Engineering:Falcon Heavy

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Short description: Orbital launch vehicle made by SpaceX
Falcon Heavy
Falcon Heavy logo
Falcon Heavy Demo Mission (39337245145).jpg
FunctionPartially reusable heavy-lift – super heavy‑lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerSpaceX
Country of originUnited States
Cost per launch
  • Reusable: US$97 million (2022)[1]
  • Expendable: US$150 million (2017)[2]
Size
Height70 m (230 ft)[3]
Diameter3.66 m (12.0 ft) (each booster)
Width12.2 m (40 ft)
Mass1,420 t (3,130,000 lb)
Stages2.5
Capacity
Payload to low Earth orbit63.8 t (141,000 lb) (theoretical)[3]
Payload to geosynchronous transfer orbit26.7 t (59,000 lb)[3]
Payload to Mars transfer orbit16.8 t (37,000 lb)[3]
Payload to Pluto3.5 t (7,700 lb)[3]
Associated rockets
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites
Total launches9
Successes9
Landings
  • 1 center core landed (lost at sea) / 3 attempted
  • 14 side boosters landed / 14 attempted
First flight6 February 2018[4]
Last flight29 December 2023
Boosters
No. boosters2
Engines18 total, 9 Merlin 1D per booster[3]
Thrust
  • Sea level: 7.6 MN; 1,700,000 lbf (770 tf) (each)
  • Vacuum: 8.2 MN; 1,900,000 lbf (840 tf) (each)
Total thrust
Sea level: 15.2 MN; 3,400,000 lbf (1,550 tf)

Vacuum: 16.4 MN; 3,700,000 lbf (1,670 tf)

Specific impulse
  • Sea level: 282 s (2.77 km/s)[5]
  • Vacuum: 311 s (3.05 km/s)[6]
Burn time154.3 seconds
First stage
Engines9 Merlin 1D[3]
Thrust
  • Sea level: 7.6 MN; 1,700,000 lbf (770 tf)
  • Vacuum: 8.2 MN; 1,900,000 lbf (840 tf)
Specific impulse
  • Sea level: 282 s (2.77 km/s)
  • Vacuum: 311 s (3.05 km/s)
Burn time187 seconds
FuelSubcooled LOX / Chilled RP-1
Second stage
Engines1 Merlin 1D Vacuum[3]
Thrust934 kN; 210,000 lbf (95.2 tf)
Specific impulse348 s (3.41 km/s)
Burn time397 seconds
FuelLOX / RP-1

Falcon Heavy is a partially reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle[lower-alpha 1] that can carry cargo into Earth orbit, and beyond. It is designed, manufactured and launched by American aerospace company SpaceX.

The rocket consists of a center core on which two Falcon 9 boosters are attached, and a second stage on top of the center core.[7] Falcon Heavy has the second highest payload capacity of any currently operational launch vehicle behind NASA's Space Launch System (SLS), and the fourth-highest capacity of any rocket to reach orbit, trailing behind the SLS, Energia and the Saturn V.

SpaceX conducted Falcon Heavy's maiden launch on 6 February 2018, at 20:45 UTC.[4] As a dummy payload, the rocket carried a Tesla Roadster belonging to SpaceX founder Elon Musk, with a mannequin dubbed "Starman" in the driver's seat.[8] The second Falcon Heavy launch occurred on 11 April 2019, and all three booster rockets successfully returned to Earth.[9] The third Falcon Heavy launch successfully occurred on 25 June 2019. Since then, Falcon Heavy has been certified for the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program.[10]

Falcon Heavy was designed to be able to carry humans into space beyond low Earth orbit, although (As of February 2018), SpaceX does not intend to transport people on Falcon Heavy, nor pursue the human-rating certification process to transport NASA astronauts.[11] Both Falcon Heavy and Falcon 9 are expected to eventually be superseded by the Starship launch system, currently being developed.[12]

History

SpaceX breaking ground at Vandenberg Air Force Base, SLC-4E in June 2011 for the Falcon Heavy launch pad

Concepts for a Falcon Heavy launch vehicle using three Falcon 1 core boosters, with an approximate payload-to-LEO capacity of two tons,[13] were initially discussed as early as 2003.[14] The concept for three core booster stages of the company's as-yet-unflown Falcon 9 was referred to in 2005 as the Falcon 9 Heavy.[15]

SpaceX unveiled the plan for the Falcon Heavy to the public at a Washington, D.C., news conference in April 2011, with an initial test flight expected in 2013.[16]

A number of factors delayed the planned maiden flight to 2018, including two anomalies with Falcon 9 launch vehicles, which required all engineering resources to be dedicated to failure analysis, halting flight operations for many months. The integration and structural challenges of combining three Falcon 9 cores were much more difficult than expected.[17]

In July 2017, Elon Musk said, "It actually ended up being way harder to do Falcon Heavy than we thought. ... We were pretty naive about that".[18]

The initial test flight for the first Falcon Heavy lifted off on 6 February 2018, at 20:45 UTC, carrying its dummy payload, Elon Musk's personal Tesla Roadster, beyond Mars orbit.[4]

Conception and funding

Musk first mentioned Falcon Heavy in a September 2005 news update, referring to a customer request from 18 months prior.[19] Various solutions using the planned Falcon 5 (which was never flown) had been explored, but the only cost-effective, reliable iteration was one that used a 9-engine first stage—the Falcon 9. The Falcon Heavy was developed with private capital with Musk stating that the cost was more than US$500 million. No government financing was provided for its development.[20]

Design and development

From left to right, Falcon 1, Falcon 9 v1.0, three versions of Falcon 9 v1.1, three versions of Falcon 9 v1.2 (Full Thrust), three versions of Falcon 9 Block 5, Falcon Heavy and Falcon Heavy Block 5

The Falcon Heavy design is based on Falcon 9's fuselage and engines. By 2008, SpaceX had been aiming for the first launch of Falcon 9 in 2009, while "Falcon 9 Heavy would be in a couple of years". Speaking at the 2008 Mars Society Conference, Musk also indicated that he expected a hydrogen-fueled upper stage would follow two to three years later (which would have been around 2013).[21]

By April 2011, the capabilities and performance of the Falcon 9 vehicle were better understood, SpaceX having completed two successful demonstration missions to low Earth orbit (LEO), one of which included reignition of the second-stage engine. At a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on 5 April 2011, Musk stated that Falcon Heavy would "carry more payload to orbit or escape velocity than any vehicle in history, apart from the Saturn V Moon rocket ... and Soviet Energia rocket".[22] In the same year, with the expected increase in demand for both variants, SpaceX announced plans to expand manufacturing capacity "as we build towards the capability of producing a Falcon 9 first stage or Falcon Heavy side booster every week and an upper stage every two weeks".[22]

In 2015, SpaceX announced a number of changes to the Falcon Heavy rocket, worked in parallel to the upgrade of the Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle.[23] In December 2016, SpaceX released a photo showing the Falcon Heavy interstage at the company headquarters in Hawthorne, California.[24]

Testing

By May 2013, a new, partly underground test stand was being built at the SpaceX Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas, specifically to test the triple cores and twenty-seven rocket engines of the Falcon Heavy.[25] By May 2017, SpaceX conducted the first static fire test of flight-design Falcon Heavy center core at the McGregor facility.[26][27]

In July 2017, Musk discussed publicly the challenges of testing a complex launch vehicle like the three-core Falcon Heavy, indicating that a large extent of the new design "is really impossible to test on the ground" and could not be effectively tested independent of actual flight tests.[18]

By September 2017, all three first stage cores had completed their static fire tests on the ground test stand.[28] The first Falcon Heavy static fire test was conducted on 24 January 2018.[29]

Maiden flight

Main page: Engineering:Falcon Heavy test flight

In April 2011, Musk was planning for a first launch of Falcon Heavy from Vandenberg Air Force Base , California on the United States west coast in 2013.[22][30] SpaceX refurbished Launch Complex 4E at Vandenberg Air Force Base to accommodate Falcon 9 and Heavy. The first launch from the Cape Canaveral, Florida east coast launch complex was planned for late 2013 or 2014.[31]

Due partly to the failure of SpaceX CRS-7 in June 2015, SpaceX rescheduled the maiden Falcon Heavy flight in September 2015 to occur no earlier than April 2016.[32] The flight was to be launched from the refurbished Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A.[33][34] The flight was postponed again to late 2016, early 2017,[35] summer 2017,[36] late 2017[37] and finally to February 2018.[38]

At a July 2017 meeting of the International Space Station Research and Development meeting in Washington, D.C., Musk downplayed expectations for the success of the maiden flight:

There's a real good chance the vehicle won't make it to orbit ... I hope it makes it far enough away from the pad that it does not cause pad damage. I would consider even that a win, to be honest.[18]

In December 2017, Musk tweeted that the dummy payload on the maiden Falcon Heavy launch would be his personal Tesla Roadster playing David Bowie's "Space Oddity" (though the song actually used for the launch was "Life on Mars"), and that it would be launched into an orbit around the Sun that will reach the orbit of Mars.[39][40] He released pictures in the following days.[41] The car had three cameras attached to provide "epic views".[8]

On December 28, 2017, the Falcon Heavy was moved to the launch pad in preparation of a static fire test of all 27 engines, which was expected on 19 January 2018.[42] However, due to the U.S. government shutdown that began on 20 January 2018, the testing and launch were further delayed.[43] The static fire test was conducted on 24 January 2018.[29][44] Musk confirmed via Twitter that the test "was good" and later announced the rocket would be launched on 6 February 2018.[45]

Maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy

On 6 February 2018, after a delay of over two hours due to high winds,[46] Falcon Heavy lifted off at 20:45 UTC.[4] Its side boosters landed safely on Landing Zones 1 and 2 a few minutes later.[47] However, only one of the three engines on the center booster that were intended to restart ignited during descent, causing the booster to be destroyed upon impacting the ocean at a speed of over 480 km/h (300 mph).[48][49]

Initially, Elon Musk tweeted that the Roadster had overshot its planned heliocentric orbit, and would reach the asteroid belt. Later, observations by telescopes showed that the Roadster would only slightly exceed the orbit of Mars at aphelion.[50]

Later flights

Falcon Heavy built to Falcon 9 Block 5 specifications on the launch pad in June 2019

A year after the successful demo flight, SpaceX had signed five commercial contracts worth US$500–750 million, meaning that it had managed to cover the development cost of the rocket.[51] The second flight, and first commercial one, occurred on 11 April 2019,[52] launching Arabsat-6A, with all three boosters landing successfully for the first time.

The third flight occurred on 25 June 2019, launching the STP-2 (DoD Space Test Program) payload.[52] The payload was composed of 25 small spacecraft.[53] Operational Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) missions for Intelsat and Inmarsat, which were planned for late 2017, were moved to the Falcon 9 Full Thrust rocket version as it had become powerful enough to lift those heavy payloads in its expendable configuration.[54][55] In June 2022, the U.S. Space Force certified Falcon Heavy for launching its top secret satellites, with the first such launch being USSF-44 which happened at 1 November 2022;[56] and the second of which being USSF-67,[57] which was launched 11 weeks after USSF-44. ViaSat selected the Falcon Heavy in late 2018 for the launch of its ViaSat-3 satellite which was scheduled to launch in the 2020–2022 timeframe;[58] however it would not launch until 1 May 2023.[59] On 13 October 2023, Falcon Heavy embarked on its 8th flight carrying NASA's Psyche probe to the asteroid 16 Psyche. This mission only had the side boosters return to Earth with the center core expended, a decision made to create more tolerable margins for the mission.

Following the announcement of NASA's Artemis program of returning humans to the Moon, the Falcon Heavy rocket has been mentioned several times as an alternative to the expensive Space Launch System (SLS) program, but NASA decided to exclusively use SLS to launch the Orion capsule.[60][61] However, Falcon Heavy will support commercial missions for the Artemis program,[62] since it will be used to transport the Dragon XL spacecraft to the Lunar Gateway. It was also selected to launch the first two elements of the Lunar Gateway, the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO), on a single launch no earlier than 2025,[63] and to launch NASA's VIPER rover aboard Astrobotic Technology's Griffin lander as part of the Artemis Program's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative.[64]

Design

Falcon Heavy on pad LC-39A

Falcon Heavy consists of a structurally strengthened Falcon 9 as the "core" component, with two additional Falcon 9 first stages with aerodynamic nose–cones mounted outboard serving as strap-on boosters,[7] conceptually similar to Delta IV Heavy launcher and proposals for the Atlas V Heavy and Russian Angara A5V. This triple first stage carries a standard Falcon 9 second stage, which in turn carries the payload in a fairing. Falcon Heavy has the second highest lift capability of any operational rocket, with a payload of 63,800 kg (140,700 lb) to low Earth orbit, 26,700 kg (58,900 lb) to Geostationary Transfer Orbit, and 16,800 kg (37,000 lb) to trans-Mars injection.[65] The rocket was designed to meet or exceed all current requirements of human rating. The structural safety margins are 40% above flight loads, higher than the 25% margins of other rockets.[66] Falcon Heavy was designed from the outset to carry humans into space and it would restore the possibility of flying crewed missions to the Moon or Mars.[3]

The Merlin 1D engine

The first stage is powered by three Falcon 9 derived cores, each equipped with nine Merlin 1D engines. The Falcon Heavy has a total sea-level thrust at liftoff of 22.82 MN (5,130,000 lbf), from the 27 Merlin 1D engines, while thrust rises to 24.68 MN (5,550,000 lbf) as the craft climbs out of the atmosphere.[3] The upper stage is powered by a single Merlin 1D engine modified for vacuum operation, with a thrust of 934 kN (210,000 lbf), an expansion ratio of 117:1 and a nominal burn time of 397 seconds. At launch, the center core throttles to full power for a few seconds for additional thrust, then throttles down. This allows a longer burn time. After the side boosters separate, the center core throttles back up to maximum thrust. For added reliability of restart, the engine has dual redundant pyrophoric igniters (Triethylaluminium-Triethylborane) (TEA-TEB).[7] The interstage, which connects the upper and lower stage for Falcon 9, is a carbon fiber aluminum core composite structure. Stage separation occurs via reusable separation collets and a pneumatic pusher system. The Falcon 9 tank walls and domes are made from Aluminium–lithium alloy. SpaceX uses an all-friction stir welded tank. The second stage tank of Falcon 9 is simply a shorter version of the first stage tank and uses most of the same tooling, material, and manufacturing techniques. This approach reduces manufacturing costs during vehicle production.[7]

All three cores of the Falcon Heavy arrange the engines in a structural form SpaceX calls Octaweb, aimed at streamlining the manufacturing process,[67] and each core includes four extensible landing legs.[68] To control the descent of the boosters and center core through the atmosphere, SpaceX uses four retractable grid fins at the top of each of the three Falcon 9 boosters, which extend after separation.[69] Immediately after the side boosters separate, the center engine in each continues to burn for a few seconds in order to control the booster's trajectory safely away from the rocket.[68][70] The grid fins then deploy as the boosters turn back to Earth, followed by the landing legs. Each booster lands softly on the ground in fully reusable launch configuration. The two side boosters land on different drone ships in partial reusable configuration. The center core continues to fire until stage separation. In fully reusable launches, its grid fins and legs deploy and the center core touches down either back on land or on a drone ship. If the stages are expended, then the landing legs and grid fins are omitted from the vehicle. The landing legs are made of carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb structure. The four legs stow along the sides of each core during liftoff and extend outward and down just before landing.[71]

Rocket specifications

Falcon Heavy specifications and characteristics[72]
Characteristic First stage core unit
(1 × center, 2 × booster) 		Second stage Payload fairing
Height[72] 42.6 m (140 ft) 12.6 m (41 ft) 13.2 m (43 ft)
Diameter[72] 3.66 m (12.0 ft) 3.66 m (12.0 ft) 5.2 m (17 ft)
Dry mass[72] 22.2 t (49,000 lb) 4 t (8,800 lb) 1.7 t (3,700 lb)
Fueled mass 433.1 t (955,000 lb) 111.5 t (246,000 lb) N/A
Structure type LOX tank: monocoque
Fuel tank: skin and stringer 		LOX tank: monocoque
Fuel tank: skin and stringer 		Monocoque halves
Structure material Aluminum–lithium skin; aluminum domes Aluminum–lithium skin; aluminum domes Carbon fiber
Engines 9 × Merlin 1D 1 × Merlin 1D Vacuum N/A
Engine type Liquid, gas generator Liquid, gas generator
Propellant Subcooled liquid oxygen, kerosene (RP-1) Liquid oxygen, kerosene (RP-1)
Liquid oxygen tank capacity[72] 287.4 t (634,000 lb) 75.2 t (166,000 lb)
Kerosene tank capacity[72] 123.5 t (272,000 lb) 32.3 t (71,000 lb)
Engine nozzle Gimbaled, 16:1 expansion Gimbaled, 165:1 expansion
Engine designer/manufacturer SpaceX SpaceX
Thrust, stage total 22.82 MN (5,130,000 lbf), sea level 934 kN (210,000 lbf), vacuum
Propellant feed system Turbopump Turbopump
Throttle capability Yes: 419–816 kN (94,000–183,000 lbf), sea level Yes: 360–930 kN (82,000–209,000 lbf), vacuum
Restart capability Yes, in 3 engines for boostback, reentry, and landing Yes, dual redundant TEA-TEB
pyrophoric igniters
Tank pressurization Heated helium Heated helium
Ascent attitude control:
pitch, yaw 		Gimbaled engines Gimbaled engine and
nitrogen gas thrusters
Ascent attitude control:
roll 		Gimbaled engines Nitrogen gas thrusters
Coast/descent attitude control Nitrogen gas thrusters and grid fins Nitrogen gas thrusters Nitrogen gas thrusters
Shutdown process Commanded Commanded N/A
Stage separation system Pneumatic N/A Pneumatic

The Falcon Heavy uses a 4.5 m (15 ft) interstage attached to the first stage core.[72] It is a composite structure consisting of an aluminum honeycomb core surrounded by carbon fiber face sheet plies. Unlike for Falcon 9, the black thermal protection layer on the interstage of Block 5 center core boosters is later painted white, as seen in the Falcon Heavy flights so far, probably due to asthetics of the Falcon Heavy Logo, providing it a greyish look.[73] The overall length of the vehicle at launch is 70 m (230 ft), and the total fueled mass is 1,420 t (3,130,000 lb). Without recovery of any stage, the Falcon Heavy can theoretically inject a 63.8 t (141,000 lb) payload into a low Earth orbit, or 16.8 t (37,000 lb) to Venus or Mars.[72] However because of the structural limitations the maximum weight what Falcon Heavy can lift is reduced.[74]

The Falcon Heavy includes first-stage recovery systems, to allow SpaceX to return the first stage boosters to the launch site as well as recover the first stage core following landing at an Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship barge after completion of primary mission requirements. These systems include four deployable landing legs, which are locked against each first-stage tank core during ascent and deploy just prior to touchdown. Excess propellant reserved for Falcon Heavy first-stage recovery operations will be diverted for use on the primary mission objective, if required, ensuring sufficient performance margins for successful missions. The nominal payload capacity to a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is 8 t (18,000 lb) with recovery of all three first-stage cores (the price per launch is US$97 million), versus 26.7 t (59,000 lb) in fully expendable mode. The Falcon Heavy can also inject a 16 t (35,000 lb) payload into GTO if only the two side boosters are recovered.[72]

Capabilities

Twenty-seven Merlin engines firing during launch of Arabsat-6A in 2019

The partially reusable Falcon Heavy falls into the heavy-lift range of launch systems, capable of lifting 20–50 t (44,000–110,000 lb) into low Earth orbit (LEO), under the classification system used by a NASA human spaceflight review panel.[75] A fully expendable Falcon Heavy is in the super heavy-lift category with a maximum payload of 64 t (141,000 lb) to low Earth orbit.

The initial concept (Falcon 9-S9 2005) envisioned payloads of 24.75 t (54,600 lb) to LEO, but by April 2011 this was projected to be up to 53 t (117,000 lb)[76] with geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) payloads up to 12 t (26,000 lb).[77] Later reports in 2011 projected higher payloads beyond LEO, including 19 t (42,000 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit,[78] 16 t (35,000 lb) to translunar trajectory, and 14 t (31,000 lb) on a trans-Martian orbit to Mars.[79][80]

By late 2013, SpaceX raised the projected GTO payload for Falcon Heavy to up to 21.2 t (47,000 lb).[81]

Long exposure of a night launch, 25 June 2019

In April 2017, the projected LEO payload for Falcon Heavy was raised from 54.4 to 63.8 t (120,000 to 141,000 lb). The maximum payload is achieved when the rocket flies a fully expendable launch profile, not recovering any of the three first-stage boosters.[1] With just the core booster expended, and two side-boosters recovered, Musk estimates the payload penalty to be around 10%, which would still yield over 57 t (126,000 lb) of lift capability to LEO.[82] Returning all three boosters to the launch site rather than landing them on drone ships would yield about 30 t of payload to LEO.[83]

Maximum theoretical payload capacity
Destination Falcon Heavy Falcon 9
August 2013
to April 2016 		May 2016
to March 2017 		Since
April 2017
LEO (28.5°) expendable 53 t 54.4 t 63.8 t 22.8 t
GTO (27.0°) expendable 21.2 t 22.2 t 26.7 t 8.3 t
GTO (27.0°) reusable 6.4 t 6.4 t 8 t 5.5 t
Mars 13.2 t 13.6 t 16.8 t 4 t
Pluto – 2.9 t 3.5 t –

Reusability

Main page: Engineering:SpaceX reusable launch system development program
Falcon Heavy reusable side boosters land in unison at Cape Canaveral Landing Zones 1 and 2 following test flight on 6 February 2018

From 2013 to 2016, SpaceX conducted parallel development of a reusable rocket architecture for Falcon 9, that applies to parts of Falcon Heavy as well. Early on, SpaceX had expressed hopes that all rocket stages would eventually be reusable.[84] SpaceX has since demonstrated routine land and sea recovery of the Falcon 9 first stage, and have successfully recovered multiple payload fairings.[85][86] In the case of Falcon Heavy, the two outer cores separate from the rocket earlier in the flight, and are thus moving at a lower velocity than in a Falcon 9 launch profile.[71] For the first flight of Falcon Heavy, SpaceX had considered attempting to recover the second stage,[87] but did not execute this plan.

Falcon Heavy payload performance to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) is reduced by the reusable technology, but at a much lower price. When recovering all three booster cores, GTO payload is 8 t (18,000 lb).[1] If only the two outside cores are recovered while the center core is expended, GTO payload would be approximately 16 t (35,000 lb).[72] As a comparison, the next-heaviest contemporary rocket, the fully expendable Delta IV Heavy, can deliver 14.2 t (31,000 lb) to GTO.[88]

Propellant crossfeed

Falcon Heavy was originally designed with a unique "propellant crossfeed" capability, whereby the center core engines would be supplied with fuel and oxidizer from the two side cores until their separation.[89] Operating all engines at full thrust from launch, with fuel supplied mainly from the side boosters, would deplete the side boosters sooner, allowing their earlier separation to reduce the mass being accelerated. This would leave most of the center core propellant available after booster separation.[90]

Musk stated in 2016 that crossfeed would not be implemented.[91] Instead, the center booster throttles down shortly after liftoff to conserve fuel, and resumes full thrust after the side boosters have separated.[3]

Environmental impact

BBC Science Focus, in February 2018, published an article on Falcon Heavy's environmental impact. It stated concerns that frequent Falcon Heavy launches can contribute to pollution in the atmosphere.[92]

Jason Davis, senior editor of the Planetary Society, was concerned that launching a non-sterile object (as was done on the Falcon Heavy Test Flight) to interplanetary space may risk biological contamination of a foreign world.[93] Scientists at Purdue University thought it was the "dirtiest" man-made object ever sent into space, in terms of bacteria amount, noting the car was previously driven on Los Angeles freeways. Although the vehicle will be sterilized by solar radiation over time, some bacteria might survive on pieces of plastic which could contaminate Mars in the distant future.[94][95]

A study conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration found that the boost-back and landing of Falcon Heavy boosters "would not significantly affect the quality of the human environment".[96]

Launch prices

At an appearance in May 2004 before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Musk testified, "Long term plans call for development of a heavy lift product and even a super-heavy, if there is customer demand. We expect that each size increase would result in a meaningful decrease in cost per pound to orbit. ... Ultimately, I believe US$500 per pound or less is very achievable".[97] This $1,100/kg ($500/lb) goal stated by Musk in 2011 is 35% of the cost of the lowest-cost-per-pound LEO-capable launch system in a 2001 study: the Zenit, a medium-lift launch vehicle that could carry 14 t (31,000 lb) into LEO for US$35–50 million.[98] In 2011, SpaceX stated that the cost of reaching low Earth orbit could be as low as $2,200/kg ($1,000/lb) if an annual rate of four launches can be sustained, and as of 2011 planned to eventually launch as many as 10 Falcon Heavies and 10 Falcon 9s annually.[79]

The published prices for Falcon Heavy launches have changed as development progressed, with announced prices for the various versions of Falcon Heavy priced at US$80–125 million in 2011,[76] US$83–128 million in 2012,[77] US$77–135 million in 2013,[99] US$85 million for up to 6.4 t (14,000 lb) to GTO in 2014, US$90 million for up to 8 t (18,000 lb) to GTO in 2016.[100]

From 2017 to early 2022, the price has been stated at US$150 million for 63.8 t (141,000 lb) to LEO or 26.7 t (59,000 lb) to GTO (fully expendable).[101] This equates to a price of US$2,350 per kg to LEO and US$5,620 per kg to GTO. In 2022, the published price for a reusable launch was $97 million.[102] In 2022 NASA contracted with SpaceX to launch the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope on a Falcon Heavy for approximately $255 million, including launch service and other mission related costs.[103]

The nearest competing U.S. rocket is ULA's Delta IV Heavy with a LEO payload capacity of 28.4 t (63,000 lb) costs US$12,340 per kg to LEO and US$24,630 per kg to GTO.[104] The Delta IV Heavy will be retired in 2024.

Competitors from 2024 onwards may include SpaceX's Starship (100+ t to LEO), Blue Origin's New Glenn (45 t to LEO), Relativity Space's Terran R (34 t to LEO), and United Launch Alliance (ULA) Vulcan Centaur (27 t to LEO).

Launches and payloads

Due to improvements to the performance of Falcon 9, some of the heavier satellites flown to GTO, such as Intelsat 35e[105] and Inmarsat-5 F4,[106] ended up being launched before the debut of Falcon Heavy. SpaceX anticipated the first commercial Falcon Heavy launch would be three to six months after a successful maiden flight,[107][108] but due to delays, the first commercial payload, Arabsat-6A was successfully launched on 11 April 2019, a year and two months after the first flight. SpaceX hoped to have 10 launches every year from 2021 on,[109] but there were no launches in 2020 or 2021.

Falcon Heavy launches[110]
Flight No. Launch date Payload and mass Customer Price Outcome
1 6 February 2018
20:45 UTC[4] 		Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster
~1,250 kg (2,760 lb)[111] 		SpaceX Internal Success[112]
2 11 April 2019
22:35 UTC[113] 		Arabsat-6A
6,465 kg (14,253 lb)[114] 		Arabsat Undisclosed[115] Success[116]
Heavy communications satellite purchased by the Arab League.[117] All three boosters landed successfully[118] but the center core subsequently fell over and was lost during transport due to heavy seas.[119] The two side-boosters were reused on the STP-2 launch.[120][121]
3 25 June 2019
06:30 UTC[122] 		USAF STP-2
3,700 kg (8,200 lb) 		United States Department of Defense US$160.9 million[123] Success
The mission supported the United States Air Force National Security Space Launch (formerly EELV) certification process for the Falcon Heavy.[117] The original contract price was US$165 million, which was later reduced due to the Air Force agreeing to the use of reused side boosters. Secondary payloads include orbiters: LightSail 2,[124] GPIM,[125][126][127] OTB (hosting the Deep Space Atomic Clock,[128][129]) six COSMIC-2 (FORMOSAT-7),[130][131] Oculus-ASR,[132] Prox-1,[124] and ISAT.[133] Successfully reused the boosters from the second Falcon Heavy flight.[108][120] Center core failed to land on the droneship and was lost.[134]
4 1 November 2022
13:41 UTC[135] 		USSF-44
~3,750 kg (8,270 lb) 		U.S. Space Force, Millennium Space Systems and Lockheed Martin Space ~US$130 million

(from a US$297 million contract including two Falcon 9s[136][137])

Success
First classified flight of Falcon Heavy. The contract was awarded to SpaceX for a price of under 30% of that of a typical Delta IV Heavy launch (US$440 million). Payload includes two separate satellites and at least three additional rideshare payloads (including TETRA-1)[138] and weighs roughly 3.7 t (8,200 lb) at launch.[139] They were launched in a direct geosynchronous orbit, necessitating for the first time a planned partially expendable launch, that is, to deliberately expend the center core which lacks grid fins and landing gear needed for a landing,[140] while the two side-boosters landed at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[141] It was originally scheduled for Q1 2022, but it was delayed due to payload issues to 1 November 2022.[142] Second stage featured a mission extension kit with a gray band painted on the RP-1 kerosene fuel tank, which absorbs sunlight and keeps the propellant from freezing.[143]
5 15 January 2023
22:56 UTC[144] 		USSF-67
~3,750 kg (8,270 lb) 		U.S. Space Force US$317 million
(includes new infrastructure[145]) 		Success
Used a new center core in an expendable configuration (no grid fins or landing gear), while the two reused[146] side-boosters landed at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. The second stage had a gray band for thermal purposes as the mission requirements were similar to the USSF-44 mission.[147]
6 1 May 2023
00:26 UTC[148] 		ViaSat-3 Americas
Arcturus (Aurora 4A)[149][150]
G-Space 1 (aka Nusantara-H1-A)
~6,200 kg (13,700 lb) 		Viasat
Astranis / Pacific Dataport
PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara 		Success
Falcon Heavy was originally slated to launch the Viasat-2 satellite, but due to delays an Ariane 5 launch vehicle was used instead.[151] Viasat maintained the launch option and delivered its next Ka-band satellite aboard the Falcon Heavy – this one intended to provide service to the Americas region. Astranis' microGEO satellite Arcturus was manifested in late September 2021. Following a series of MVac engine burns and long periods of coasting, the upper stage of Falcon Heavy deployed the satellite into a near-geosynchronous orbit at approximately T+4:32:27.[152][153] The upper stage went on to successfully deploy the additional payloads, G-Space 1 and Arcturus. Featured a thermal gray band second stage.
7 29 July 2023
03:04 UTC[154] 		Jupiter-3 (EchoStar-24)[155]
~9,200 kg (20,300 lb) 		EchoStar Success
Heaviest commercial geostationary satellite weighing 9,200 kg (20,300 lb) at launch. The second stage had a gray band for the same reason as on the USSF-44 flight, but this time it was configured for medium coast phase.[155] Core expended, two boosters recovered to land. Payload fairing recovery attempted.
8 13 October 2023
14:19 UTC[156] 		Psyche
~2,608 kg (5,750 lb) 		NASA (Discovery) US$117 million[157] Success
Falcon Heavy launched the 2.6 t (5,700 lb) Psyche orbiter mission into a heliocentric orbit. From there, the Psyche spacecraft will visit the Psyche asteroid in the main asteroid belt.[157] Core expended, two boosters recovered to land. No gray band on second stage as the flight plan did not include long coast phases.
9 29 December 2023
01:07 UTC[158] 		USSF-52 (Boeing X-37B OTV-7)
~6,350 kg (14,000 lb) + OTV payload 		Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office[159]/U.S. Space Force US$149 million[160][161] Success
Second classified flight of Falcon Heavy, awarded in June 2018. This mission will be the fourth flight of the second X-37B vehicle and the seventh overall flight in the X-37B program, as well as the first X-37B flight to a high orbit.[162][163] It will include NASA's Seeds-2 experiment investigating the effects of space-based radiation on plant seeds during a long-duration spaceflight.[164]
10 NET April 2024[165] GOES-U NASA US$152.5 million Planned
In September 2021, NASA awarded SpaceX launch services contract for the geostationary GOES-U weather satellite.[166]
11 NET 10 October 2024 Europa Clipper NASA (Planetary Missions) US$178 million[167] Planned
Europa Clipper will conduct a detailed survey of Europa and use a sophisticated suite of science instruments to investigate whether the icy moon has conditions suitable for life. Key mission objectives are to produce high-resolution images of Europa's surface, determine its composition, look for signs of recent or ongoing geological activity, measure the thickness of the moon's icy shell, search for subsurface lakes, and determine the depth and salinity of Europa's ocean. The mission will make flybys of Mars and Earth before arriving at Jupiter in April 2030.[168][169]
12 NET November 2024[170][171] VIPER (Griffin Mission 1) Astrobotic/NASA (Artemis) Undisclosed[172] (list price US$90 million) Planned
Astrobotic's Griffin lunar lander will deliver NASA's VIPER spacecraft to the lunar south pole,[173] expected to recover all 3 boosters.
– NET 2025[63] Power and Propulsion Element (PPE)
Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) 		NASA (Artemis) US$331.8 million Planned
First elements for the Gateway mini-station as part of the Artemis program,[174][175] awarded in February 2021.[176] Maxar had already made $27.5 million in payments to SpaceX for the contract to launch the PPE, but later, NASA decided to launch both PPE and HALO together.[177]
– NET October 2026[178] Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope NASA (Launch Services Program) $255 million Planned
Infrared space telescope to be stationed at Sun-Earth L2.[179]
– 2026[180] TBA Astrobotic TBA
Third Astrobotic lunar lander mission.
– 2026[181][182][183] GPS IIIF-1 USSF Planned
– 2028[184][185][186] GLS-1 (Dragon XL) NASA (Gateway Logistics Services) Planned
In March 2020, NASA announced its first contract for the Gateway Logistics Services that guarantees at least two launches on a new Dragon XL resupply spacecraft on top of a Falcon Heavy that will carry over 5 t (11,000 lb) of cargo to the Lunar orbit on 6–12 months long missions.[187][188]
– 2029[184] GLS-2 (Dragon XL) NASA (Gateway Logistics Services) Planned
Second Dragon XL flight
– TBA TBA Intelsat TBA
This was the first commercial agreement of a Falcon Heavy, and was signed in May 2012.[189] In 2018, the contract option was still maintained but no definitive payload had been chosen.[190]

First commercial contracts

In May 2012, SpaceX announced that Intelsat had signed the first commercial contract for a Falcon Heavy flight. It was not confirmed at the time when the first Intelsat launch would occur, but the agreement will have SpaceX delivering satellites to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO).[191][192] In August 2016, it emerged that this Intelsat contract had been reassigned to a Falcon 9 Full Thrust mission to deliver Intelsat 35e into orbit in the third quarter of 2017.[54] Performance improvements of the Falcon 9 vehicle family since the 2012 announcement, advertising 8.3 t (18,000 lb) to GTO for its expendable flight profile,[193] enable the launch of this 6 t satellite without upgrading to a Falcon Heavy variant.

In 2014, Inmarsat booked three launches with Falcon Heavy,[194] but due to delays they switched a payload to Ariane 5 for 2017.[195] Similarly to the Intelsat 35e case, another satellite from this contract, Inmarsat 5-F4, was switched to a Falcon 9 Full Thrust due to the increased liftoff capacity.[55] The remaining contract covered the launch of Inmarsat-6 F1 in 2020 on a Falcon 9.[196]

Department of Defense contracts

In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first Falcon Heavy launch contract with the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center awarded SpaceX two Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV)-class missions, including the Space Test Program 2 (STP-2) mission for Falcon Heavy, originally scheduled to be launched in March 2017,[197][198] to be placed at a near circular orbit at an altitude of 700 km (430 mi), with an inclination of 70.0°.[199]

In April 2015, SpaceX sent the U.S. Air Force an updated letter of intent outlining a certification process for its Falcon Heavy rocket to launch national security satellites. The process includes three successful flights of the Falcon Heavy including two consecutive successful flights, and the letter stated that Falcon Heavy can be ready to fly national security payloads by 2017.[200] But in July 2017, SpaceX announced that the first test flight would take place in December 2017, pushing the launch of the second launch (Space Test Program 2) to June 2018.[53] In May 2018, on the occasion of the first launch of the Falcon 9 Block 5 variant, a further delay to October 2018 was announced, and the launch was eventually pushed to 25 June 2019.[52] The STP-2 mission used three Block 5 cores.[201]

SpaceX was awarded 40% of the launches in Phase 2 of the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts, which includes several launches and a vertical integration facility and development of a larger fairing, from 2024 to 2027.[202]

Space Test Program 2 (STP-2) mission

The payload for the STP-2 mission of the Department of Defense included 25 small spacecraft from the U.S. military, NASA, and research institutions:[53]

The Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) was a payload; it is a project partly developed by the U.S. Air Force to demonstrate a less-toxic propellant.[125][203]

Another secondary payload is the miniaturized Deep Space Atomic Clock that is expected to facilitate autonomous navigation.[204] The Air Force Research Laboratory's Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) has a mass of 500 kg (1,100 lb) and will measure the effects of very low frequency radio waves on space radiation.[53] The British 'Orbital Test Bed' payload is hosting several commercial and military experiments.

Other small satellites included Prox 1, built by Georgia Tech students to test a 3D-printed thruster and a miniaturized gyroscope, LightSail by The Planetary Society,[124] Oculus-ASR nanosatellite from Michigan Tech,[132] and CubeSats from the U.S. Air Force Academy, the Naval Postgraduate School, the United States Naval Research Laboratory, the University of Texas at Austin, California Polytechnic State University, and a CubeSat assembled by students at Merritt Island High School in Florida.[53]

The Block 5-second stage allowed multiple reignitions to place its many payloads in multiple orbits. The launch was planned to include a 5 t (11,000 lb) ballast mass,[205] but the ballast mass was later omitted from the 3.7 t (8,200 lb) total mass for the payload stack.[206]

NASA contracts

Solar System transport missions

In 2011, NASA Ames Research Center proposed a Mars mission called Red Dragon that would use a Falcon Heavy as the launch vehicle and trans-Martian injection vehicle, and a variant of the Dragon capsule to enter the Martian atmosphere. The proposed science objectives were to detect biosignatures and to drill 1 m (3.3 ft) or so underground, in an effort to sample reservoirs of water ice known to exist under the surface. The mission cost (As of 2011) was projected to be less than US$425 million, not including the launch cost.[207] SpaceX 2015 estimation was 2,000–4,000 kg (4,400–8,800 lb) to the surface of Mars, with a soft retropropulsive landing following a limited atmospheric deceleration using a parachute and heat shield.[208] Beyond the Red Dragon concept, SpaceX was seeing potential for Falcon Heavy and Dragon 2 to carry science payloads across much of the Solar System, particularly to Jupiter's moon Europa.[208] SpaceX announced in 2017 that propulsive landing for Dragon 2 would not be developed further, and that the capsule would not receive landing legs. Consequently, the Red Dragon missions to Mars were canceled in favor of Starship, a larger vehicle using a different landing technology.[209]

Lunar missions

Falcon Heavy is the launch vehicle for the initial modules of the Lunar Gateway: Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO).[210] To decrease complexity[211] NASA announced in February 2021 that it is launching the first two elements on a single Falcon Heavy launch vehicle, targeting a launch date no earlier than 2025.[63][176] Before switching to a merged launch, NASA listed in April 2020 Falcon Heavy as the launch vehicle for PPE lone launch.[212]

In March 2020, Falcon Heavy won the first award to a resupply mission to the Lunar Gateway, placing a new Dragon XL spacecraft on a translunar injection orbit.[188]

Psyche and Europa Clipper

NASA chose Falcon Heavy as the launch vehicle for its Psyche mission to a metallic asteroid; it launched on 13 October 2023.[213] The contract was worth US$117 million.[214][215][216]

Europa Clipper was initially targeted to be launched on an SLS rocket. However, due to extensive delays, in 2021 NASA awarded the launch contract to SpaceX for a fully expendable Falcon Heavy.[217]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In some reusable configurations, it is heavy lift.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Capabilities & Services". SpaceX. 2022. https://www.spacex.com/media/Capabilities&Services.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (February 12, 2018). "Elon Musk says the new SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket crushes its competition on cost". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/12/elon-musk-spacex-falcon-heavy-costs-150-million-at-most.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 "Falcon Heavy". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-heavy/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Harwood, William (February 6, 2018). "SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch puts on spectacular show in maiden flight". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-falcon-heavy-launch-spectacular-maiden-flight/. 
  5. ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. November 16, 2012. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9. 
  6. ↑ Ahmad, Taseer; Ammar, Ahmed; Kamara, Ahmed; Lim, Gabriel; Magowan, Caitlin; Todorova, Blaga; Tse, Yee Cheung; White, Tom. "The Mars Society Inspiration Mars International Student Design Competition". http://members.marssociety.org/inspiration-mars/honorablementions/Spectre%20Mars_UnivOfGlasgow.pdf. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Falcon 9 Overview". SpaceX. May 8, 2010. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Elon Musk's huge Falcon Heavy rocket set for launch". BBC News. February 6, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42950957. 
  9. ↑ SpaceX (August 10, 2018), Arabsat-6A Mission, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXMGu2d8c8g, retrieved April 11, 2019 
  10. ↑ Erwin, Sandra (21 September 2019). "Air Force certified Falcon Heavy for national security launch but more work needed to meet required orbits". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/air-force-certified-falcon-heavy-for-national-security-launch-but-more-work-needed-to-meet-required-orbits/. 
  11. ↑ Pasztor, Andy. "Elon Musk Says SpaceX's New Falcon Heavy Rocket Unlikely to Carry Astronauts". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-says-spacexs-new-falcon-heavy-rocket-unlikely-to-carry-astronauts-1517876582?mod=rss_Technology. 
  12. ↑ Foust, Jeff (September 29, 2017). "Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/musk-unveils-revised-version-of-giant-interplanetary-launch-system/. 
  13. ↑ "An Interview with Elon Musk". HobbySpace. August 25, 2003. https://hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Interviews/Systems/ElonMusk.html. 
  14. ↑ Musk, Elon; Koenigsmann, Hans; Gurevich, Gwynne (August 14, 2003). "The Falcon Launch Vehicle – An Attempt at Making Access to Space More Affordable, Reliable and Pleasant". 17th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. Logan, Utah: Utah State University. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1745&context=smallsat. Retrieved June 14, 2020. 
  15. ↑ Gaskill, Braddock (October 10, 2005). "SpaceX reveals Falcon 1 Halloween date". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2005/10/spacex-reveals-falcon-1-halloween-date/. 
  16. ↑ Clark, Stephen (April 5, 2011). "SpaceX enters the realm of heavy-lift rocketry". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1104/05falconheavy/. 
  17. ↑ Wall, Mike (July 20, 2017). "SpaceX's Big New Rocket May Crash on 1st Flight, Elon Musk Says". Space.com. https://www.space.com/37550-elon-musk-spacex-falcon-heavy-maiden-launch.html. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Musk, Elon (July 19, 2017). Elon Musk, ISS R&D Conference (video). ISS R&D Conference, Washington D.C., U.S. Event occurs at 36:00–39:50. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved February 5, 2018 – via YouTube. There is a lot of risk associated with the Falcon Heavy. There is a real good chance that the vehicle does not make it to orbit ... I hope it makes far enough away from the pad that it does not cause pad damage. I would consider even that a win, to be honest. ... I think Falcon Heavy is going to be a great vehicle. There is just so much that is really impossible to test on the ground. We'll do our best. ... It actually ended up being way harder to do Falcon Heavy than we thought. At first it sounds real easy; you just stick two first stages on as strap-on boosters. How hard can that be? But then everything changes. [the loads change, aerodynamics totally change, tripled vibration and acoustics, you break the qualification levels on all the hardware, redesign the center core airframe, separation systems] ... Really way, way more difficult than we originally thought. We were pretty naive about that. ... but optimized, its 2 1/2 times the payload capability of Falcon 9.
  19. ↑ Musk, Elon (December 20, 2005). "June 2005 through September 2005 Update". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/news/2005/12/19/june-2005-december-2005. 
  20. ↑ Boozer, R. D. (March 10, 2014). "Rocket reusability: a driver of economic growth". The Space Review 2014. http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2466/1. Retrieved March 25, 2014. 
  21. ↑ Musk, Elon (August 16, 2008). "Transcript – Elon Musk on the future of SpaceX". Mars Society Conference, Boulder Colorado. http://shitelonsays.com/transcript/elon-musk-on-the-future-of-spacex-2008-08-23. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "F9/Dragon: Preparing for ISS" (Press release). SpaceX. August 15, 2011. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  23. ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (March 20, 2015). "SpaceX Aims To Debut New Version of Falcon 9 this Summer". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/spacex-aims-to-debut-new-version-of-falcon-9-this-summer/. 
  24. ↑ SpaceX (December 28, 2016). "Falcon Heavy interstage being prepped at the rocket factory. When FH flies next year, it will be the most powerful operational rocket in the world by a factor of two". Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BOkwrgQAmI8/. 
  25. ↑ "Falcon Heavy Test Stand". http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=31.398033&lon=-97.463373&z=19&m=b&show=/27437928/Falcon-Heavy-Test-Stand. 
  26. ↑ Berger, Eric (May 9, 2017). "SpaceX proves Falcon Heavy is indeed a real rocket with a test firing". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/05/spacex-releases-video-of-falcon-heavy-core-test-firing/. 
  27. ↑ @SpaceX (May 9, 2017). "First static fire test of a Falcon Heavy center core completed at our McGregor, TX rocket development facility last week.". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/862017305911320577. 
  28. ↑ @SpaceX (September 1, 2017). "Falcon Heavy's 3 first stage cores have all completed testing at our rocket development facility in McGregor, Texas". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/903820580012474369. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "SpaceX performs crucial test fire of Falcon Heavy, potentially paving way for launch". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/24/16841580/spacex-falcon-heavy-rocket-static-fire-first-launch. 
  30. ↑ "U.S. SpaceX to build heavy-lift, low-cost rocket". Reuters. April 5, 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/space-business-rocket-idUSN0513302920110405. 
  31. ↑ "SpaceX announces launch date for the world's most powerful rocket" (Press release). SpaceX. April 5, 2011. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  32. ↑ Foust, Jeff (September 2, 2015). "First Falcon Heavy Launch Scheduled for Spring". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/first-falcon-heavy-launch-scheduled-for-spring/. 
  33. ↑ "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/. 
  34. ↑ Foust, Jeff (February 4, 2016). "SpaceX seeks to accelerate Falcon 9 production and launch rates this year". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/spacex-seeks-to-accelerate-falcon-9-production-and-launch-rates-this-year/. 
  35. ↑ Bergin, Chris (August 9, 2016). "Pad hardware changes preview new era for Space Coast". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/08/pad-changes-new-era-space-coast/. 
  36. ↑ "SpaceX is pushing back the target launch date for its first Mars mission". The Verge. February 17, 2017. https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/17/14652026/spacex-red-dragon-spacecraft-mars-mission-2020. 
  37. ↑ Clark, Stephen (October 14, 2017). "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/. 
  38. ↑ "Debut of SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket now planned early next year". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/11/28/debut-of-spacexs-falcon-heavy-rocket-now-planned-in-january/. 
  39. ↑ Plait, Phil (December 2, 2017). "Elon Musk: On the Roadster to Mars". Syfy Wire. https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/elon-musk-on-the-roadster-to-mars. 
  40. ↑ "Musk says Tesla car will fly on first Falcon Heavy launch". SpaceNews.com. December 2, 2017. http://spacenews.com/musk-says-tesla-car-will-fly-on-first-falcon-heavy-launch/. 
  41. ↑ Knapp, Alex (December 22, 2017). "Elon Musk Shows Off Photos of a Tesla Roadster Getting Prepped to Go to Mars". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2017/12/22/elon-musk-shows-off-photos-of-tesla-roadster-prepped-to-go-to-mars/#54f169f47cbb. 
  42. ↑ Kelly, Emre (January 17, 2018). "SpaceX Falcon Heavy status updates: Now targeting Friday for test fire at KSC". Florida Today. https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2018/01/17/updates-spacex-targeting-falcon-heavy-test-fire-ksc-florida-before-launch/1041353001/. 
  43. ↑ Grush, Loren (January 22, 2018), Shutdown means SpaceX can't test its Falcon Heavy rocket, creating further delays, The Verge, https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/22/16918464/spacex-falcon-heavy-rocket-static-fire-delayed-shutdown, retrieved January 22, 2018 
  44. ↑ Kapatos, Dennis (January 24, 2018), 01/24/2018 – Historic Falcon 9 Heavy Test Fire!, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuXHriwQB9g, retrieved January 24, 2018 
  45. ↑ @elonmusk (January 27, 2018). "Aiming for first flight of Falcon Heavy on February 6 from Apollo launchpad 39A at Cape Kennedy. Easy viewing from the public causeway.". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/957361443023695872. 
  46. ↑ @SpaceX (February 6, 2018). "Continue to monitor the upper level wind shear. New T-0 is 3:45 p.m. EST, 20:45 UTC.". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/960948676557352960. 
  47. ↑ @elonmusk (February 6, 2018). "Falcon Heavy side cores have landed at SpaceX's Landing Zones 1 and 2.". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/960980119312453632. 
  48. ↑ "SpaceX Landed the Falcon Heavy's Two Boosters, But Its Core Clipped Its Drone Ship at 300 MPH". Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/spacex-recovered-the-falcon-heavys-two-boosters-but-it-1822788896. 
  49. ↑ "The middle booster of SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket failed to land on its drone ship". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/6/16980954/spacex-falcon-heavy-rocket-middle-core-failed-landing. 
  50. ↑ "Elon Musk's Tesla overshot Mars' orbit, but it won't reach the asteroid belt as claimed". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/6/16983744/spacex-tesla-falcon-heavy-roadster-orbit-asteroid-belt-elon-musk-mars. 
  51. ↑ "A year after the colossal SpaceX rocket's debut, Falcon Heavy has 'high value' uses – despite skepticism". 8 February 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/13/spacex-falcon-heavy-rocket-one-year-later-business-case.html. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch with Arabsat reset for Tuesday". https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2019/04/05/SpaceX-Falcon-Heavy-launch-with-Arabsat-reset-for-Tuesday/4451554466792/. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Clark, Stephen (March 3, 2018). "Rideshare mission for U.S. military confirmed as second Falcon Heavy launch – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/03/01/rideshare-mission-for-u-s-military-confirmed-as-second-falcon-heavy-launch/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Clark, Stephen (August 30, 2016). "SES agrees to launch satellite on "flight-proven" Falcon 9 rocket". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/08/30/ses-agrees-to-launch-satellite-on-flight-proven-falcon-9-rocket/. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 de Selding, Peter B. (November 3, 2016). "Inmarsat, juggling two launches, says SpaceX to return to flight in December". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/inmarsat-juggling-two-launches-says-spacex-to-return-to-flight-in-december/. 
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  57. ↑ "SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket launches classified mission for US Space Force". 15 January 2023. https://www.space.com/spacex-falcon-heavy-ussf-67-mission-success. 
  58. ↑ https://investors.viasat.com/news-releases/news-release-details/viasat-spacex-enter-contract-future-viasat-3-satellite-launch
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  60. ↑ "NASA head rules out SpaceX rockets for 2024 moon mission". CNET. https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-head-rules-out-spacex-rockets-for-2024-moon-mission/. 
  61. ↑ Grush, Loren (July 18, 2019). "NASA's daunting to-do list for sending people back to the Moon". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/18/18629403/nasa-artemis-moon-program-funds-hardware-apollo-11-anniversary. 
  62. ↑ "As NASA tries to land on the Moon, it has plenty of rockets to choose from". 10 October 2019. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/10/as-nasa-tries-to-land-on-the-moon-it-has-plenty-of-rockets-to-choose-from/. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Dunbar, Brian (2023-12-18). "Gateway". https://www.nasa.gov/mission/gateway. 
  64. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 April 2021). "Astrobotic selects Falcon Heavy to launch NASA's VIPER lunar rover". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/astrobotic-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-nasas-viper-lunar-rover/. 
  65. ↑ "Falcon Heavy Overview". SpaceX. 2020. https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-heavy/. 
  66. ↑ "SpaceX Announces Launch Date for the World's Most Powerful Rocket". SpaceRef.com. 5 April 2011. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=33185. 
  67. ↑ "Octaweb". SpaceX. April 12, 2013. http://www.spacex.com/news/2013/04/12/falcon-heavy-octaweb. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Landing Legs". SpaceX. April 12, 2013. http://www.spacex.com/news/2013/04/12/falcon-heavy-landing-legs. 
  69. ↑ Kremer, Ken (January 27, 2015). "Falcon Heavy Rocket Launch and Booster Recovery Featured in Cool New SpaceX Animation". Universe Today. http://www.universetoday.com/118549/falcon-heavy-rocket-launch-and-booster-recovery-featured-in-cool-new-spacex-animation/. 
  70. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Nield, George C. (April 2014). Draft Environmental Impact Statement: SpaceX Texas Launch Site (Report). 1. Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Commercial Space Transportation. pp. 2–3. http://1.usa.gov/YtxBzo. 
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  96. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Adoption of the Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for Boost-back and Landing of Falcon Heavy Boosters at Landing Zone-1, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida". FAA. November 28, 2017. https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/environmental/nepa_docs/review/launch/media/FAA_FONSI_for_Falcon_Heavy_RTLS_at_LZ-1.pdf. 
  97. ↑ Testimony of Elon Musk (May 5, 2004). "Space Shuttle and the Future of Space Launch Vehicles". SpaceRef. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=12774. 
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  101. ↑ "SpaceX". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/. 
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  104. ↑ "Delta IV". United Launch Alliance. https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/delta-iv. 
  105. ↑ "SpaceX set to launch massive satellite on July 2nd: 3 flights in 9 days". June 27, 2017. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-intelsat-35e-launch-july-2/. 
  106. ↑ "Inmarsat, juggling two launches, says SpaceX to return to flight in December". SpaceNews. November 3, 2016. http://spacenews.com/inmarsat-juggling-two-launches-says-spacex-to-return-to-flight-in-december/. 
  107. ↑ Foust, Jeff (February 5, 2018). "SpaceX set for Falcon Heavy debut". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/spacex-set-for-falcon-heavy-debut/. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Berger, Eric (January 29, 2019). "After government re-opened, SpaceX sought two Falcon Heavy permits". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/01/spacex-may-launch-the-next-falcon-heavy-rocket-in-less-than-two-months/. 
  109. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Draft Environmental Assessment for SpaceX Falcon Launches at Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station". Federal Aviation Administration. 2020. https://www.faa.gov/space/environmental/nepa_docs/media/SpaceX_Falcon_Program_Draft_EA_508.pdf. 
  110. ↑ "Falcon-Heavy (Block 5)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/falcon-9-heavy_b5.htm. 
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  112. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (February 6, 2018). "Falcon Heavy, in a Roar of Thunder, Carries SpaceX's Ambition Into Orbit". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/science/falcon-heavy-spacex-launch.html. 
  113. ↑ FOX (11 April 2019). "Launch of SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket pushed to Thursday". http://www.fox35orlando.com/news/local-news/spacex-s-falcon-heavy-rocket-set-to-launch-wednesday-night. 
  114. ↑ "Arabsat 6A". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/arabsat-6a.htm. 
  115. ↑ "Arabsat CEO: Falcon Heavy gives our satellite extra life". SpaceNews. April 11, 2019. https://spacenews.com/arabsat-ceo-falcon-heavy-gives-our-satellite-extra-life/. 
  116. ↑ Clark, Stephen (April 11, 2019). "SpaceX's Falcon Heavy successful in commercial debut". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/11/spacexs-falcon-heavy-successful-in-commercial-debut/. 
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Foust, Jeff (December 19, 2018). "NASA looking to launch delayed space science missions in early 2019". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-looking-to-launch-delayed-space-science-missions-in-early-2019/. 
  118. ↑ Graham, William (April 11, 2019). "SpaceX Falcon Heavy launches Arabsat-6A". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/spacex-falcon-heavy-second-launch-arabsat-6a/. 
  119. ↑ Kelly, Emre (April 15, 2019). "SpaceX: Falcon Heavy core booster lost to rough seas en route to Port Canaveral". Florida Today. https://eu.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2019/04/15/spacex-falcon-heavy-core-booster-lost-rough-seas-en-route-port-canaveral/3478452002/. 
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  123. ↑ "Preview: Succeed or fail, SpaceX's Falcon Heavy test sure to be a...". The Planetary Society. https://www.planetary.org/articles/20180201-falcon-heavy-demo-preview. 
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  126. ↑ "Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM)". Ball Aerospace. 2014. http://www.ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=281. 
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  128. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC) Overview NASA Accessed on December 10, 2018
  129. ↑ General Atomics Completes Ready-For-Launch Testing of Orbital Test Bed Satellite General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems, press release on April 3, 2018
  130. ↑ "SpaceX Awarded Two EELV-Class Missions From The United States Air Force". SpaceX. December 5, 2012. http://www.spacex.com/press/2012/12/19/spacex-awarded-two-eelv-class-missions-united-states-air-force. 
  131. ↑ "FORMOSAT 7 / COSMIC-2". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/formosat-7-cosmic-2.htm. 
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  134. ↑ "SpaceX, Falcon Heavy center core narrowly miss". Inverse. 25 June 2019. https://www.inverse.com/amp/article/57032-spacex-watch-falcon-heavy-center-core-narrowly-miss. 
  135. ↑ "USSF-44: Space Force successfully completes first mission on Falcon Heavy rocket". 12 December 2022. https://aerospace.org/article/ussf-44-space-force-successfully-completes-first-mission-falcon-heavy-rocket. 
  136. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Air Force awards US$739 million launch service contracts". Air Force Space Command. February 19, 2019. https://www.afspc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1762048/air-force-awards-739-million-launch-service-contracts/. 
  137. ↑ "SpaceX Wins Potential US$297 million Contract for USAF, NRO Satellite Launch Services". 20 February 2019. https://www.govconwire.com/2019/02/spacex-wins-potential-297m-contract-for-usaf-nro-satellite-launch-services/. 
  138. ↑ "US Space Force TETRA-1 Satellite Prepared for Launch After 15-month Integration – Parabolic Arc". 25 April 2020. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2020/04/25/us-space-force-tetra-1-satellite-prepared-for-launch-after-15-month-integration/. 
  139. ↑ Ralph, Eric (2020-09-09). "SpaceX's next Falcon Heavy launch slips into 2021". Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-next-falcon-heavy-launch-delayed-2021/. 
  140. ↑ "USSF-44 centre core lacks landing gear and grid fins" (in en). https://twitter.com/spacex/status/1436489773691113480/photo/1. 
  141. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "After a three-year wait, SpaceX's Falcon Heavy could launch again later this month". https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/10/05/after-a-three-year-wait-spacexs-falcon-heavy-could-launch-again-later-this-month/. "The core stage was expended on the USSF-44, while the rocket’s two side boosters returned to near-simultaneous landings in SpaceX’s recovery zone at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. A military spokesperson said in 2021 that the Falcon Heavy’s two side boosters on the USSF-44 mission would target landing on two SpaceX drone ships floating downrange in the Atlantic Ocean." 
  142. ↑ Clark, Stephen (23 May 2022). "Launch of NASA's Psyche asteroid mission delayed to late September". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/05/23/launch-of-nasas-psyche-asteroid-mission-delayed-to-late-september/. "One of those missions, USSF 44, had been tentatively scheduled for late June, but has been postponed indefinitely. ... All of the delays to the upcoming Falcon Heavy missions have been caused by payload issues." 
  143. ↑ Ralph, Eric (2022-10-11). "SpaceX's first Falcon Heavy launch in three years eyes late-October liftoff" (in en-US). https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-falcon-heavy-rocket-first-launch-three-years-take-two/. 
  144. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "After a three-year wait, SpaceX's Falcon Heavy could launch again later this month". https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/10/05/after-a-three-year-wait-spacexs-falcon-heavy-could-launch-again-later-this-month/. "The Space Force said its USSF-67 mission, which the military says will launch into geosynchronous orbit like USSF-44, is currently scheduled for January." 
  145. ↑ "Space News". 9 November 2020. https://spacenews.com/spacex-explains-why-the-u-s-space-force-is-paying-316-million-for-a-single-launch/. 
  146. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Falcon Heavy rocket on the launch pad for one of SpaceX's most complex missions – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/10/31/falcon-heavy-rocket-on-the-launch-pad-for-one-of-spacexs-most-complex-missions/. "The next military mission to fly on a Falcon Heavy rocket, named USSF-67, will launch the LDPE 3 spacecraft and a Space Force communications satellite in tandem. That launch is scheduled for January, and will use the same Falcon Heavy side boosters flown on the USSF-44 mission, assuming a successful recovery on the landing zones at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, the Space Force said." 
  147. ↑ "Falcon Heavy could launch three U.S. Space Force missions in 2022". 31 October 2021. https://spacenews.com/falcon-heavy-could-launch-three-u-s-space-force-missions-in-2022//. 
  148. ↑ "ViaSat-3 Americas & Arcturus". https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/971. 
  149. ↑ Rainbow, Jason (23 September 2021). "Next commercial Falcon Heavy mission to launch debut Astranis satellite". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/next-commercial-falcon-heavy-mission-to-launch-debut-astranis-satellite/. 
  150. ↑ "Application for Fixed Satellite Service by Astranis Bermuda Ltd. – Attachment Narrative". Astranis Bermuda. FCC. 7 June 2021. https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-PPL-20210607-00075/8982903.pdf. 
  151. ↑ "Arabsat Falcon Heavy mission slated for December–January timeframe". SpaceNews. June 1, 2018. https://spacenews.com/arabsat-falcon-heavy-mission-slated-for-december-january-timeframe/. 
  152. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Viasat confirms SpaceX's Falcon Heavy will launch next-gen broadband satellite". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/10/26/viasat-confirms-spacexs-falcon-heavy-will-launch-next-gen-broadband-satellite/. 
  153. ↑ "Viasat, SpaceX Enter Contract for a Future ViaSat-3 Satellite Launch". Viasat. 25 October 2018. https://www.viasat.com/news/viasat-spacex-enter-contract-future-viasat-3-satellite-launch. 
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  158. ↑ Davenport, Justin (29 December 2023). "Falcon Heavy launches USSF-52 spaceplane". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/12/otv-7/. 
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  193. ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. November 16, 2012. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9. 
  194. ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (July 2, 2014). "Inmarsat Books Falcon Heavy for up to Three Launches". SpaceNews. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/41121inmarsat-books-falcon-heavy-for-up-to-three-launches. 
  195. ↑ Foust, Jeff (December 8, 2016). "Inmarsat shifts satellite from SpaceX to Arianespace". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/inmarsat-shifts-satellite-from-spacex-to-arianespace/. 
  196. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Inmarsat-6 F1, 2". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/inmarsat-6.htm. 
  197. ↑ David, Leonard (April 13, 2016). "Spacecraft Powered by 'Green' Propellant to Launch in 2017". Space.com. http://www.space.com/32567-nasa-green-propellant-mission-gpim.html. 
  198. ↑ Foust, Jeff (August 9, 2016). "SpaceX offers large rockets for small satellites". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/spacex-offers-large-rockets-for-small-satellites/. 
  199. ↑ "DSAC (Deep Space Atomic Clock)". NASA (Earth Observation Resources). 2014. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/dsac-deep-space-atomic-clock-. 
  200. ↑ Gruss, Mike (April 15, 2015). "SpaceX Sends Air Force an Outline for Falcon Heavy Certification". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/spacex-sends-air-force-an-outline-for-falcon-heavy-certification/. 
  201. ↑ Davis, Jason (May 11, 2018). "LightSail 2 launch slips to Fall". The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2018/20180511-lightsail2-launch-slip.html. 
  202. ↑ "Space Force awards National Security Space Launch Phase 2 launch service contracts to ULA, SpaceX". United States Air Force. August 7, 2020. https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2305576/space-force-awards-national-security-space-launch-phase-2-launch-service-contra/. 
  203. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Green Propellant Infusion Mission Project". NASA. July 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/GreenPropellantInfusionMissionProject_v2.pdf. 
  204. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Deep Space Atomic Clock". Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA). April 27, 2015. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4567. 
  205. ↑ Ralph, Eric (2018-06-10). "SpaceX Falcon Heavy with Block 5 rockets targets November launch debut" (in en-US). https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-falcon-heavy-block-5-november-launch/. 
  206. ↑ "A SpaceX surprise: Falcon Heavy booster landing to smash distance record". 19 June 2019. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-surprise-falcon-heavy-booster-landing-distance-record/. 
  207. ↑ Wall, Mike (July 31, 2011). ""Red Dragon" Mission Mulled as Cheap Search for Mars Life". Space.com. http://www.space.com/12489-nasa-mars-life-private-spaceship-red-dragon.html. 
  208. ↑ 208.0 208.1 Bergin, Chris (May 11, 2015). "Falcon Heavy enabler for Dragon solar system explorer". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/05/falcon-heavy-dragon-solar-system-explorer/. 
  209. ↑ "Elon Musk suggests SpaceX is scrapping its plans to land Dragon capsules on Mars". The Verge. July 19, 2017. https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/19/15999384/elon-musk-spacex-dragon-capsule-mars-mission. 
  210. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "NASA chooses Maxar to build keystone module for lunar Gateway station". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/24/nasa-chooses-maxar-to-build-keystone-module-for-lunar-gateway-station/. 
  211. ↑ "NASA plans to launch first two Gateway elements on same rocket". May 6, 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/06/nasa-plans-to-launch-first-two-gateway-elements-on-same-rocket/. 
  212. ↑ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Assessments of Major Projects". GAO. 2020. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/706505.pdf. 
  213. ↑ "Psyche Spacecraft Separates From Falcon Heavy Second Stage". 13 October 2023. https://blogs.nasa.gov/psyche/2023/10/13/psyche-spacecraft-separates-from-falcon-heavy-second-stage/. 
  214. ↑ Foust, Jeff (February 28, 2020). "Falcon Heavy to launch NASA Psyche asteroid mission". https://spacenews.com/falcon-heavy-to-launch-nasa-psyche-asteroid-mission/. 
  215. ↑ Shieber, Jonathan (February 29, 2020). "SpaceX wins the $117 million launch contract to explore Psyche's heavy metal asteroid". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/28/spacex-wins-the-117-million-launch-contract-to-explore-psyches-heavy-metal-asteroid/. 
  216. ↑ Moon, Mariella (February 29, 2020). "NASA's Psyche asteroid mission will use a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2020/02/28/nasa-psyche-asteroid-mission-spacex/. 
  217. ↑ Potter, Sean (2021-07-23). "NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Europa Clipper Mission". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-launch-services-contract-for-europa-clipper-mission. 

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