History:6th millennium BC
The 6th millennium BC spanned the years 6000 BC to 5001 BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. The only exceptions are the felling dates for some construction timbers from Neolithic wells in Central Europe.
This millennium is reckoned to mark the end of the global deglaciation which had followed the Last Glacial Maximum and caused sea levels to rise by some 60 m (200 ft) over a period of about 5,000 years.
Communities
Neolithic culture and technology had spread from the Near East and into Eastern Europe by 6000 BC. Its development in the Far East grew apace and there is increasing evidence through the millennium of its presence in prehistoric Egypt and the Far East. In much of the world, however, including Northern and Western Europe, people still lived in scattered Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer communities. The world population is believed to have increased sharply, possibly quadrupling, as a result of the Neolithic Revolution. It has been estimated that there were perhaps forty million people worldwide at the end of this millennium, growing to 100 million by the Middle Bronze Age c. 1600 BC.[1]
The oldest fort is in Siberia around 6000 BC.
Use of pottery found near Tbilisi is evidence that grapes were being used for winemaking c. 5980 BC.[2]
It has been estimated that humans first settled in Malta c. 5900 BC, arriving across the Mediterranean from both Europe and North Africa.[3]
Evidence of cheese-making in Poland is dated c. 5500 BC.[4]
Junglefowl were domesticated around c. 5500 BC in Southeast Asia.[5]
The Zhaobaogou culture in China began c. 5400 BC. It was in the north-eastern part of the country, primarily in the Luan River valley in Inner Mongolia and northern Hebei.[6]
Four identified cultures starting around 5300 BC were the Dnieper-Donets, the Narva (eastern Baltic), the Ertebølle (Denmark and northern Germany), and the Swifterbant (Low Countries). They were linked by a common pottery style that had spread westward from Asia and is sometimes called "ceramic Mesolithic", distinguishable by a point or knob base and flared rims.[7][8][9]
Indigenous Australians in what is now southwestern Victoria were farming and smoking eels as a food source and trade good using stone weirs, canals, and woven traps around 6000 BC.[10]
Environmental changes
The early Holocene sea level rise (EHSLR), which began c.10,000 BC, tailed off during the 6th millennium. Global water levels had risen by about 60 metres due to deglaciation of ice masses since the end of the Last Ice Age.[11] Accelerated rises in sea level rise, called meltwater pulses, occurred three times during the EHSLR. The last one, Meltwater Pulse 1C, which peaked c. 6000 BC, produced a rise of 6.5 metres in only 140 years. It is believed that the cause was a major ice sheet collapse in Antarctica.[12]
Approximately 8,000 years ago (c. 6000 BC), a massive volcanic landslide off Mount Etna, Sicily, caused a megatsunami that devastated the eastern Mediterranean coastline on the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe.[13]
In South America, a large eruption occurred at Cueros de Purulla c. 5870 BC, forming a buoyant cloud and depositing the Cerro Paranilla Ash in the Calchaquí Valleys.[14] A cataclysmic volcanic eruption occurred c. 5700 BC in Oregon when 12,000-foot (3,700 m) high Mount Mazama created Crater Lake as the resulting caldera filled with water.[15] Another major eruption occurred c. 5550 BC on Mount Takahe, Antarctica, possibly creating an ozone hole in the region.[16]
The carbon-14 content in tree rings created c. 5480 BC indicates an abnormal level of solar activity.[17]
Astronomy and calendars
The epoch of the Byzantine calendar, used in the Byzantine Empire and many Christian Orthodox countries, is equivalent to 1 September 5509 BC on the Julian proleptic calendar (see image right).[18]
The 6th millennium BC falls entirely within the Astrological Age of Gemini (c. 6450 BC to c. 4300 BC) according to some astrologers.[19]
According to Gregory of Tours God created the world 5597 years prior to the death of Martin of Tours, which would be 5200 BC. [20]
References
- ↑ Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes". Population 34–1 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/1531855.
- ↑ "'World's oldest wine' found in 8,000-year-old jars in Georgia". BBC News. 13 November 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41977709.
- ↑ "700 years added to Malta's history". Times of Malta. 16 March 2018. https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180316/life-features/700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498.
- ↑ Subbaraman, Nidhi (12 December 2012). "Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old". Nature (Macmillan). doi:10.1038/nature.2012.12020. https://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
- ↑ (in en) Concise History of Science & Invention: An Illustrated Time Line. National Geographic Books. 2010. pp. 24. ISBN 978-1-4262-0544-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQZnlnLdc8C.
- ↑ Stark, Miriam T. (26 August 2005). Archaeology of Asia. Blackwell. p. 129. ISBN 1-4051-0213-6.
- ↑ Gronenborn, Detlef (2007). "Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe". Proceedings of the British Academy 144: 73–98.
- ↑ Anthony, D. W. (2007). "Pontic-Caspian Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood: a small audience and small effects". in Yanko-Hombach, V.; Gilbert, A. A.; Panin, N. et al.. The Black Sea Flood Question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement. pp. 245–370. ISBN 978-9402404654.
- ↑ Anthony, David W. (2010). The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691148182.
- ↑ Flood, Josephine (2004). Archaeology of the dreamtime: the story of prehistoric Australia and its people (revised ed.). Marleston, South Australia: J. B. Publishing. ISBN 1-876622-50-4. OCLC 61479845.
- ↑ Smith, D. E.; Harrison, S.; Firth, C. R.; Jordan, J. T. (July 2011). "The early Holocene sea level rise". Quaternary Science Reviews (Elsevier) 30 (15–16): 1846–1860. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.019. Bibcode: 2011QSRv...30.1846S..
- ↑ Blanchon, P. (2011a) Meltwater Pulses. In: Hopley, D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, form and process. Springer-Verlag Earth Science Series, p. 683-690. ISBN:978-90-481-2638-5
- ↑ Pareschi, M. T.; Boschi, E.; Favalli, M. (2006). "Lost tsunami". Geophysical Research Letters 33 (22): L22608. doi:10.1029/2006GL027790. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL..3322608P.
- ↑ Fernandez-Turiel, J. L.; Perez-Torrado, F. J.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, A.; Saavedra, J.; Carracedo, J. C.; Rejas, M.; Lobo, A.; Osterrieth, M. et al. (8 May 2019). "La gran erupción de hace 4.2 ka cal en Cerro Blanco, Zona Volcánica Central, Andes: nuevos datos sobre los depósitos eruptivos holocenos en la Puna sur y regiones adyacentes" (in en). Estudios Geológicos 75 (1): 21. doi:10.3989/egeol.43438.515. ISSN 1988-3250.
- ↑ "Geology and History Summary for Mount Mazama and Crater Lake". Volcano Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 3 November 2017. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/crater_lake/geo_hist_mazama.html.
- ↑ "Takahe". Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=390027.
- ↑ Miyake, Fusa; Others (31 January 2017). "Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene". PNAS (National Academy of Sciences) 114 (5): 881–884. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613144114. PMID 28100493. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..114..881M.
- ↑ Stephenson, Paul. "Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700–1204: John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion": The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system". November 2006.
- ↑ Mann, Neil (24 May 2007). "The Astrological Great Year". http://www.yeatsvision.com/GreatYear.html.
- ↑ A history of the Franks, Gregory of Tours, Pantianos Classics, 1916
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