aimed to test the deployment system for 10 Starlink mass simulator satellites. During the Ship's initial burn, its engines experienced premature shutdowns due to a propellant leak larger than the Ship's systems could handle, followed by a total loss of telemetry. SpaceX stated the autonomous flight safety system destroyed the Ship about three minutes after loss of telemetry.[41] The booster successfully returned to the launch site, where it was caught by the launch tower arms on OLP-1 without noticeable damage to the chines.[42] | |||||||||||
| 8 | March 6, 2025 23:31:02[43] |
Block 2 B15‑1[40] |
Block 2 S34[44] |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | 4 Starlink simulator satellites[43] | ~8,000 kg (18,000 lb)[43] | Transatmospheric | SpaceX | Failure | Success (OLP-1) | Precluded |
| Flight 8 was to follow a trajectory similar to the previous mission, with a planned splashdown in the Indian Ocean. During the Ship's initial burn, several engines shut down and the Ship lost control and later telemetry.[45] The booster was successfully commanded to return to the launch site despite having two engines fail to relight for its boostback burn. One of the failed engines managed to reignite for the catch, which was successful.[43] | |||||||||||
| 9 | May 27, 2025 23:36:28[46] |
Block 2 B14-2[47] |
Block 2 S35[48] |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | 8 Starlink simulator satellites[46] | ~16,000 kg (35,000 lb)[46] | Transatmospheric | SpaceX | Failure | Failure (gulf) | Failure (ocean) |
| Flight 9 was the first to reuse a Super Heavy booster, along with 29 engines having been used on a flight, which completed ascent and boostback into a high angle of attack but was lost before splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico.[49] The ship reached engine cutoff but failed to deploy its payload of eight Starlink simulator satellites[46] and experienced a fuel leak, resulting in a loss of control. The ship was passivated before reentry and broke up over the Indian Ocean.[49] | |||||||||||
| 10 | August 26, 2025 23:30:00[50] |
Block 2 B16[51] |
Block 2 S37[52] |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | 8 Starlink simulator satellites[50] | ~16,000 kg (35,000 lb)[50] | Transatmospheric | SpaceX | Success | Controlled (gulf) | Controlled (ocean) |
| Flight 10 was delayed by around two months[53] because the ship originally designated for the flight was lost during testing.[54] The booster ignited all thirty-three engines, though it lost one during the ascent burn. It would continue to complete its mission, splashing down in the Gulf of Mexico after simulating an engine out.[55] The ship reached the desired trajectory and deployed all eight of its Starlink simulators.[55] It then relit a single Raptor engine in space, followed by atmospheric entry.[55] During descent through the atmosphere, there was substantial damage to the engine section.[55] Despite this, S37 was able to softly splash down within three meters of its target site in the Indian Ocean.[55] | |||||||||||
| 11 | October 13, 2025 23:23:00[56] |
Block 2 B15‑2[57] |
Block 2 S38[57] |
Starbase, OLP‑1 | 8 Starlink simulator satellites[58] | ~16,000 kg (35,000 lb)[58] | Transatmospheric | SpaceX | Success | Controlled (gulf) | Controlled (ocean) |
| Flight 11 was the last flight of Block 2 vehicles,[50] as well as the last flight from Pad-1 before its retrofit.[59] It flew a similar profile to the previous two flights,[60] with twenty-four engines flying for a second time on Booster 15.[61] The booster performed nominally during its flight, with the only anomaly being the loss of a Raptor engine on the boostback burn, though it would later reignite on the landing burn.[56] The ship, like on the previous flight, made it to SECO before deploying its eight Starlink simulators.[56] Following this, a single Raptor engine was lit in space, with the ship reentering shortly afterwards.[56] Unlike on Flight 10, the ship was mostly undamaged from heat on reentry, despite the intentional removal of several tiles.[56] S38 landed on target in the Indian Ocean.[56] | |||||||||||
2026
| Flight No. |
Date and time (UTC) |
Version, booster[lower-alpha 1] |
Version, ship[lower-alpha 1] |
Launch site | Payload | Payload mass | Orbit | Customer | Launch outcome | Booster landing | Ship landing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | May 22, 2026 22:30:00[62] |
Block 3 B19[63] |
Block 3 S39[64] |
Starbase, OLP‑2[65] | 20 Starlink simulator satellites and 2 modified Starlink V3[66] | ~37,500 kg (82,700 lb)[67] | Transatmospheric | SpaceX | Success | Failure (gulf) | Controlled (ocean) |
| Flight 12 was originally intended to feature Booster 18 and Ship 39; however, Booster 18 was scrapped after sustaining severe damage during testing.[68] This mission marked the debut of the "Block 3" vehicle iteration and the inaugural use of Starbase’s second launch pad.[69] It aimed for the controlled splashdown of both the Booster and the Ship.[69] The mission followed a flight profile similar to previous tests, with the ship targeting a trajectory just shy of orbit.[70] During ascent, the booster performed nominally despite losing a single outboard Raptor engine.[71] However, following hot-staging, Booster 19 only successfully relit 20 of the 33 engines intended for the boostback burn, the majority of which failed during startup.[69] The burn was then aborted after only a few seconds.[69] During the landing sequence, only one engine relit, leading the vehicle to impact the water at high speed.[69] Ship 39 suffered the loss of one Raptor Vacuum engine during its ascent, but the vehicle's engine-out capability allowed it to successfully reach its scheduled engine cutoff (SECO).[69][72] While the ship successfully deployed 20 satellite mass simulators and two modified functional Starlink satellites, the planned in-space Raptor relight was skipped.[73] The two functional satellites were used to test upcoming Starlink V3 hardware, capture and relay footage of the Starship in space, and inspect its heat shield.[72][74] Finally, the ship completed a nominal reentry and a successful landing flip using two engines as planned.[69] | |||||||||||
| 13 | July 24, 2026 22:51:00[75] |
Block 3 B20 |
Block 3 S40 |
Starbase, OLP‑2 | 20 Starlink V3[75] | ~34,100 kg (75,200 lb)[75][67] | Transatmospheric | SpaceX | Success | Failure (gulf) | Controlled (ocean) |
| Flight 13 followed a flight profile similar to previous tests. Liftoff, hot staging and boostback were nominal.[76] During the attempted landing burn, Booster 20 only lit 10 of the planned 13 engines on the landing burn and after losing five more, impacted the water at high speed. Flight 13 featured the first deployment of Starlink V3 satellites, which followed the trajectory of the ship and, after testing, burned up in the atmosphere as planned. After its simulated landing over the Indian Ocean, the ship splashed down and tipped over as planned. For the first time, the ship survived this, allowing SpaceX to get more images of the heat shield tiles, flaps and engine bay afterwards.[77] | |||||||||||
Future launches
Future launches are listed chronologically when firm plans are in place. Launches are expected to take place "no earlier than" (NET) the listed date.
2026
| Date and time (UTC) | Version, booster |
Version, ship |
Launch site | Payload | Orbit | Customer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q3 2026[78] | Block 3 | Block 3 | Starbase, OLP‑2[78] | TBA | LEO | SpaceX |
| 2026 | Block 3 | Block 3 | TBA | N/A | LEO | NASA |
| Launch of the Starship target (a prototype version of the Propellant Depot) for the propellant transfer demonstration mission.[79] | ||||||
| 2026 | Block 3 | Block 3 | TBA | Propellant | LEO | NASA |
| Launch of the Starship chaser (a prototype version of the Tanker) for the propellant transfer demonstration mission. This will occur around 3 to 4 weeks after the Starship target launches. Originally it was planned to launch from the same pad that the target vehicle had used, though this may no longer be the case.[80] | ||||||
2027
| Date and time (UTC) | Version, booster |
Version, ship |
Launch site | Payload | Orbit | Customer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2027 | Unknown | Depot[81] | TBA | Propellant Depot | LEO | NASA |
| SpaceX will launch a depot to store propellant for Human Landing System (HLS) flights.[81] | ||||||
| 2027 | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Propellant | LEO | NASA |
| Tanker launch for HLS demo. At least one tanker will be needed for most launches beyond LEO.[82] | ||||||
| March 2027[83] | Unknown | HLS | TBA | Uncrewed Lunar Demo[84] | Lunar | NASA |
| NASA's demonstration mission for the Human Landing System prior to Artemis IV, announced in April 2021. The Starship HLS lander will be placed in a near-rectilinear halo orbit around the Moon and will then attempt to land on the surface. (Before this, an unknown number of successful refueling flights will be required, estimated to be in the high teens.)[85] | ||||||
| 2027 | Unknown | HLS | TBA | Astrolab FLEX rover[86] Possible rideshare | Lunar | Astrolab |
| Flexible Logistics and Exploration (FLEX) rover will include 1,000 kilograms of customer payloads. | ||||||
| 2027[87] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Superbird-9[88] | GTO | SKY Perfect JSAT |
| Superbird-9 is SKY Perfect JSAT's fully flexible HTS (High Throughput Satellite) based on Airbus' OneSat product line. | ||||||
| 2027[89] | Unknown | HLS | TBA | ISRU Processing System[89] Possible rideshare | Lunar | Luxembourg Space Agency |
| In April 2023, LSA and a private firm, OffWorld Europe, announced a partnership to develop an ISRU process to extract, process, store and use water collected from the surface of the Moon in the form of ice. The project, which is under the oversight of the European Space Agency (ESA), will use OffWorld's technical expertise in robotics with a technology demonstration mission slated for launch to the Moon in 2027 as part of SpaceX's first Starship HLS mission for the Artemis program.[89] An unknown number of refueling flights, estimated to be in the high teens, will be required prior to the mission.[85] | ||||||
| Mid 2027[90] | Unknown | Block 3 | TBA | Artemis III | LEO | NASA |
| Artemis III will feature a Low Earth Orbit docking test between Starship and Orion.[90] Will not be a complete HLS Starship and will not include life support equipment, instead functioning as a "docking target" for Orion.[91] | ||||||
2028 and beyond
| Date and time (UTC) | Version, booster |
Version, ship |
Launch site | Payload | Orbit | Customer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2028[90] | Unknown | HLS | TBA | Crewed Lunar Demo[92] | Lunar | NASA |
| Artemis IV is expected to be the first crewed lunar landing since Apollo 17. An unknown number of refueling flights, estimated to be in the high teens, will be required prior to the mission.[85] | ||||||
| 2028[93] | Unknown | HLS | TBA | Sustaining Crewed Lunar Demo[94] | Lunar | NASA |
| On November 15, 2022, NASA announced it had awarded a contract to SpaceX as part of Option B of the Appendix H contract. This would allow SpaceX to use a second-generation Starship HLS design to conduct a Lunar Gateway-based demonstration mission as part of Artemis IV.[94] An unknown number of refueling flights, estimated to be in the high teens, will be required prior to the mission.[85] | ||||||
| 2029[95] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Starlab[96] | LEO | Voyager Space/Airbus |
| Starlab is a planned commercial space station. | ||||||
| 2029[97] | Unknown | HLS | TBA | Eagle Rover[98] Possible rideshare | Lunar | Lunar Outpost[99] |
| The Eagle Rover has been selected by NASA for study as a Lunar Terrain Vehicle.[100] | ||||||
| 2030[101] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Haven-2 Core Module | LEO | VAST |
| Launch of Haven-2 Core module.[102] | ||||||
| 2032[103] | Unknown | HLS | TBA | Lunar Cruiser Possible rideshare | Lunar | JAXA/NASA |
| The Lunar Cruiser is a crewed pressurized lunar rover being developed jointly by JAXA and Toyota that astronauts can drive and live in on the Moon.[104] | ||||||
| 2035[105] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Vast artificial gravity station Module 1 | LEO | VAST |
| First module for Vast's 100 m spinning artificial gravity station.[106] | ||||||
| 2035[105] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Vast artificial gravity station Module 2 | LEO | VAST |
| Second module for Vast's artificial gravity station.[106] | ||||||
| 2035[105] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Vast artificial gravity station Module 3 | LEO | VAST |
| Third module for Vast's artificial gravity station.[106] | ||||||
| 2035[105] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Vast artificial gravity station Module 4 | LEO | VAST |
| Fourth module for Vast's artificial gravity station.[106] | ||||||
| 2035[105] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Vast artificial gravity station Module 5 | LEO | VAST |
| Fifth module for Vast's artificial gravity station.[106] | ||||||
| 2035[105] | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Vast artificial gravity station Module 6 | LEO | VAST |
| Sixth module for Vast's artificial gravity station.[106] | ||||||
| TBA | Unknown | Unknown | TBA | Uncrewed Mars Demo[107][108] | TMI | |
| SpaceX plans to launch around five Starship upper stages to Mars, which would attempt to land on an as of yet unspecified location on the Martian surface upon arrival at Mars, as part of their iterative and incremental cycle of development.[107] The Italian Space Agency contracted SpaceX in 2025 for delivering several experiments to the Martian surface on the first Starship flight to Mars.[109] | ||||||
| TBA | Unknown | Crew | TBA | Polaris III | TBA | Jared Isaacman |
| Polaris III will be the first crewed launch on Starship.[110] It is not expected to occur until Starship has flown at least 100 successful cargo flights, though this is not a firm requirement.[111] This is the final flight of the Polaris Program.[112] | ||||||
See also
- List of Starship upper stage flight tests
- List of Starship vehicles
- List of Super Heavy boosters
- List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches
- List of New Glenn launches
- List of Space Launch System launches
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Starship vehicles have a multiple-digit serial number, followed by a hyphen and a number that indicates the flight count. Starship vehicles are in a S#-# format, while boosters are B#-#. For example, B14‑1 and B14‑2 represent the first and second flights of B14. Vehicles without a hyphen were either expended on their first flight or retired after recovery. Missions where a new vehicle is used are marked with a mint-colored background.
References
- ↑ Dans, Enrique. "Elon Musk's Economies Of Scale Won SpaceX The NASA Moonshot" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/enriquedans/2021/04/25/elon-musks-economies-of-scale-won-spacex-the-nasamoonshot/.
- ↑ Wattles, Jackie (September 29, 2019). "Elon Musk says SpaceX's Mars rocket will be cheaper than he once thought. Here's why". CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/business/elon-musk-spacex-mars-starship-cost/index.html.
- ↑ Garofalo, Meredith (June 8, 2024). "SpaceX wants to build 1 Starship megarocket a day with new Starfactory" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-one-a-day-starfactory.
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan (August 6, 2021). "Biggest ever rocket is assembled briefly in Texas" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58120874.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (November 19, 2024). "SpaceX will try some new tricks on Starship's sixth test flight" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/11/spacex-will-try-some-new-tricks-on-starships-sixth-test-flight/.
- ↑ Berger, Eric (April 8, 2024). "Elon Musk just gave another Mars speech—this time the vision seems tangible" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/04/elon-musk-just-gave-another-mars-speech-this-time-the-vision-seems-tangible/.
- ↑ Williams, Matt (August 20, 2021). "Musk Confirms how "Mechazilla" Will Catch and Assemble Starship and Super Heavy for Rapid Reuse" (in en-US). https://www.universetoday.com/152221/musk-confirms-how-mechazilla-will-catch-and-assemble-starship-and-super-heavy-for-rapid-reuse/.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Weber, Ryan (October 12, 2024). "SpaceX Catches a Super Heavy Booster During a Milestone Flight 5" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/10/starship-flight-5-catch/.
- ↑ Wall, Mike; published, Tariq Malik (April 20, 2023). "SpaceX's 1st Starship launches on epic test flight, explodes in 'rapid unscheduled disassembly'" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-first-space-launch.
- ↑ McDowell, Jonathan (May 13, 2023). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 819". https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.819.txt.
- ↑ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (October 1, 2023). "Termination shock" (in en-US). https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/features/termination-shock/.
- ↑ Kelly, Emre (April 20, 2023). "SpaceX Starship launches from Texas, then explodes over Gulf of Mexico". USA Today. https://usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/04/20/spacex-launch-live-stream-starship/11702498002.
- ↑ "Powerful Blast from SpaceX's Starship Damages Launch Pad and Wrecks Nearby Minivan" (in en-US). April 20, 2023. https://www.yahoo.com/news/powerful-blast-spacex-starship-damages-170800340.html.
- ↑ Dinner, Josh (November 18, 2023). "SpaceX Starship megarocket launches on 2nd-ever test flight, explodes in 'rapid unscheduled disassembly' (video)" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-second-test-flight-launch-explodes.
- ↑ McDowell, Jonathan (November 18, 2023). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 826". https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.826.txt.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "SpaceX Updates" (in en). February 26, 2024. https://www.spacex.com/updates/.
- ↑ Weber, Ryan (November 17, 2023). "After upgrades, Starship achieves numerous successes during second test flight" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/11/ift-2-launch/.
- ↑ Dinner, Josh (March 14, 2024). "SpaceX launches giant Starship rocket into space on epic 3rd test flight (video)" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-third-test-flight-launch.
- ↑ Sheetz, Michael (December 5, 2023). "SpaceX plans key NASA demonstration for next Starship launch" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/05/spacex-plans-nasa-refueling-demonstration-for-next-starship-launch.html.
- ↑ "Starship's Third Flight Test" (in en). https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-3.
- ↑ Tingley, Brett (June 6, 2024). "SpaceX's Starship 4th flight test looks epic in these stunning photos" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-4th-flight-test-photos.
- ↑ McDowell, Jonathan (June 23, 2024). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 834". https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.834.txt.
- ↑ Beil, Adrian (June 5, 2024). "Starship finds success on fourth flight test" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/06/starship-launch-fourth-time/.
- ↑ Davenport, Justin (April 19, 2024). "As IFT-4 prepares for launch, Starship's future is coming into focus" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/04/ift-4-prepares-starships-future-focus/.
- ↑ "Starship Flight 4" (in en). https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-4.
- ↑ Zafar, Ramish (June 7, 2024). "SpaceX Starship Missed Its Landing Spot By 6 Kilometers Says Musk" (in en-US). https://wccftech.com/spacex-starship-missed-its-landing-spot-by-6-kilometers-says-musk/.
- ↑ Wall, Mike (October 13, 2024). "SpaceX catches giant Starship booster with 'Chopsticks' on historic Flight 5 rocket launch and landing (video)" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-flight-5-launch-super-heavy-booster-catch-success-video.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (October 9, 2024). "NASA "really looking forward" to next Starship test flight" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/nasa-really-looking-forward-to-next-starship-test-flight/.
- ↑ Wall, Mike (November 19, 2024). "SpaceX Starship launches banana to space, skips giant rocket catch on 6th test flight (video, photos)" (in en). https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-starship-launches-banana-to-space-skips-giant-rocket-catch-on-6th-test-flight-video-photos.
- ↑ McDowell, Jonathan (December 27, 2024). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 840". https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.840.txt.
- ↑ Weber, Ryan (November 18, 2024). "SpaceX lands Ship 31 in the Indian Ocean but miss the Booster Catch" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/11/starship-flight-6-launch/.
- ↑ CONACES 2024 Conferencia: SpaceX. Ing. Kathryn Lueders. Hacia el Espacio. November 7, 2024. Retrieved November 11, 2024 – via YouTube.
- ↑ Wall, Mike (January 16, 2025). "SpaceX catches Super Heavy booster on Starship Flight 7 test but loses upper stage (video, photos)". Space.com. https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-catches-super-heavy-booster-on-starship-flight-7-test-but-loses-upper-stage-video-photos.
- ↑ Davenport, Justin (May 22, 2025). "Starship program at critical moment as Flight 9 and infrastructure work in focus" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/05/starship-flight-9-infrastructure/.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 McCrea, Aaron (July 31, 2024). "Successful Static Fire Leads to Final Preparation Before Full Stack" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/07/starship-7-30-24/.
- ↑ "Starship's Seventh Flight Test". January 8, 2025. https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-7.
- ↑ "Consolidated opposition to petitions and response to comments of SPACEX. Exhibit A. satellite dimensions and DAS outputs.". May 30, 2023. https://licensing.fcc.gov/myibfs/download.do?attachment_key=22627897.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (January 9, 2025). "A taller, heavier, smarter version of SpaceX's Starship is almost ready to fly" (in en-US). https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/01/a-taller-heavier-smarter-version-of-spacexs-starship-is-almost-ready-to-fly/.
- ↑ McDowell, Jonathan (November 18, 2023). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 841". https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.841.txt.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 McCrea, Aaron (November 27, 2024). "Starbase continues its rapid pace of advancement after Starship Flight 6" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/11/starship-roundup-11-27-24/.
- ↑ "New Year. New Ship. New Lessons.". February 24, 2025. https://www.spacex.com/updates/#flight-7-report.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (January 17, 2025). "Fire destroys Starship on its seventh test flight, raining debris from space" (in en-US). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/01/fire-destroys-starship-on-its-seventh-test-flight-raining-debris-from-space/.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 "Starship's Eighth Flight Test" (in en-US). February 27, 2025. https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-8.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (October 9, 2024). "Starship readying for Flight 5 amid future preparations" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/10/starship-flight-5-preps/.
- ↑ SpaceX (May 22, 2025). "Fly. Learn. Repeat.". https://www.spacex.com/updates/#flight-8-report.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 "Starship's Ninth Flight Test". May 23, 2025. https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-9.
- ↑ Booster 14 Fires Again! First Static Fire of a Reused Super Heavy. NASASpaceflight. April 7, 2025. Event occurs at 7:55. Retrieved May 1, 2025 – via YouTube.
- ↑ Weber, Ryan (April 4, 2025). "Booster 14 Completes Milestone Static Fire Ahead of Flight 9" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/04/booster-14-flight-9/.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 NASASpaceflight (May 21, 2025). SpaceX Starship Flight 9. Retrieved May 27, 2025 – via YouTube.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 "Starship's Tenth Flight Test". August 15, 2025. https://www.spacex.com/launches/starship-flight-10.
- ↑ NASASpaceflight (April 21, 2025). Starship Flight 9 Preps, Chopstick Testing, and Pad B Progress | Starbase Update. Event occurs at 4:10. Retrieved June 2, 2025 – via YouTube.
- ↑ Weber, Ryan (July 29, 2025). "The Final Two Block 2 Ships leave Mega Bay 2 for Testing" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/07/final-two-block-2-ships-testing/.
- ↑ Beil, Adrian (June 18, 2025). "Starship Flight 10 is NET June 29. This is according to the FAA advisory.". https://x.com/BCCarCounters/status/1935366760846217240.
- ↑ NASASpaceflight (June 18, 2025). SpaceX Performs A Second Static Fire of Ship 36. Retrieved June 18, 2025 – via YouTube.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 NASASpaceflight (August 25, 2025). SpaceX Starship Flight 10 - Third Attempt. Retrieved August 26, 2025 – via YouTube.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 NASASpaceflight (October 8, 2025). SpaceX Starship Flight 11 - LAUNCH STREAM. Retrieved October 13, 2025 – via YouTube.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Weber, Ryan (July 29, 2025). "The Final Two Block 2 Ships leave Mega Bay 2 for Testing" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/07/final-two-block-2-ships-testing/.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Starship-Super Heavy v2 | Starship Flight 11" (in en). https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7945/.
- ↑ Davenport, Justin (August 17, 2025). "Launch Roundup: Falcon 9, Starship, and Russia flying this week" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/08/launch-roundup-falcon-9-starship-and-russia-flying-this-week/.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (2025-09-09). "SpaceX's lesson from last Starship flight? "We need to seal the tiles."" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/spacexs-lesson-from-last-starship-flight-we-need-to-seal-the-tiles/.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (2025-09-30). "SpaceX has a few tricks up its sleeve for the last Starship flight of the year" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/spacex-has-a-few-tricks-up-its-sleeve-for-the-last-starship-flight-of-the-year/.
- ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (2026-05-23). "SpaceX Starship Flight 12: Don't miss these stunning photos from the launch of the most powerful Starship yet" (in en). https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-starship-flight-12-dont-miss-these-stunning-photos-from-the-launch-of-the-most-powerful-starship-yet.
- ↑ Weber, Ryan (2025-11-21). "Booster 18 suffers anomaly during proof testing" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/11/booster-18-anomaly-proof-testing/.
- ↑ Weber, Ryan (September 5, 2025). "Ten flights in, the Starship Program has had successes and failures" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/09/ten-flights-starship-program-successes-failures/.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (September 9, 2025). "Eye on the future, as SpaceX prepare Pad 2 and Block 3 at Starbase" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/09/spacex-prepare-pad-2-block-3-starbase/.
- ↑ "Starship Flight 12". https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/8002/.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Critical Path" continues the ongoing Starship series, following SpaceX engineers through the final days before launch of the first Starship V3 and the challenges that come with development of the world’s most powerful and fully reusable rocket., SpaceX, 10 July 2026.
- ↑ Berger, Eric (2025-11-21). "Newest Starship booster is significantly damaged during testing early Friday" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/11/newest-starship-booster-is-significantly-damaged-during-testing-early-friday/.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 69.6 @SpaceX (22 May 2026). "Watch Starship's twelfth flight test". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/2057843818859209147.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (September 9, 2025). "SpaceX's lesson from last Starship flight? "We need to seal the tiles."" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/09/spacexs-lesson-from-last-starship-flight-we-need-to-seal-the-tiles/.
- ↑ @SpaceX (22 May 2026). "Starship's Raptor engines ignite during hot-staging separation". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/2057953172786680265.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Foust, Jeff (22 May 2025). "SpaceX launches first Starship V3". Space News. https://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-first-starship-v3/.
- ↑ @SpaceX (22 May 2026). "Starship has successfully deployed our modified @Starlink satellites and simulators". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/2057959688860229843.
- ↑ @SpaceX (22 May 2026). "Views of Starship in space from a @Starlink satellite". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/2057962516282577014.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 "Starship's Thirteenth Flight Test" (in en). http://www.spacex.com/.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (2026-07-25). "SpaceX eyes tower catch for next Starship after auspicious end to 13th flight" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/07/spacex-eyes-tower-catch-for-next-starship-after-auspicious-end-to-13th-flight/.
- ↑ Lingle, Brandon (July 24, 2026). "SpaceX Starship flight 13 live updates: Starship back on Earth with 'soft splashdown'". San Antonio Express News. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/spacex-starship-flight-13-live-updates-starship-back-on-earth-with-soft-splashdown/ar-AA28DhC3?ocid=winp2fptaskbar&cvid=6a64ee1a27d348f9948a1800b7e95f6b&cvpid=33cfe0fdd6c147b7dbf766bc85b84c10&ei=4.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 "Starship Flight 14 | Starship-Super Heavy v3 | Next Spaceflight" (in en). https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/8346/.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (April 30, 2024). "NASA lays out how SpaceX will refuel Starships in low-Earth orbit" (in en-US). https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/04/nasa-exploration-chief-lays-out-next-steps-for-starship-development/.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (2026-01-07). "Here are the launches and landings we’re most excited about in 2026" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/01/here-are-the-launches-and-landings-were-most-excited-about-in-2026/.
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 "NASA, SpaceX Illustrate Key Moments of Artemis Lunar Lander Mission" (in en-US). November 20, 2024. https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/esdmd/artemis-campaign-development-division/human-landing-system-program/nasa-spacex-illustrate-key-moments-of-artemis-lunar-lander-mission/.
- ↑ Sloss, Philip (January 12, 2025). Starship flight test 7 on deck, Mobile Launcher-2 "rig and set," and Artemis II stacking continues. Retrieved January 12, 2025 – via YouTube.
- ↑ "SpaceX delays Mars plans to focus on 2027 moon landing, WSJ reports". February 6, 2026. https://www.reuters.com/science/spacex-delays-mars-plans-focus-moon-wsj-reports-2026-02-06/.
- ↑ "Human Landing Systems" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/reference/human-landing-systems/.
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 "At Least 15 Starship Launches Needed to Execute Artemis III Lunar Landing" (in en-US). https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/at-least-15-starship-launches-to-execute-artemis-iii-lunar-landing/.
- ↑ "Astrolab". https://astrolab.space/mission1.
- ↑ "SKY Perfect JSAT signed Launch Service Contract for Superbird-9 satellite with SpaceX | SKY Perfect JSAT HD". https://www.skyperfectjsat.space/en/news/detail/sky_perfect_jsat_signed_launch_service_contract_for_superbird-9_satellite_with_spacex.html.
- ↑ Miller, Seth (November 6, 2023). "Panasonic Avionics picks Superbird-9 to further extend GEO capacity" (in en-US). https://paxex.aero/panasonic-avionics-picks-superbird-9-to-further-extend-geo-capacity/.
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 "OffWorld Europe and Luxembourg Space Agency Collaborate in New Lunar ISRU Exploration Program". Business Wire (Press release). Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Berger, Eric (2026-02-27). "NASA shakes up its Artemis program to speed up lunar return" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/staff/2026/02/nasa-shakes-up-its-artemis-program-to-speed-up-lunar-return/.
- ↑ Berger, Eric (2026-06-09). "NASA assigns crew for Artemis III, sets aggressive timeline for flying it" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/06/nasa-assigns-crew-for-artemis-iii-sets-aggressive-timeline-for-flying-it/.
- ↑ "Artemis III: NASA's First Human Mission to the Lunar South Pole" (in en-US). January 13, 2023. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-iii/.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (March 13, 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/.
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 Lloyd, Vanessa (November 15, 2022). "NASA Awards SpaceX Second Contract Option for Artemis Moon Landing". https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-spacex-second-contract-option-for-artemis-moon-landing-0.
- ↑ Werner, Debra (2025-10-03). "Starlab partners unveil full-scale mockup of commercial space station". https://spacenews.com/starlab-partners-unveil-full-scale-mockup-of-commercial-space-station/.
- ↑ Sheetz, Michael (January 31, 2024). "Starlab, meet Starship: Private space station buys SpaceX launch for later this decade" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/31/voyagers-starlab-space-station-buys-spacex-starship-launch.html.
- ↑ Fernholz, Tim (November 21, 2024). "Starship Hired To Fly Two Lunar Rovers" (in en-US). https://payloadspace.com/starship-hired-to-fly-two-lunar-rovers/.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (November 21, 2024). "Lunar Outpost selects Starship to deliver rover to the moon" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/lunar-outpost-selects-starship-to-deliver-rover-to-the-moon/.
- ↑ "Lunar Outpost Signs with SpaceX for Starship Moon Mission". November 21, 2024. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241121492776/en/.
- ↑ "NASA Selects Companies to Advance Moon Mobility for Artemis Missions" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-advance-moon-mobility-for-artemis-missions/.
- ↑ "Haven-2 — VAST". https://www.vastspace.com/haven-2.
- ↑ Rosenstein, Sawyer (February 12, 2025). "Vast space station qualification article passes major milestone" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/02/vast-interview-2025/.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (November 24, 2024). "NASA to make lunar cargo delivery awards to Blue Origin and SpaceX" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-make-lunar-cargo-delivery-awards-to-blue-origin-and-spacex/.
- ↑ "JAXA and Toyota Announce "LUNAR CRUISER" As Nickname for Manned Pressurized Rover" (in en). Toyota Motor Corporation. August 28, 2020. https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/33208872.html.
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 105.4 105.5 "Roadmap — VAST". https://www.vastspace.com/roadmap.
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 106.5 Wall, Mike (May 10, 2023). "Vast Space to launch 1st private station on SpaceX rocket in 2025" (in en). https://www.space.com/vast-space-private-station-spacex-launch-2025.
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 SpaceX (November 19, 2024). "Watch Starship's sixth flight test". https://x.com/i/broadcasts/1RDGlydZAeOJL.
- ↑ Meenaktshi, Harshita; Dey, Mrinmay (September 22, 2024). "SpaceX plans to send five uncrewed Starships to Mars in two years, Musk says". https://www.reuters.com/science/musk-says-spacex-plans-launch-about-five-uncrewed-starships-mars-two-years-2024-09-22/.
- ↑ Guarnieri, Valeria (August 7, 2025). "L'Italia va su Marte" (in it-IT). https://www.asi.it/2025/08/litalia-va-su-marte/.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (September 15, 2024). "Crew Dragon splashes down to conclude Polaris Dawn mission". https://spacenews.com/crew-dragon-splashes-down-to-conclude-polaris-dawn-mission/.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (February 8, 2023). "Shotwell says SpaceX ready for Starship static-fire test". https://spacenews.com/shotwell-says-spacex-ready-for-starship-static-fire-test/. "[Shotwell] said she expected Starship to fly at least 100 times before it carries people for the first time [...] In her later conversation with reporters, she called that 100-flight milestone a "great goal" but suggested it was not a requirement."
- ↑ Davenport, Christian (February 14, 2022). "Jared Isaacman, who led the first all-private astronaut mission to orbit, has commissioned 3 more flights from SpaceX". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/02/14/jared-isaacman-polaris-spacex-starship-inspiration4/.
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