History:Historical urban community sizes

From HandWiki
Short description: none


This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods.

Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times. Estimating population sizes before censuses were conducted is a difficult task.[1]

Neolithic settlements

Town Location 7000 BC 6000 BC 5000 BC 4000 BC 3800 BC 3700 BC
'Ain Ghazal Jordan 2,501[2]
Beidha Jordan 1,000[3]
Çatalhöyük Turkey 1,000[3][2]–10,000[4]
Choirokoitia[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Cyprus 300–600 2,000
Lepenski Vir Serbia 150–1,000[12][13][14][15][16][17]
Nea Nikomedeia Greece 500–700[18]
Okoliste Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,000–3,000[19]
Vinča-Belo Brdo Serbia 2,000–2,500[20][21]
Sesklo Greece 1,000–5,000[22][23][24][25]
Dobrovody Ukraine 16,000[26] 10,000–16,000[27][28][29]
Fedorovka Ukraine 6,000[26]
Mehrgarh Pakistan 1,000–10,000[30]
Maydanets Ukraine 10,000[26] 10,000–46,000[lower-alpha 1][31]
Nebelivka Ukraine 17,000[26]
Talianki Ukraine 15,000–25,000–30,000[26][32][33]
Tell Brak Syria 4,000[3] 5,000[3]
Uruk Iraq 5,000[3]

Bronze Age

Table 1: 3700–2600 BC
City Location 3700 BC 3400 BC 3100 BC 2800 BC 2600 BC
Adab Iraq 11,000[34]
Anshan Iran 10,000[34] 10,000[34]
Bad-tibira Iraq 16,000[34]
Eridu Iraq 6,000–10,000[34]
Habuba Kabira Syria 6,000–8,000[34]
Harappa Pakistan 35,000[35]
Kish Iraq 40,000[34]
Lagash Iraq 40,000[36]
Larak/Larsa Iraq 10,000[34] 10,000[34]
Manika, Greece[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Greece 6,000–15,000 6,000–15,000
Memphis Egypt 30,000
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan 41,250[35]
Nekhen Egypt 5,000–10,000[34]
Nippur Iraq 13,000[34]
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran 20,000[2]
Shuruppak Iraq 20,000[34]
Suheri 13,000[34] 10,000[34]
Susa Iran 8,000[3]
Tell Brak Syria 8,000[3] 22,000[34] 20,000[34]
Thebes, Greece Greece 4,000
6,000[43]
Umma Iraq 26,000[34]
Ur Iraq 6,000[34]
Uruk Iraq 8,000[3]
14,000[34] 		20,000[34] 40,000[36]–50,000[34] 80,000[34] 80,000[36]
Table 2: 2500–1200 BC
City Location 2500 BC 2300 BC 2000 BC 1800 BC 1600 BC 1360 BC 1200 BC
Athens[44][45] Greece 10,000 10,000–15,000
Akrotiri (prehistoric city)[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] Greece 8,000–30,000
Adab Iraq 13,000[34] 10,000[34] 10,000[34] 10,000[34]
Akkad Iraq 36,000[34]
Amarna Egypt
Anshan Iran 10,000[34] 10,000[34] 10,000[34] 10,000[34]
Avaris/Pi-Ramses Egypt 100,000[36] 160,000[36]
Babylon Iraq 65,000[3] 80,000[3]
Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq
Ebla Syria 30,000[34]
Erlitou China 24,000[3]–35,000[34]
Harappa Pakistan 10,000[34]
Hattusa Turkey 40,000[54] 40,000[54]
Hazor Israel
Heliopolis Egypt
Heracleopolis Egypt
Isin Iraq 40,000[34] 20,000[34]
Kerma Sudan
Kesh Iraq 11,000[34]
Kish Iraq 25,000[34] 10,000[34] 40,000[36]
Knossos[46][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] Greece 1,300–2,000 18,000 20,000 30,000
Lagash Iraq 40,000[34] 10,000[34] 30,000[34][36] 10,000[34]
Larak/Larsa Iraq 10,000[34] 40,000[34] 20,000[34]
Manika, Greece[43] Greece 6,000–15,000 6,000–15,000
Malia Greece 5,000–10,000–12,500[46][63]
Mari Syria
Memphis Egypt 30,000[34]–35,000[3] 60,000[3][34][36] 30,000[34] 22,000[65] 32,000[65] 50,000[65]
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan 20,000[34] 20,000[34] 10,000[34]
Mozah 15,000[34] 15,000[34]
Mycenae Greece 20,000[66] 30,000–35,000[60][67] 30,000[54]
Namazga-Tepe Turkmenistan 14,000[34] 14,000[34]
Nekhen Egypt 21,000[54]
Niniveh Iraq 23,000[54] 33,000[54]
Nippur Iraq 20,000[34] 10,000[34] 10,000[34]
Palaikastro Greece 18,000[46][63]
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico 7,500[68]
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran 20,000[34] 20,000[34]
Shuruppak Iraq 17,000[34]
Suheri 10,000[34] 10,000[34] 10,000[34]
Susa Iran 25,000[34] 25,000[34]
Taosi China 10,000[3] 14,000[3]
Tell Brak Syria 15,000[34] 15,000[34]
Tell Churra 20,000[34]
Tell Leilan Syria 20,000[34] 20,000[34]
Thebes Egypt 40,000[34] 40,000[34] 80,000[3] 80,000[3]
Thebes, Greece[43][69][70] Greece 4,000–6,000 8,000
Tiryns[43][71][44][45] Greece 1,200–1,800 10,000 10,000–15,000
Umma Iraq 34,000[34] 20,000[34] 10,000[34] 20,000[34]
Ur Iraq 60,000[3]
65,000[54]
Uruk Iraq 50,000[3][34] 75,000[3]
Yin (Anyang) China 50,000[3]–120,000[36]
Zabala Iraq 10,000[34] 10,000[34] 10,000[34]
Zhengzhou China 35,000[3]

Iron Age

Table 1: 1000-400 BC
City Location 1000 BC 900 BC 800 BC 700 BC 650 BC 600 BC 500 BC 430 BC 400 BC
Aegina Greece 20,000–40,000[72] 20,000–40,000
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka 48,000[54][65]
Anyi 100,000[36] 100,000[36]
Athens[62][73][74][75][76] Greece 2,500–5,000[73] 2,500–5,000[73] 2,500–5,000[73] 10,000[73] 20,000[73] 40,000[73] 25,000[73]
Agrigento Italy 40,000 40,000
Argos Greece 30,000–60,000[62][74][77][78][79][80] 30,000–60,000
Ayodhya India
Babylon Iraq 45,000[65]–100,000[lower-alpha 2] 47,000[65] 60,000[65] 125,000[3] 150,000[3] 200,000[54] 150,000[3]
Benares India
Capua Italy 100,000
Cerveteri Italy 25,000–40,000[81][82][83][84][85]
Chicheng China
Cuicuilco Mexico
Corinth Greece 5,000[73] 20,000[73]
Crotone Italy 50,000–80,000[86]
Ecbatana Iran
Haojing China 125,000[36] 125,000[36] 33,000[54][65]
Hastinapur India
Jerusalem Israel/Palestine 40,000[54][65] 49,942 (445 BC)[54]
Kamarina Italy 20,000
Kerch Crimea Ukraine 40,000[54][65]
Kingchow China
Kalḫu (Nimrud) Iraq 75,000[3]
Kosambi India 55,000[65]
Linzi China 55,000–100,000[3][36] 80,000–100,000[65][36] 65,000–100,000[3][36] 80,000–100,000[3][36] 60,000–200,000[65][36] 100,000–200,000[3][36]
Luoyang China 35,000[3][65]–100,000[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] 40,000[3] 45,000[3]–50,000[65] 55,000[3]–100,000[36] 70,000[65]–100,000[36] 65,000[3]–100,000[36] 200,000[36] 200,000[36] 100,000[3]–240,000[36]
Marib Yemen 45,000[65]
Memphis Egypt 35,000–100,000[lower-alpha 2][65] 44,000[65] 65,000[65] 100,000[65]
Metapontum Italy 40,000
Miletus Turkey
Niniveh Iraq 39,000[54] 100,000[3] 120,000[54]
Pataliputra / Patna India 400,000[3]
Populonia Italy 25,000–40,000[83][84][87][88]
Pyongyang North Korea
Tarquinia Italy 20,000–40,000[83][84][87][88]
Thebes, Greece Greece 30,000–60,000[43][69][89][90][91] 30,000–60,000
Qufu China 100,000[36] 100,000[36]
Rome Italy 4,440[92] 24,400–40,000[92][93] 27,200 28,960[93]
Sais Egypt
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico 13,000[94] 13,000[94]
Shangqiu China 100,000[36] 130,000[36]
Sravasti India 46,000[54]
Sparta Greece 40,000–50,000[95]
Susa Iran 40,000[54][65] 200,000[54][65]
Suzhou China 100,000[36]
Syracuse Italy 24,000–40,000[96][97][98] 24,000–40,000[74] 24,000–125,000[65][74]
Sybaris Italy 100,000[99]
Taranto Italy 110,000–150,000[100]
Thebes Egypt 50,000[3]–120,000[lower-alpha 2] 50,000[3]
Vaisali India
Veii Italy 25,000–100,000[83][84][87][88]
Volsinii Italy 13,000–40,000[83][84][87][88]
Vulci Italy 15,000–40,000[83][84][88]
Xiadu China 100,000[36] 100,000[36] 320,000[36] 300,000[36]
Xintian China 100,000[36]
Xinzheng China 100,000[36]
Xue
Yong China 100,000[36]
Table 2: 300 BC-400 AD
City Location 300 BC 200 BC 100 BC AD 1 AD 100 AD 200 AD 300 AD 361 AD 400
Alexandria Egypt 150,000[3] 300,000[3][54]–600,000[36] 400,000[3] 250,000[65]–500,000[101] 500,000[101] 125,000[65]–200,000[54]
Augsburg Germany 25,000–50,000 25,000–50,000[102]
Antioch Turkey 120,000[54] 400,000[73] 150,000[65]–250,000[103] 250,000[103] 150,000[65]
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka 68,000[54][65] 130,000[54] 72,000[65]
Anyi 100,000[36]
Athens Greece 25,000[73] 10,000[73] 10,000[73] 90,000[104] 90,000[104]
Autun France 40,000–100,000[105][106] 40,000–100,000
Arles France 10,000[107] 10,000[107] 75,000[108]
Ayodhya India 63,000[65]
Aquileia Italy 12,000[109] 12,000[109]
Carnuntum Austria 12,000[103]–50,000[110][111] 12,000[103]–50,000[110][111]
Capua Italy 100,000 100,000[112][113] 25,000–40,000
Carthage Tunisia 150,000–200,000[54] 100,000[54]–300,000[114] 300,000[114]
Chang'an/Xi'an China 100,000–400,000[36][3][54] 375,000–400,000[3][36] 246,000–500,000[115][36][3] 81,000–100,000[54][65][36] 120,000[3] 140,000[3] 80,000[65] 100,000[36]
Chengdu China 100,000[36] 70,000[65]
Cổ Loa Vietnam 40,000[36] 50,000[36]
Byzantium /
Constantinople 		Turkey 15,000 20,000 150,000 200,000
Corinth Greece 40,000–100,000[73][103][116]
Cologne Germany 20,000–40,000[117][118] 20,000–40,000[117][119][120]
Ctesiphon Iraq 250,000[65]
Cuicuilco Mexico 36,000[65]
Datong China 100,000[36]
El Mirador Guatemala 200,000[121]
Ephesus Turkey 33,600[103]
Izapa Mexico 35,000[65]
Kaushambi India 90,000-180,000[122]
Kaveri 59,000[65]
Linzi China 125,000–350,000[3][36] 100,000[36] 100,000[36] 100,000[36] 100,000[36]
London UK 30,000 45,000–60,000[123]
Lugdunum France 25,000–50,000[107][124] 25,000–50,000[107][124]
Luoyang China 125,000[3]–240,000[36] 60,000[65] 200,000[36] 420,000[36][65] 140,000[3]–250,000[36] 200,000[36]
Mathura India
Milan Italy 30,000–40,000[54] 100,000 25,000–100,000[125][126][127]
Monte Albán Mexico 5,200[128] 17,200[128] 17,200[128] 17,200[128] 17,200[128]
Nanjing China 56,000[65] 78,000[65] 100,000[36] 150,000[65] 300,000[36]
Nimes France 40,000–60,000[129][130][131]
Ostia Antica Italy 25,000[102]–40,000[109] 25,000–50,000[102][109][132]
Paithan India 60,000[65] 84,000[65]
Patala Pakistan 73,000[65]
Pataliputra India 350,000[54]–400,000 - 1,000,000[122] 69,000[54][65] 250,000[54]
Peshawar Pakistan 120,000[54]
Philippi Greece 100,000[133]
Pingcheng China 88,000[65] 200,000[3]
Pozzuoli Italy 30,000–50,000 30,000[114]–50,000[102]
Pyay Myanmar 69,000[65]
Qufu China 100,000[36]–125,000[3]
Rajgir India 100,000[122]
Greece 100,000–200,000 100,000
Rome Italy 100,000[93] 150,000–160,000[65][54] 400,000[3] 1,000,000[36][3] 1,000,000[3][36] 1,000,000[3] 800,000[3] 800,000[3] 800,000[3]
Salona Croatia 25,000[117] 25,000[117]
Seleucia Iraq 200,000[65] 400,000[73] 250,000 (CE 2)[54] 150,000[54]–250,000[65]
Shangqiu China 100,000[36]
Srughna India 100,000[122]
Suzhou China 100,000[36] 66,000[65] 95,000[65] 58,000[65]
Syracuse Italy 50,000–100,000[74] 90,000[134] 90,000[134]
Taxila Pakistan 60,000[65]
Teotihuacán Mexico 60,000–80,000[135] 90,000[65]
Thessaloniki Greece 30,000[104] 30,000[104]
Tikal Guatemala 100,000[136]
Tosali India 16,000-47,000[122]
Tres Zapotes Mexico 30,000[65]
Trier Germany 10,000[117] 10,000[117]–50,000 50,000–100,000[102][108] 60,000
Ujjain India 60,000[122] 94,000[65] 80,000[65]
Vaishali India 28,000-82,000[122]
Vidisha India ~100,000[122]
Wanxian China 100,000[36]
Xiadu China 300,000[36]
Xianyang China 100,000[36] 100,000–300,000[54]
Xinzheng China 120,000[36]–125,000[3]
Xuchang China 140,000[3]
Ye China 140,000[3] 120,000[65] 100,000[36]

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages: 500-999 AD
City Location 500 600 622 700 775 800 900
Aleppo Syria 72,000[65]
Athens Greece 110,000[137]
Alexandria Egypt 94,000[65]–200,000[54] 216,000[54] 60,000–100,000 60,000–100,000
Angkor Cambodia 80,000[138] 100,000[138] 90,000[65]–150,000[138]
Anhilpur India 80,000[65]
Antioch Turkey 150,000[65]
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka 70,000[65]
Arles France 10,000[139]
Ayodhya India 75,000[65]
Badami India 70,000[65]
Baghdad Iraq 175,000[3][65] 150,000[3]
Bakhalal Mexico 45,000[65]
Basra Iraq 100,000[65]
Benares India 75,000-210,000[140] 49,000[65] 59,000[65]
Carthage Tunisia 100,000[54][65]
Chang'an / Xi'an China 95,000[65][36]–400,000[54] 400,000[36]–600,000[3] 400,000[65] 1,000,000[36] 1,000,000[36][54][lower-alpha 5] 600,000[65]–1,000,000[36][3] 100,000[36]–750,000[65][3]
Chengdu China 94,000[65] 100,000[36] 100,000[36]
Chenla Cambodia 70,000[65]
Chunar India 72,000[65]
Constantinople Turkey 400,000[3]–500,000[54][141] 150,000[3] 150,000[65] 125,000[3] 40,000–50,000[3] 40,000–50,000[3] 150,000[3]
Copán Honduras 63,000[65]
Cologne Germany 15,000–20,000[142] 21,000[142]
Córdoba Spain 135,000[66] 160,000[65] 110,000[143]–175,000[3]
Ctesiphon Iraq 400,000[65] 200,000[144]–500,000[65]
Dali China 90,000[65]–100,000[36]
Đại La /Hanoi Vietnam 25,000[145]
Datong China 200,000[36]
Dorestad Netherlands 1,000–2,500 1,000–2,500
El Pilar Guatemala 182,600[146]
El Tajín Mexico 40,000[65] 40,000[65] 50,000[65]
Fanyang (Youzhou) China 100,000[36]
Florence Italy 1,000 2,000–2,500 5,000
Fustat Egypt 100,000[65] 150,000[65]
Gao Mali 72,000[65]
Granada Spain 20,000
Guangzhou China 200,000[36] 200,000[36]
Gwalior India 65,000[65]
Huari/Wari Peru 70,000[147]
Jiankang China 500,000[36]
Jinyang (Taiyuan) China 100,000[36] 100,000[36]
Kannauj India 230,000 250,000 250,000 230,000[65] 200,000[65]
Kanchi India 56,000[65] 70,000[65] 51,000[65]
Kyoto Japan 200,000[148] 100,000–200,000[65][36] 200,000[36][54]
Laon France 28,000[149]
Lhasa China 100,000[36][65]
London UK 10,000–12,000
Luoyang China 200,000[65]–500,000[36] 500,000[36] 200,000[65] 500,000[36] 300,000[65]–400,000[36] 150,000[65]–200,000[36]
Lyon France 12,000[150]
Madurai India 70,000[65] 70,000[65]
Mainz Germany 20,000[142] 30,000[142]
Mandsaur India 63,000[65]
Manyakheta India 100,000[65]–200,000[151]
Metz France 25,000[152] 14,000[152]
Milan Italy 30,000 25,000[153] 30,000 (875)[154]
Naples Italy 30,000[154] 30,000[154] 30,000[154]
Nanjing China 150,000[65]–500,000[36]
Nara Japan 100,000[36]
Orléans France 10,000[139]
Padua Italy 15,000[139]
Paris France 10,000–30,000[54] 20,000
Patna / Pataliputra India 500,000 300,000 100,000 74,000[65]
Pavia Italy 15,000–20,000[54]
Poitiers France 5,000–9,000[54] 5,000–9,000[54] 5,000–9,000[54] 10,000[54] 10,000[54]
Preslav Bulgaria 40,000–60,000[66]
Prambanan Indonesia 60,000[65] 62,000[65]
Provins France 10,000
Pyay Myanmar 73,000[65] 100,000[65]
Pliska Bulgaria
Ray Iran 68,000[65]
Regensburg Germany 25,000[142] 25,000
Reims France 20,000[54]
Rennes France 10,000
Rome Italy 100,000 50,000[155]–90,000[156] 50,000[155] 50,000[155] 50,000[155] 50,000[157][54] 20,000–30,000[155]
Rouen France 10,000
Seville Spain 20,000 40,000 35,000 35,000 40,000–52,000[66]
Sialkot Pakistan 85,000[65]
Speyer Germany 20,000
Suzhou China 70,000[65] 120,000[36] 100,000[36] 84,000[65]–100,000[36] 81,000[65]–100,000[36]
Teotihuacán Mexico 125,000[65][135] 60,000[65]
Thessaloniki Greece 100,000 40,000 40,000 50,000 50,000[66]
Tikal Guatemala 45,000[65] 40,000[65]
Toledo Spain 25,000 28,000
Toulouse France 10,000[54]
Tours France 17,000[54] 20,000[54]
Tula Mexico 41,000[65] 50,000[65]
Trier Germany 10,000[54] 15,000[54] 15,000–25,000[142]
Venice Italy 37,000[54]
Verona Italy 30,000[54] 25,000
Worms Germany 10,000
Wuchang China 100,000[36] 84,000[65]
Ye China 200,000[36]
Later Middle Ages: 1000–1399
City Location 1000 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350
Angkor Cambodia 200,000[65]
400,000[138] 		125,000[65]
550,000[138] 		140,000[65]
600,000[138] 		150,000[65]
650,000[138] 		650,000[138]
Amalfi Italy 35,000[158]–80,000[66] 10,000–15,000[54]
Ani Turkey 100,000[159]–200,000[160]
Anhilpur India 100,000[65] 100,000[65] 135,000[65]
Antioch Turkey 40,000 40,000
L'Aquila Italy 40,000
Bagan Myanmar 100,000[65] 150,000[65] 180,000[65] 180,000[65]
Baghdad Iraq 125,000[54] 150,000[65] 250,000[3] 150,000[54]
Beijing China 130,000[65] 140,000[65] 401,000[65] 400,000[65]
Berlin Germany 2,400 1,200–2,000 4,000–7,000
Bologna Italy 50,000 50,000 23,000
Braunschweig Germany 10,000[142] 21,000[54]
Bruges Belgium 12,000[142] 15,000[54] 25,000[54] 36,000[54] 50,000[54]
Cahokia Illinois, USA 10,200–15,300[161] 25,000[162] 20,000–30,000[163]
Cairo Egypt 135,000[65] 150,000[65] 175,000[65] 200,000[65]–250,000[3] 300,000[65] 400,000[3][65] 350,000[65]
Chang'an / Xi'an China 118,000[65] 114,000[65]
Chartres France 7,000
Chunar India 66,000[65]
Cologne Germany 21,000[164] 25,000–35,000[54] 32,000–60,000[165] 52,000–60,000[164] 40,000–60,000[119][120][165] 57,000 (1333)[164]
Constantinople Turkey 150,000[3] 200,000[65]–250,000[3] 200,000[65] 150,000[65]–250,000[3] 100,000[166] 150,000[166] 80,000[166]
Córdoba Spain 110,000[143][3] 60,000 (1103)[167] 60,000[167] 60,000[167] 40,000[167]
Cuttack India 100,000[65] 90,000[65] 90,000[65]
Dali China 90,000[65]
100,000[36] 		100,000[65]
Delhi India 10,000[168] 60,000[168] 80,000[65] 100,000[65][168] 125,000[168]
Dhar India 80,000[65]
Dwarasamudra India 30,000 120,000 150,000
Edessa Turkey 25,000
Erfurt Germany 10,000[142] 21,000[54] 32,000[54]
Fanyang (Youzhou) China 100,000[36]
Fes Morocco 75,000[54] 125,000[65] 160,000[65] 200,000[65]–250,000[54] 200,000[65] 150,000[65]–200,000[54] 125,000[65]
Florence Italy 13,000 20,000 30,000 50,000–110,000[169] 60,000–120,000[54][170] 40,000
Gangaikonda Cholapuram India 200,000 300,000 300,000 250,000 150,000
Gaur India 60,000[65] 90,000[65] 100,000[65]
Genoa Italy 15,000[54]–80,000[169] 30,000[54] 100,000[54]
Ghent Belgium 8,000[142] 12,000[54] 25,000[54] 65,000[171] 42,000[54]–65,000 57,000[54]
Guangzhou China 140,000[65] 150,000[65] 150,000[65]
Hangzhou China 80,000[65] 90,000[65] 145,000[65]–800,000[3] 255,000[65]–1,000,000[3] 320,000[65]–1,000,000[36] 432,000[65]–800,000[3] 432,000[65]
Jinzhou China 85,000[65]
Kaifeng China 400,000[36][54]–1,000,000[3] 442,000[65]–1,000,000[3] 150,000[65] 1,000,000[36]
Kalburgi India 70,000[65]
Kalyan India 150,000[65] 125,000[65]
Kannauj India 72,000[65] 80,000[65] 92,000[65]
Khajuraho (Kalinjar) India 100,000[54] 50,000[65]
Khambhat India 50,000[65] 60,000[65]
Kyiv Ukraine 45,000[54] 48,000[54]–100,000[158] 36,000–50,000[54]
Kollam India 60,000[65]
Kyoto Japan 175,000[36]–300,000[54]
Laon France 25,000[149]
London[172] UK 20,000–25,000 10,000–20,000 20,000–30,000 80,000–100,000[173] 25,000–50,000
Lübeck Germany 6,000 18,800
Madurai India 60,000[65]
Mainz Germany 30,000[54] 30,000[54] 25,000[54] 25,000[54] 25,000[54] 24,000[54]
Manyakheta India 71,000[65]
Marrakech Morocco 150,000[65] 150,000[65] 150,000[65] 125,000[65]
Marseille France 6,000–7,000[54] 25,000[54] 40,000[54]
Merv Turkmenistan 200,000[65] 70,000[54]
Metz France 16,000 21,000[54] 23,000–27,000[54] 32,000[54]
Milan Italy 15,000[155] 45,000 58,000 (1170)[54] 60,000[54]–100,000[155] 150,000 150,000–200,000[173][155][174][175] 50,000–200,000[169][174][175][126]
Montpellier France 40,000–50,000[173]
Nabadwip India 85,000[65]
Nanjing China 130,000[65] 130,000[65] 130,000[65] 95,000[65]
Naples Italy 30,000[54] 30,000[54] 30,000[54] 30,000[54] 30,000–36,000 (1278)[54] 40,000[54]–100,000 60,000 (1340)[54]
Nishapur Iran 125,000[65]
Norwich UK 20,000–25,000
Padua Italy 15,000[173] 35,000[173]
Palermo Italy 60,000[143]–75,000 150,000 150,000[65] 50,000 (1277)[54] 40,000[54]–100,000[173]
Paris France 20,000[176] 50,000–65,000[177][178][179][180] 110,000[176] 160,000[65] 200,000–270,000 (1328)[181] 215,000[65]
Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka 75,000[65]
Prague Czech Republic 10,000[142] 22,000[54] 40,000[54] 50,000[54]
Puri India 78,000[65] 72,000[65]
Ramavati 75,000[65]
Regensburg Germany 40,000[142][158] 30,000
Rome Italy 35,000[54][158] 30,000–40,000[155] 30,000–40,000[155] 40,000[155] 40,000–50,000[155] 15,000[182]–17,000[54]
Rouen France 20,000[54] 20,000[54] 30,000–40,000[54] 50,000[54] 40,000–50,000[54][173]
Salerno Italy 50,000[54] 50,000 10,000 (1320)[54]
Sarai Russia 120,000[65]
Seville Spain 52,000 40,000–50,000[173]
Shangjing China 140,000[36]
Speyer Germany 25,000 30,000[54] 30,000[54] 30,000[54] 30,000[54] 25,000[54]
Suzhou China 100,000[36] 96,000[65]
Tabriz Iran 125,000[65] 100,000[65]
Thanjavur India 200,000[65] 250,000 200,000
Thăng Long/Hanoi Vietnam 30,000[145] 40,000[145]
Thessaloniki Greece 40,000[54] 40,000[54] 40,000[54] 30,000[54] 50,000[54]–100,000[183] 50,000–150,000[158][184]
Toledo Spain 37,000 35,000 42,000
Toulouse France 35,000
Trier Germany 20,000[142] 20,000[54] 20,000[54] 25,000[54]
Venice Italy 45,000–60,000[125][185][186][187] 58,000 64,000–70,000[54] 70,000–80,000[174][54] 100,000–120,000[65][174] 65,228 (1363)
Veliky Novgorod Russia 10,000–18,000 20,000–40,000 50,000[188][189]
Verona Italy 10,000 20,000–25,000 20,000–25,000 35,000–40,000
Vijayanagar India 200,000
Warangal India 63,000[65] 80,000[65]
Worms Germany 20,000[142] 28,000[54] 25,000[54] 20,000[54]
York UK 8,000[173] 23,000[173]
Ypres Belgium 40,000–200,000[190] 30,000[54]
Renaissance: 1400–1599
City 1400 1450 1500 1550 1575
Aachen 15,000[191]
Adrianople / Edirne 28,000[54] 85,000[54] 125,000[54] 160,000[54] 183,000[54]
Agra 250,000 500,000
Ahmedabad 70,000[54] 80,000[54]–100,000[65] 140,000[65]–175,000[54] 300,000
Ahmednagar 70,000[65]
Alessandria 8,000[192]
Antwerp 18,000 (1374) 20,000 (1444) 40,000[191] 90,000[191] 104,984 (1568)[54][65]
Asti 8,000[192]
Augsburg 14,000 (1408)[193] 17,000 (1471)[193] 20,000[191] 45,000[191]
Ayutthaya 150,000[194] 150,000[194] 10,000 (1569)[194]
Bago 150,000[65] 175,000[65]
Beijing 150,000[65] 600,000[65] 672,000[65] 690,000[65] 706,000[65]
Bologna 40,000[195] 55,000[192] 61,731 (1569)[195][192] 72,395 (1588)[195]
Brescia 27,000[195] 30,000 (1440)[195] 49,000[192] 41,000[192]
Bursa 95,000[54] 130,000[65]
Bruges 37,000[174] 25,000 30,000[191] 35,000[191] 29,000 (1584)[196]
Cairo 125,000–360,000[3][65] 380,000[65] 400,000[3][54] 360,000[65] 275,000[65]
Chan Chan 60,000–100,000[197] 5,000–10,000[198]
Chang'an / Xi'an 150,000[54] 150,000[54] 127,000[65] 150,000[54]
Cologne 40,000[54] 30,000[191] 35,000[191] 37,000[54]
Como 10,000[192] 10,000[192]
Constantinople / Istanbul 75,000[54] 40,000–50,000[184] 200,000[54] 660,000[65] 680,000[65]
Crema 11,000[192]
Cremona 35,000[199] 40,000[192] 34,000[192]
Cuneo 6,000[192]
Cuttack 75,000[65] 100,000[65] 140,000[65] 90,000[65]
Cusco 45,000[200]
Delhi 80,000[65]–100,000[168] 160,000[168] 160,000[168]
Fes 125,000[65] 150,000[54] 130,000[65]
Florence 45,000–61,000[54][169][201] 54,000 (1470)[54] 55,000–70,000[202][169][203] 59,216 (1562)[54]
Fossano 9,000[192]
Gao 60,000[65]
Gaur 150,000[65] 200,000[65]
Ghent 70,000[54] 40,000[191] 50,000[191]
Genoa 80,000–100,000[169][170] 120,000 (1460)[54] 60,000[192] 65,000[192]
Granada 100,000[54] 165,000[65] 70,000[202][54]
Guangzhou 150,000[65] 175,000[65] 150,000[65] 160,000[65] 170,000[65]
Gwalior 80,000[65]
Hangzhou 235,000[65] 250,000[65] 250,000[54] 260,000[65] 260,000[65]
Hanoi 50,000[145]
Jaunpur 100,000[65]
Kalburgi 90,000[65]
Kano 50,000[65]
Khambhat 60,000[65]
Kollam 60,000[65]
Lodi 9,000[192]
London[172] 45,000[54] 75,000[54] 40,000[204] 80,000[204]
Lyon 20,000–35,000[54] 60,000[54] 50,000[205] 70,000[205]
Lübeck 17,200 21,568 25,444 22,452
Magdeburg 20,000[54] 24,000[54] 18,000[206] 40,000[54]
Mandu 70,000[65]
Mantua 28,000[192] 38,000[192]
Milan 125,000[207][174] 110,000[54] 100,000[192] 69,000[192] 115,000 (1574)
Modena 18,000[192] 16,000[192]
Nanjing 487,000[65] 150,000[65] 157,000[65] 182,000[65] 188,000[65]
Naples 40,000–100,000[54][170] 60,000 (1435)[54] 125,000[208]–150,000[209] 212,000[209] 215,000[65]
Novara 7,000[192]
Nuremberg 18,000[54] 25,982 (1449)[54] 36,000[206] 40,000[206]
Oyo-Ile 150,000 60,000[65]
Padua 27,000[192] 32,000[192]
Paris 100,000 (1422)[210] 150,000[65] 100,000[205] 130,000[205] 220,000[65]
Parma 19,000[192] 25,000[192]
Pavia 16,000[192] 13,000[192]
Piacenza 27,000[192]
Prague 40,000 30,000
Rome 33,000[211] 33,500 (1458)[211] 38,000[211]–55,000[209] 45,000[209] 80,000 (1580)
Rouen 40,000[205] 65,000[205]
Samarkand 130,000[65]
Seoul 100,000[54] 125,000[65] 150,000[54] 125,000[54]
Seville 15,000 (1384)[212] 60,000[212] 65,000 109,000 (1565)[212]
Suzhou 129,000[65]
Tabriz 150,000[65] 200,000[65] 250,000[65]
Tenochtitlan/Mexico City 200,000-400,000[213][214][215] 60,000[54]
Texcoco 60,000[65]
Venice 85,000–200,000[169][170] 150,000 (1423)[174] 100,000[192] 158,000[192] 134,871 (1581)
Verona 14,800 38,000[192] 52,000[192]
Vijayanagar 400,000[65] 550,000[65] 500,000[216] - 1,000,000[217]

Early Modern era

City 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1825 1850 1875
Aachen 14,171 (1601) 12,000[191] 15,000[191] 24,000[191] 35,428 56,190 (1849)[193] 79,606
Adrianople/Edirne 160,000[54] 132,000[54] 93,000[54] 96,000[54] 100,000[54] 125,000[54] 85,000[54]
Alexandria 15,000 (1693) 6,000 (1777) 4,000 (1798) 12,528 (1828) 138,000 212,000[218]
Antwerp 47,000[191] 70,000[191] 70,000[191] 46,000[191] 60,000[191] 88,000[219] 127,000[219]
Agra 500,000[54] 660,000[54] 60,000[54] 108,000[54] 149,008 (1872)[220]
Ahmedabad 300,000[54] 380,000[54] 400,000[65] 120,000[54] 89,000[54] 87,000 (1824) 94,390 (1846) 116,873 (1872)[220]
Amsterdam 59,551[221] 176,873[221] 235,224 233,952[65] 203,485 197,231 (1820) 223,700[219] 289,000[218]
Augsburg 48,000[191] 21,000[191] 21,000[191] 31,000[193] 28,000[191] 35,000[193] 57,210
Ayutthaya 100,000[194] 125,000[222] 150,000[194] 150,000[194] 30,000[194]
Baltimore 26,514 80,620 (1830) 169,054 299,000[218]
Barcelona 64,000 64,000 73,000 70,000 120,000 120,000 167,000 240,000[218]
Beijing 706,000[54] 470,000[65] 650,000[54] 900,000[65] 1,100,000[36][54] 1,350,000[65] 1,648,000[65] 1,310,000[54]
Berlin 25,000[191] 12,000[191] 55,000[191] 113,289[223] 172,132[223] 220,277 446,000 1,045,000[218]
Birmingham 2,000[204] 4,000[204] 7,000[204] 23,688[224] 73,670 (1801)[224] 122,000 294,000 480,000[218]
Mumbai 100,000 163,000 (1826) 718,000[218]
Bordeaux 40,000[225] 40,000[225] 50,000[225] 67,000[225] 88,000[225] 142,000[226] 225,000[218]
Boston 6,700 20,000 35,248 61,392 (1830) 202,261 450,000[218]
Breslau (Wrocław) 33,000–40,000[54][227] 37,000[54] 40,000[54] 52,000[54] 64,520[54] 89,500 (1831) 114,000[54] 239,050[54]
Bristol 10,549[228] 15,000-20,000[228] 25,000[228] 43,275[229] 62,452[229] 94,180[229] 137,528[229] 206,874 (1881)[229]
Brussels 55,000[54] 70,000[54] 70,000[54] 55,000[54]–60,000[219] 66,297[54][219] 208,000[54]–251,000[219] 327,000[218]
Bucharest 60,000[230] 50,000[230] 25,000[230] 34,000[230] 104,000[230] 177,646 (1878)[231]
Budapest 25,000[232] 24,000[232] 54,000[232] 156,506[232] 325,000[218]
Cairo 200,000[65] 350,000[233] 350,000[233] 300,000[233] 210,960 257,783 267,160 345,028
Calcutta 200,000 230,000 (1822) 680,000[218]
Chicago 100 (1830) 29,963 405,000[218]
Cologne 40,000[191] 45,000[191] 42,000[191] 43,000[191][219] 42,000[191] 59,049 94,781 (1849)[219] 135,371
Copenhagen 40,000[54] 29,000 62,000[54] 93,000[219] 101,000[219] 108,000[54] 150,000 241,000[218]
Danzig 50,000[206] 70,000[206] 50,000[206] 46,000[206] 40,000[206] 61,900 65,000[54] 90,500 (1874)
Delhi 200,000[168] 500,000[168] 100,000[168] 125,000[168] 150,000[168] 156,000[168] 154,417 (1872)[234]
Dhaka 200,000[54] 200,000[54] 200,000[54] 135,000[54] 110,000[54] 66,989 (1830)[54] 60,617[54] 51,536 (1869)[54]
Dresden 14,793 (1603) 16,000 (1648) 21,298 (1699) 63,209 (1755) 61,794 61,886 (1830) 94,092 (1849) 197,295[218]
Dublin 5,000[235] 17,000[235] 60,000[235]–80,000[236] 90,000[235]–128,570 (1753)[236] 167,899 (1802)[235] 194,000[237] 263,000[238] 310,000[218]
Edinburgh 35,000 55,000 82,000 145,000 194,000 274,000[218]
Edo (Tokyo) 60,000[65] 430,000 688,000[65] 509,000[54] 685,000[65] 530,000[54] 567,000[54] 780,000[218]
Esfahān 125,000[54] 350,000[65] 350,000[65] 60,000[54] 50,000[54] 60,000[54] 76,088 (1870)
Genoa 71,000[192] 90,000[192] 80,000[192] 87,000[192] 91,000[192] 83,569 (1822) 100,696 130,269 (1872)
Glasgow[239] 7,000 14,000 14,000 23,500[219] 77,000[219] 170,000 346,000 635,000[218]
Guangzhou 180,000[65] 200,000[65] 200,000[65] 400,000[65] 800,000[65] 900,000[65] 875,000[65] 944,000[54]
Hangzhou 270,000[65] 281,000[65] 303,000[65] 340,000[65] 387,000[65] 410,000[65] 700,000[54] 50,000 (1864)
Hanoi 40,000[145] 100,000[240] 100,000[240] 75,000[240] 81,000[240] 51,000[145] 255,000[241]
Huế 60,000[145] 50,325[145]
Ho Chi Minh City/Saigon 24,000 50,000[145] 50,000[145] 180,661 (1902)[242]
Hyderabad 80,000[243] 90,000[222] 200,000[243] 225,000[243] 200,000[243] 200,000[243] 200,000[243] 350,000[243]
Iași (Jassy) 20,000[230] 20,000[230] 50,000[230] 72,000 (1877)[244]
Constantinople/Istanbul 400,000–700,000[3][65] 700,000[65] 600,000–700,000[3][65] 625,000[65] 570,000[65] 675,000[65] 785,000[65] 827,750 (1874)
Hamburg 40,000[227] 75,000 70,000[54] 75,000–90,000[245][54] 130,000[245] 124,838 (1830) 193,000[54] 348,000[218]
Kagoshima 50,000 51,000[54] 57,000[54] 67,000[65] 72,350[54] 72,000[54] 89,374 (1873)
Kanazawa 50,000[54] 55,106[54] 67,000[65] 78,000[54] 97,000[54] 103,000[54] 116,000[54] 109,685 (1873)
Kyoto 300,000[65] 350,000[246] 350,000[247][65] 362,000[238] 377,000[248] 350,000[237] 323,000[238] 238,663 (1873)[249]
Königsberg 40,000 (1663) 40,600 (1708) 60,000[204] 59,000[204] 67,125 79,887 (1852) 122,636
Lahore 350,000[54] 200,000[54] 94,000[54] 99,000 (1872)[249]
Leipzig 20,000 14,000 (1648) 15,653 (1699) 35,000 32,146 41,506 62,374 (1849) 209,000[218]
Lisbon 110,000[54] 165,000 (1639)[54] 188,000[54] 148,000–213,000[245][54] 180,000–237,000[245][54] 249,000[54] 240,000–259,000[245][54] 235,000 (1870)[245]
Liverpool 5,714 22,000[245] 77,653 (1801)[245] 170,000[54] 375,955 (1851)[250] 650,000[218]
London 200,000[204] 400,000[204] 575,000[204] 675,000[204] 865,000[204] 1,335,000[65] 2,320,000[65] 4,241,000[65]
Lyon 40,000[205] 75,000[205] 97,000[205] 114,000[245] 102,167 (1793) 115,841 (1820) 254,000 331,000[218]
Lübeck 22,570 31,068 19,978 17,644 24,631 25,600 26,098 44,799
Madras 15,000 55,000 125,000 172,000 310,000 400,000[218]
Madrid 49,000[251] 130,000[251] 110,000[251] 109,000[245][251] 167,000[251] 181,400 (1826)[54] 263,000[245][54] 407,000[218]
Manchester 5,000[204] 9,000[204] 18,000[204] 70,000[204] 155,000 412,000 590,000[218]
Marseille 40,000[205] 66,000[205] 75,000[205] 68,000[205][245] 78,000[205] 119,000[54] 193,000[54] 316,000[218]
Mexico City 75,000[54] 90,000[54] 100,000[54] 110,000[54] 128,000[54] 176,000[54] 170,000[250][54] 250,000[54]
120,000[192] 100,000[192] 124,000[192] 123,618[54][245][192] 134,528[54][192] 168,000[54] 193,000[54] 277,000[218]
Moscow 80,000[54] 200,000 (1638) 130,000[54] 130,000–161,000[245][54] 238,000[54] 241,500 373,800[250] 601,969 (1871)
Munich 20,000[206] 10,000[206] 21,000[206] 32,000[206][245] 34,000[206] 62,290 96,398 198,000[218]
Nagoya 65,000[54] 65,000[65] 96,000[54] 92,000[65] 116,000 125,193 (1873)[249]
Nanjing 194,000[65] 178,000[65] 300,000[54] 285,000[54] 220,000[54] 200,000[54] 300,000[54]
Naples 400,000[209] 176,000[209] 216,000[209] 305,000[209] 427,000[209] 350,000[65] 413,000[250]–416,000[54] 450,000[218]
New Orleans 8,056 46,082 (1830) 116,375 210,000[218]
New York City 4,436 (1703) 13,296 (1749) 63,000 170,000 682,000 1,900,000[65]
Nuremberg 40,000[206] 25,000[206] 40,000[206] 30,000[206][245] 27,000[206][245] 54,000[245] 91,017
Osaka 200,000–360,000[65] 220,000 350,000–380,000[65][252][253] 400,000 (1749) 383,000–500,000 (1783)[54][252] 340,000[54] 300,000 320,000[218]
Palermo 105,000[254][209] 128,000[222] 100,000[209] 118,000[209] 139,000[209] 168,000[237] 182,000[238] 219,000[218]
Paris 220,000[205] 430,000[205] 510,000[205] 576,000[205] 581,000[205] 855,000[65] 1,314,000[65] 2,250,000[65]
Philadelphia 4,400 14,563 (1753) 68,200 138,000 426,221 791,000[218]
Prague 60,000 25,000 39,000[255] 58,000[256][255] 77,403[54][256][255] 98,000 117,000[256] 223,371 (1869)
Rio de Janeiro 20,000 29,000 44,000 166,419 274,000[218]
Rome 105,000[209] 124,000[209] 138,000[209] 156,000[209] 163,000[209] 138,000 170,000 252,000[218]
Rouen 60,000[205] 82,000[205] 64,000[205] 67,000[205] 81,000[205] 92,083 (1836) 104,142 (1851)[257] 104,902 (1876)
Saint Petersburg 138,000[258] 220,200[258] 438,000[65] 502,000[258] 764,000[218]
Seoul 150,000[65] 158,000[65] 187,000[65] 190,000[54] 192,000[54] 194,000[54]
Seville 121,000 (1597)[212] 65,000[251] 96,000[251] 66,000[251][256] 96,000[251] 75,000 (1820) 106,000[256] 133,247 (1877)
Shanghai 45,000 60,000 100,000 115,000 250,000 400,000[218]
Sunpu 100,000[65] 31,555 (1873)[259]
St. Louis 925 (1799) 4,977 (1830) 77,860 338,000[218]
Suzhou 175,000[54] 145,000[54] 245,000[54] 302,000[54] 243,000[65] 302,000[65] 550,000[54] 250,000[54]
Turin 24,000[192] 37,000[192] 42,000[192] 57,000[192] 82,000[192] 109,000[237] 138,000[238] 216,000[218]
Warsaw 35,000[260] 21,000[260] 28,000[260] 75,000[260] 124,000[237] 163,000[260] 311,000[218]
139,000[192] 120,000[192] 138,000[192] 149,000[192] 138,000[192] 109,927 106,000[256] 129,676
Vienna[261][262] 50,000[255] 60,000[255] 114,000[255] 175,400[255] 231,000[255] 401,200 551,300 1,020,770
Xi'an 138,000[65] 147,000[54] 167,000[65] 195,000[65] 224,000[65] 259,000[65] 275,000[54] 250,000[54]
Yamaguchi 80,000[65]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Dobrovody and Maydanets Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kyiv, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).[full citation needed]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Haoqing
  3. ↑ Chandler listed Thebes, Haoqing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 B.C. (p. 541).[full citation needed]
  4. ↑ When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).[full citation needed]
  5. ↑ Haoqing, the capital of Western Zhou, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Sung and Tang dynasties as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.

Citations

  1. ↑ Rosenberg, Matt (November 4, 2019). "Largest Cities Throughout History". https://www.thoughtco.com/largest-cities-throughout-history-4068071. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Berezkin, Yuri E. "Apa Tanis and the Ancient Near East - an alternative model of complex society". The Development of Urbanism from a Global Perspective. http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/afr/projects/BOOK/berez.pdf. Retrieved August 13, 2007. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.60 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 3.69 3.70 3.71 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.80 3.81 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 3.86 3.87 3.88 3.89 3.90 Morris, Ian. "Social Development". Ianmorris.org. http://www.ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "Jericho and Catal Huyuk". Bruceowen.com. http://bruceowen.com/worldprehist/3250s09.htm. 
  5. ↑ "Choirokoitia". http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/choirokoitia.html. 
  6. ↑ Cyprus, p. 25, at Google Books
  7. ↑ Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps, p. 137, at Google Books
  8. ↑ Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages, p. 161, at Google Books
  9. ↑ Cyprus, p. 23, at Google Books
  10. ↑ The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, p. 8, at Google Books
  11. ↑ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia at Google Books
  12. ↑ Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter, Bind 21, p. 27, at Google Books
  13. ↑ Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction, p. 163, at Google Books
  14. ↑ The Oneness Revealed, p. 63, at Google Books
  15. ↑ The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers, p. 523, at Google Books
  16. ↑ Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, p. 123, at Google Books
  17. ↑ Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones, p. 177, at Google Books
  18. ↑ European Prehistory: A Survey, p. 182, at Google Books
  19. ↑ Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (22 January 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-24792-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=iXpwCwAAQBAJ. 
  20. ↑ "Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia". Ucl.ac.uk. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/rise-metallurgy-eurasia. 
  21. ↑ "Archaeological Exhibitions". Duncancaldwell.com. http://www.duncancaldwell.com/Site/Prehistory_Shows.html. 
  22. ↑ The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D., p. 58, at Google Books
  23. ↑ Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide, p. 146, at Google Books
  24. ↑ Early Aegean Warrior 5000–1450 BC, p. 90, at Google Books
  25. ↑ "Lesson 2: The Neolithic Cultures of Thessaly, Crete, and the Cyclades". Trustees of Dartmouth College. http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/2.html. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Thomas K Harper. "The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the CucuteniTripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements". IChronikajournal.com. http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Harper.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Л.Панченко. Паланка (історико-краєзнавчий нарис). Умань. 2003 ISBN:966-7659-30-5
  28. ↑ Шмаглій М. М., Дудкін В. П. Зіньковський К. В. Про комплексне вивчення трипільських поселень. Археологія № 10. Київ. 1973
  29. ↑ А.І.Кузьмінський, Г. В. Суховершко, В. Я. Чудновський. Наш рідний край. Хрестоматія з історії Черкащини. Київ. 1993
  30. ↑ Georg Feuerstein; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (2005). The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. ISBN 9788120820371. https://books.google.com/books?id=wNlsRZh3rwgC&q=mehrgarh+estimated+population&pg=PA146. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  31. ↑ "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization". https://www.academia.edu/8641305. 
  32. ↑ Philip L. Kohl (2007-01-22). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46199-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=pA1-3KfkpuwC&pg=PA44. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  33. ↑ Christoph Baumer (2012-12-11). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-78076-060-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&pg=PA78. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 34.13 34.14 34.15 34.16 34.17 34.18 34.19 34.20 34.21 34.22 34.23 34.24 34.25 34.26 34.27 34.28 34.29 34.30 34.31 34.32 34.33 34.34 34.35 34.36 34.37 34.38 34.39 34.40 34.41 34.42 34.43 34.44 34.45 34.46 34.47 34.48 34.49 34.50 34.51 34.52 34.53 34.54 34.55 34.56 34.57 34.58 34.59 34.60 34.61 34.62 34.63 34.64 34.65 34.66 34.67 34.68 34.69 34.70 34.71 34.72 34.73 34.74 34.75 34.76 34.77 34.78 34.79 34.80 34.81 Modelski, George (July 10, 1997). "CITIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD: AN INVENTORY (-3500 TO -1200)". The Evolutionary World Politics Homepage. https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/WCITI2.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Alam, Muzaffar. "India | history – geography". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46825/India. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  36. ↑ 36.000 36.001 36.002 36.003 36.004 36.005 36.006 36.007 36.008 36.009 36.010 36.011 36.012 36.013 36.014 36.015 36.016 36.017 36.018 36.019 36.020 36.021 36.022 36.023 36.024 36.025 36.026 36.027 36.028 36.029 36.030 36.031 36.032 36.033 36.034 36.035 36.036 36.037 36.038 36.039 36.040 36.041 36.042 36.043 36.044 36.045 36.046 36.047 36.048 36.049 36.050 36.051 36.052 36.053 36.054 36.055 36.056 36.057 36.058 36.059 36.060 36.061 36.062 36.063 36.064 36.065 36.066 36.067 36.068 36.069 36.070 36.071 36.072 36.073 36.074 36.075 36.076 36.077 36.078 36.079 36.080 36.081 36.082 36.083 36.084 36.085 36.086 36.087 36.088 36.089 36.090 36.091 36.092 36.093 36.094 36.095 36.096 36.097 36.098 36.099 36.100 36.101 36.102 36.103 36.104 36.105 36.106 36.107 36.108 36.109 36.110 Modelski, George (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington, D.C.: Faros 2000. ISBN 9780967623016. 
  37. ↑ Adamantios Sampson (1986). "The Early Helladic graves of Manika: Contribution to the socioeconomic conditions of the Early Bronze Age". in Robert Laffineur. Les coutumes funeraires en Egee a l' age du bronze. Université de Liège. pp. 20–28. https://www.academia.edu/35362033. Retrieved 2021-07-20. 
  38. ↑ Old World Archaeology Newsletter. 1988. https://books.google.com/books?id=CgTvAAAAMAAJ&q=bronze+age+Manika+80+hectares. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  39. ↑ Anthropologie. 2001. https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ9_AAAAMAAJ&q=bronze+age+Manika++7000+inhabitants. Retrieved 2015-06-20. [full citation needed]
  40. ↑ Erika Weiberg (2007). Thinking the Bronze Age. Stockholm: Elanders Gotab. ISBN 978-91-554-6782-1. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:169578/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  41. ↑ John Bintliff (2012-03-19). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th .... Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-25519-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=0dZurnUo6hgC&pg=PA107. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  42. ↑ "Archaeological Site of Manika". http://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?id=14792. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 MacSweeney, Naoise (2004-11-15). "Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 15. doi:10.5334/pia.225. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Assaf Yasur-Landau (2010-04-26). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48587-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=9DBeI_KhYFQC&pg=PA111. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&pg=PA706. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Rodney Castleden (2002-01-04). Atlantis Destroyed. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-70879-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=lXqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  47. ↑ Charles Freeman (2014-03-13). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-150970-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=KtIVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  48. ↑ Ian Thornton (2007-03-19). Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46231-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=UPns3CGhDFQC&pg=PA80. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  49. ↑ Robert Kupp (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-5003-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7dil67ESF6EC&pg=PA311. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  50. ↑ "Fast Facts". Canadian Museum of History. http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/greece/gr2040e.shtml. 
  51. ↑ Peter Francis (1993). Volcanoes: A Planetary Perspective. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854452-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=cF_wAAAAMAAJ&q=akrotiri+with+a+population+30,000. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  52. ↑ Hârun Yahya (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World. Global Yayincilik. ISBN 978-1-897940-99-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=NvRu8SyCAwUC&pg=PA110. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  53. ↑ Iain Stewart (2012-08-31). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-4942-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=q7iBdZYa9BgC&pg=PA198. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  54. ↑ 54.000 54.001 54.002 54.003 54.004 54.005 54.006 54.007 54.008 54.009 54.010 54.011 54.012 54.013 54.014 54.015 54.016 54.017 54.018 54.019 54.020 54.021 54.022 54.023 54.024 54.025 54.026 54.027 54.028 54.029 54.030 54.031 54.032 54.033 54.034 54.035 54.036 54.037 54.038 54.039 54.040 54.041 54.042 54.043 54.044 54.045 54.046 54.047 54.048 54.049 54.050 54.051 54.052 54.053 54.054 54.055 54.056 54.057 54.058 54.059 54.060 54.061 54.062 54.063 54.064 54.065 54.066 54.067 54.068 54.069 54.070 54.071 54.072 54.073 54.074 54.075 54.076 54.077 54.078 54.079 54.080 54.081 54.082 54.083 54.084 54.085 54.086 54.087 54.088 54.089 54.090 54.091 54.092 54.093 54.094 54.095 54.096 54.097 54.098 54.099 54.100 54.101 54.102 54.103 54.104 54.105 54.106 54.107 54.108 54.109 54.110 54.111 54.112 54.113 54.114 54.115 54.116 54.117 54.118 54.119 54.120 54.121 54.122 54.123 54.124 54.125 54.126 54.127 54.128 54.129 54.130 54.131 54.132 54.133 54.134 54.135 54.136 54.137 54.138 54.139 54.140 54.141 54.142 54.143 54.144 54.145 54.146 54.147 54.148 54.149 54.150 54.151 54.152 54.153 54.154 54.155 54.156 54.157 54.158 54.159 54.160 54.161 54.162 54.163 54.164 54.165 54.166 54.167 54.168 54.169 54.170 54.171 54.172 54.173 54.174 54.175 54.176 54.177 54.178 54.179 54.180 54.181 54.182 54.183 54.184 54.185 54.186 54.187 54.188 54.189 54.190 54.191 54.192 54.193 54.194 54.195 54.196 54.197 54.198 54.199 54.200 54.201 54.202 54.203 54.204 54.205 54.206 54.207 54.208 54.209 54.210 54.211 54.212 54.213 54.214 54.215 54.216 54.217 54.218 54.219 54.220 54.221 54.222 54.223 54.224 54.225 54.226 54.227 54.228 54.229 54.230 54.231 54.232 54.233 54.234 54.235 54.236 54.237 54.238 54.239 54.240 54.241 54.242 54.243 54.244 54.245 54.246 54.247 54.248 54.249 54.250 54.251 54.252 54.253 54.254 54.255 54.256 54.257 54.258 54.259 54.260 54.261 54.262 54.263 54.264 54.265 54.266 54.267 54.268 54.269 54.270 54.271 54.272 54.273 54.274 54.275 54.276 54.277 54.278 54.279 54.280 54.281 54.282 54.283 54.284 54.285 54.286 54.287 54.288 54.289 54.290 54.291 54.292 54.293 54.294 54.295 54.296 54.297 54.298 54.299 54.300 54.301 54.302 54.303 54.304 Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. St. David's University Press. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  55. ↑ Rodney Castleden (2012-10-12). The Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96785-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=l6rRTWv8zY0C&pg=PT48. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  56. ↑ Rodney Castleden (2002-01-04). Minoan Life in Bronze Age Crete. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-88064-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=g8eIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  57. ↑ Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2013-11-05). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-25958-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  58. ↑ Steven Mithen (2012-11-26). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-07219-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=F6NMeQ_z3SsC&pg=PA77. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  59. ↑ John William Humphrey (2006). Ancient Technology. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32763-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=b76EBrop0sEC&pg=PA56. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Denemark, Robert A.; Friedman, Jonathan; Gills, Barry K.; Modelski, George (2002-09-26). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-57144-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qi6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT355. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  61. ↑ Glenn Storey (2006-04-30). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=P43ChiFyVVEC&pg=PA37. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Morris, Ian (December 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC". Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120510.pdf. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Rodney Castleden (2001). Minoans: Life in bronze Age Crete. Taylor & Francis e-Library. ISBN 0-203-13581-4. https://www.academia.edu/40631253. Retrieved 2021-07-20. 
  64. ↑ Donald Jones. "Concepts in Urbanization and Early State Formation: The Case of Minoan Crete, v8". https://www.academia.edu/3118298. 
  65. ↑ 65.000 65.001 65.002 65.003 65.004 65.005 65.006 65.007 65.008 65.009 65.010 65.011 65.012 65.013 65.014 65.015 65.016 65.017 65.018 65.019 65.020 65.021 65.022 65.023 65.024 65.025 65.026 65.027 65.028 65.029 65.030 65.031 65.032 65.033 65.034 65.035 65.036 65.037 65.038 65.039 65.040 65.041 65.042 65.043 65.044 65.045 65.046 65.047 65.048 65.049 65.050 65.051 65.052 65.053 65.054 65.055 65.056 65.057 65.058 65.059 65.060 65.061 65.062 65.063 65.064 65.065 65.066 65.067 65.068 65.069 65.070 65.071 65.072 65.073 65.074 65.075 65.076 65.077 65.078 65.079 65.080 65.081 65.082 65.083 65.084 65.085 65.086 65.087 65.088 65.089 65.090 65.091 65.092 65.093 65.094 65.095 65.096 65.097 65.098 65.099 65.100 65.101 65.102 65.103 65.104 65.105 65.106 65.107 65.108 65.109 65.110 65.111 65.112 65.113 65.114 65.115 65.116 65.117 65.118 65.119 65.120 65.121 65.122 65.123 65.124 65.125 65.126 65.127 65.128 65.129 65.130 65.131 65.132 65.133 65.134 65.135 65.136 65.137 65.138 65.139 65.140 65.141 65.142 65.143 65.144 65.145 65.146 65.147 65.148 65.149 65.150 65.151 65.152 65.153 65.154 65.155 65.156 65.157 65.158 65.159 65.160 65.161 65.162 65.163 65.164 65.165 65.166 65.167 65.168 65.169 65.170 65.171 65.172 65.173 65.174 65.175 65.176 65.177 65.178 65.179 65.180 65.181 65.182 65.183 65.184 65.185 65.186 65.187 65.188 65.189 65.190 65.191 65.192 65.193 65.194 65.195 65.196 65.197 65.198 65.199 65.200 65.201 65.202 65.203 65.204 65.205 65.206 65.207 65.208 65.209 65.210 65.211 65.212 65.213 65.214 65.215 65.216 65.217 65.218 65.219 65.220 65.221 65.222 65.223 65.224 65.225 65.226 65.227 65.228 65.229 65.230 65.231 65.232 65.233 65.234 65.235 65.236 65.237 65.238 65.239 65.240 65.241 65.242 65.243 65.244 65.245 65.246 65.247 65.248 65.249 65.250 65.251 65.252 65.253 65.254 65.255 65.256 65.257 65.258 65.259 65.260 65.261 65.262 65.263 65.264 65.265 65.266 65.267 65.268 65.269 65.270 65.271 65.272 65.273 65.274 65.275 65.276 65.277 65.278 65.279 65.280 65.281 65.282 65.283 65.284 65.285 65.286 65.287 65.288 65.289 65.290 65.291 65.292 65.293 65.294 65.295 65.296 65.297 65.298 65.299 65.300 65.301 65.302 65.303 65.304 65.305 65.306 65.307 65.308 65.309 65.310 65.311 65.312 65.313 65.314 65.315 65.316 65.317 65.318 65.319 65.320 65.321 65.322 65.323 65.324 65.325 65.326 65.327 65.328 65.329 65.330 65.331 65.332 65.333 65.334 65.335 65.336 65.337 65.338 65.339 65.340 65.341 65.342 65.343 65.344 65.345 65.346 65.347 65.348 65.349 65.350 65.351 "Populations of Largest Cities in PMNs from 2000BC to 1988AD" (TXT). http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 200. ISBN 9782760522091. https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC. 
  67. ↑ "11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew". Abuss.narod.ru. http://abuss.narod.ru/Biblio/WS/ws-history3_11.htm. 
  68. ↑ Cyphers, Ann. "San Lorenzo". OLMEC: Colossal Masterworks of Ancient Mexico. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://www.academia.edu/24073707. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Kelder, Jorrit (2005). "Greece during the Late Bronze Age". Jaarbericht (Het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux) (39). https://www.academia.edu/219025. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  70. ↑ Jaarbericht. 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=_JQsAQAAIAAJ&q=bronze+age+thebes+greece+20+hectares+population. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  71. ↑ Carol G. Thomas, Craig Conant (2009-08-25). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E.. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00325-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=GP5cIqY--P0C&pg=PA65. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  72. ↑ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (29 March 2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199545568. https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ. 
  73. ↑ 73.00 73.01 73.02 73.03 73.04 73.05 73.06 73.07 73.08 73.09 73.10 73.11 73.12 73.13 73.14 73.15 Morris, Ian (December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC". Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 Glenn Storey (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=P43ChiFyVVEC. 
  75. ↑ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN 9788773041895. https://books.google.com/books?id=navdHEZqucUC. 
  76. ↑ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ. 
  77. ↑ Troy Dora P. Crouch (1993). Geology and Settlement: Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-535943-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=xEU4hqU-Op8C. 
  78. ↑ Diop, C.A.; Salemson, H.J.; De Jager, M. (1991). Civilization or Barbarism. L.M. Ngemi. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-55652-048-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=RDZJAwAAQBAJ. 
  79. ↑ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-28751-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=nofUu5tvJ18C. 
  80. ↑ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34046-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=YR8NAAAAQBAJ. 
  81. ↑ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29126-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=owY4AAAAIAAJ. 
  82. ↑ Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia (2001). Anna Maria Sgubini Moretti. ed. The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882650124. https://books.google.com/books?id=ljCiHdGkKSEC. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 The Etruscan World, p. 1774, at Google Books
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Del 1330, p. 54, at Google Books
  85. ↑ A Short History of the World, p. 110, at Google Books
  86. ↑ Jarde, A. (14 November 2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-19586-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=5aEWAgAAQBAJ. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 "Etruscan Studies" (PDF). Journal of the Etruscan Foundation (Scholarworks.mass.edu) 8. 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=etruscan_studies. Retrieved 2015-06-20. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 Production, consumption and society in north Etruria during the archaic and classical periods, p. 224, at Google Books by Hilary Wills Becker.
  89. ↑ Jaarbericht. Het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux. 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=_JQsAQAAIAAJ. 
  90. ↑ Buck, Robert J. (1979). A History of Boeotia. University of Alberta. ISBN 978-0-88864-051-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ada2TbJWM0C. 
  91. ↑ Henry Fynes Clinton (1851). An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. Oxford: University Press. p. 278. https://books.google.com/books?id=FEcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA278. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Fulminante, Francesca (10 February 2014). The Urbanisation of Rome and Latium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-107-65584-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJN2AgAAQBAJ. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Ward, Lorne H. (January 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C". The American Journal of Philology 111 (1): 5–39. doi:10.2307/295257. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Cyphers, Ann (2007). "Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Del Ojochi al Nacaste" (in es). Arqueología Mexicana 87: 36–42. https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/san-lorenzo-veracruz-0. 
  95. ↑ Nielsen, Thomas Heine (1 January 2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08438-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=oafCBYBbMRgC. 
  96. ↑ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-82327-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=dsysAgAAQBAJ. 
  97. ↑ Glenn Storey (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=P43ChiFyVVEC. 
  98. ↑ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385091879. https://books.google.com/books?id=hbYWAQAAIAAJ. 
  99. ↑ Sage, Michael (1 June 2002). Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN 9781134763320. https://books.google.com/books?id=W5iFAgAAQBAJ. 
  100. ↑ Fronda 2010, p. 29.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Wilson 2011, p. 186.
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-107-49556-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm7lAgAAQBAJ. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.5 Wilson 2011, p. 190.
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 Wilson 2011, p. 191.
  105. ↑ de Planhol, X.; Claval, P. (1994). An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-32208-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=C19glZh7zfoC. 
  106. ↑ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Elsevier Science. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-323-14402-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=S_LXEVuOi5EC. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 Wilson 2011, p. 188.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Fischer, Svante; Lejdegård, Hans; Victor, Helena. "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind". The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics. pp. 277–294. https://www.academia.edu/1166147. Retrieved 2014-09-24. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 Wilson 2011, p. 182.
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8108-6310-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=ilyK1_1f0zYC. 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-19-976835-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=BtncoXdlxdkC. 
  112. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named google38
  113. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named google39
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 Wilson 2011, p. 184.
  115. ↑ :zh:汉书
  116. ↑ Friesen, Steve; Schowalter, Daniel N.; Walters, James (14 June 2010). Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004181977. https://books.google.com/books?id=WcPFWtWd-fcC&q=roman%20corinth%20with%20a%20population%20of%20100,000&pg=PA437. 
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 117.4 117.5 Wilson 2011, p. 189.
  118. ↑ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-134-12975-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=0i5LHy4b6kgC. 
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill. p. 48. ISBN 9789004180079. https://books.google.com/books?id=9aoklkGrf-8C. 
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 "2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt". 29 September 2010. http://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf15/pegel_k__ln__millionenstadt_2010.pdf. 
  121. ↑ "El Mirador, the Lost City of the Maya". http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/el-mirador-the-lost-city-of-the-maya-1741461/?all. 
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 122.4 122.5 122.6 122.7 Schlingloff, Dieter (2013). Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-85728-331-3. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1gxpb6n. 
  123. ↑ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". demographia.com. http://www.demographia.com/dm-lon31.htm. 
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-299-08934-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=polg8REJ7bAC. 
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 266. ISBN 9782760522091. https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC. 
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000. OUP Oxford. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-956273-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=FBSGziQyjGsC. 
  127. ↑ Morley, Neville (19 December 2002). Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC-AD 200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521893312. https://books.google.com/books?id=RA21YIHFTjkC. 
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 Marcus, Joyce; Flannery, Kent V. (1996). Zapotec civilization : how urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05078-3. OCLC 34409496. 
  129. ↑ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture. Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8014-9245-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rkdt_p6uvw0C. 
  130. ↑ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-63951-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=uWjYAQAAQBAJ. 
  131. ↑ Russell, Josiah Cox (1 January 1958). Late Ancient and Medieval Population. American Philosophical Society. https://books.google.com/books?id=s_sMAQAAIAAJ. 
  132. ↑ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-520-08429-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q7qcegqaRYC. 
  133. ↑ Bock, Darrell L. (1 July 2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. ISBN 9780801024511. https://books.google.com/books?id=qp9zBQAAQBAJ. 
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 Wilson 2011, p. 183.
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 "Teotihuacan: Introduction". http://archaeology.la.asu.edu/teo/intro/intrteo.htm. 
  136. ↑ "Tikal, Mayan City". HistoryWiz.com. http://www.historywiz.com/exhibits/tikal.htm. 
  137. ↑ Gibbon, Edward (12 December 2002). History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -. Palm Digital Media Group. ISBN 9780740816987. https://books.google.com/books?id=V9cwAQAAMAAJ. 
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 138.4 138.5 138.6 138.7 Sarah Klassen (7 May 2021). "Diachronic modeling of the population within the medieval Greater Angkor Region settlement complex". Science Advances 7 (19). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf8441. PMID 33962951. Bibcode: 2021SciA....7.8441K. 
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 10.
  140. ↑ Dyson, Tim (2018-10-18). "The First Modern People". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0001. 
  141. ↑ "Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades". History/Medieval Studies 303. http://www.tulane.edu/~august/H303/handouts/Population.htm. 
  142. ↑ 142.00 142.01 142.02 142.03 142.04 142.05 142.06 142.07 142.08 142.09 142.10 142.11 142.12 142.13 Widukind of Corvey (2014). Deeds of the Saxons. CUA Press. ISBN 9780813226934. https://books.google.com/books?id=__EdBgAAQBAJ. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 Buringh 2010, p. 73.
  144. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 305.
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 145.3 145.4 145.5 145.6 145.7 145.8 145.9 Chandler & Fox 2013, p. 271.
  146. ↑ Ford, Anabel (June 30, 2015). The Maya Forest Garden : Eight Millennia of Sustainable Cultivation of the Tropical Woodlands. Nigh, Ronald. Walnut Creek, CA. ISBN 978-1-61132-997-1. OCLC 894750131. 
  147. ↑ Jennings, Justin. (2011). Globalizations and the ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-91862-9. OCLC 692197127. 
  148. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 297.
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 113.
  150. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 114.
  151. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 307.
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 115.
  153. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 88.
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 154.2 154.3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 89.
  155. ↑ 155.00 155.01 155.02 155.03 155.04 155.05 155.06 155.07 155.08 155.09 155.10 155.11 Wickham 2015, p. 112.
  156. ↑ Bachrach, Bernard (15 February 2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004224100. https://books.google.com/books?id=k0B92eRh2-EC&q=rome%20population%20in%20600%20ad%2090,000&pg=PA170. 
  157. ↑ Meneghini and Santangeli Valenzani Roma nell'altomedioevo. Topografia e urbanistica della citta dal V al X seolo. Rome, 2004. pp. 22-3
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 158.4 Hohenberg & Lees 2009, p. 10.
  159. ↑ "SACRED SITE". Ani, Turkey. Landmarks Foundation. http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml. 
  160. ↑ (in Armenian) Ghafadaryan, Karo. «Անի» [Ani]. Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974, vol. i, pp. 407–412.
  161. ↑ "Possible impacts of early-11th-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians". Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (3–4): 336–350. 2007. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.001. Bibcode: 2007QSRv...26..336B. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1767&context=usgsstaffpub. 
  162. ↑ Lipovac, Nenad (23 December 2010). "Uspon i pad sjevernoameričkih prapovijesnih naseobina; Oblici naselja i struktura američkog jugoistoka" (in hr). Prostor 18 (2): 268–287. Gale A248659687. https://hrcak.srce.hr/62866. 
  163. ↑ Glenn Hodges, "America's Forgotten City", National Geographic, January 2011.
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 145.
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-00795-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar-UcC. 
  166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 166.2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 175.
  167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 167.2 167.3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 98.
  168. ↑ 168.00 168.01 168.02 168.03 168.04 168.05 168.06 168.07 168.08 168.09 168.10 168.11 168.12 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 247.
  169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 169.2 169.3 169.4 169.5 169.6 M. Ginatempo L. Sandri "L'Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI" Le Lettere 1990
  170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 170.2 170.3 King, Russell (27 March 2015). The Industrial Geography of Italy (Routledge Library Editions: Economic Geography). Routledge. ISBN 9781317521112. https://books.google.com/books?id=n5SsBwAAQBAJ. 
  171. ↑ de Vries, Andre (11 June 2007). Flanders: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195314939. https://books.google.com/books?id=62ISDAAAQBAJ. 
  172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 History of London#Population
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 173.2 173.3 173.4 173.5 173.6 173.7 173.8 173.9 Paul Oldfield (2019). Urban Panegyric and the Transformation of the Medieval City, 1100-1300. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-871773-7. 
  174. ↑ 174.0 174.1 174.2 174.3 174.4 174.5 174.6 Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx2Q4hxT5HAC. 
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000–1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. OUP Oxford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-927460-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=FHN0VdgwFcAC. 
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 Bairoch 1988, p. 28.
  177. ↑ Chase-Dunn, Christopher; Willard, Christopher; Willard, Alice (1 April 1994). "Cities in the Central Political/Military Network Since CE 1200: Size Hierarchy and Domination". Comparative Civilizations Review 30 (30). ProQuest 1311896683. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol30/iss30/13/. 
  178. ↑ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-59884-996-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=6feKDfRM9sYC. 
  179. ↑ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub.. p. 1316. ISBN 978-0-8240-4444-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=MQoKeohhNkMC. 
  180. ↑ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-89414-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=b72HAgAAQBAJ. 
  181. ↑ Bove & Gauvard 2014, p. 7.
  182. ↑ Norman John Greville Pounds. An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, p. 350
  183. ↑ McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 811. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC. 
  184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Lit. p. 196. ISBN 978-3-643-50190-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=j3i8muwLf8AC. 
  185. ↑ Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-134-63620-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-EAgAAQBAJ. 
  186. ↑ Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rYlgGU2SLiQC. 
  187. ↑ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill. p. 257. ISBN 9789004252523. https://books.google.com/books?id=2ascAAAAQBAJ. 
  188. ↑ Jonassohn, K.; Björnson, K.S.. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4128-2445-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC. 
  189. ↑ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-521-85916-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=9JHwVtL7qDcC. 
  190. ↑ Nicholas, David M. (14 January 2014). Medieval Flanders. Routledge. ISBN 9781317901549. https://books.google.com/books?id=igStAgAAQBAJ. 
  191. ↑ 191.00 191.01 191.02 191.03 191.04 191.05 191.06 191.07 191.08 191.09 191.10 191.11 191.12 191.13 191.14 191.15 191.16 191.17 191.18 191.19 191.20 191.21 191.22 191.23 191.24 191.25 191.26 191.27 191.28 191.29 191.30 de Vries 1984, p. 350.
  192. ↑ 192.00 192.01 192.02 192.03 192.04 192.05 192.06 192.07 192.08 192.09 192.10 192.11 192.12 192.13 192.14 192.15 192.16 192.17 192.18 192.19 192.20 192.21 192.22 192.23 192.24 192.25 192.26 192.27 192.28 192.29 192.30 192.31 192.32 192.33 192.34 192.35 192.36 192.37 192.38 192.39 192.40 192.41 192.42 192.43 192.44 192.45 192.46 192.47 192.48 192.49 192.50 192.51 192.52 192.53 de Vries 1984, p. 354.
  193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 193.2 193.3 193.4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 143.
  194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 194.2 194.3 194.4 194.5 194.6 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 270.
  195. ↑ 195.0 195.1 195.2 195.3 195.4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 84.
  196. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 125.
  197. ↑ Middendorf, 1898.[full citation needed]
  198. ↑ Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. University of New Mexico Press. 1982. 
  199. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 85.
  200. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 189.
  201. ↑ Byrne, Joseph P. (16 January 2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598842548. https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC. 
  202. ↑ 202.0 202.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named google183
  203. ↑ Margalit, Harry (19 February 2016). Energy, Cities and Sustainability: An Historical Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781317528166. https://books.google.com/books?id=I2eaCwAAQBAJ. 
  204. ↑ 204.00 204.01 204.02 204.03 204.04 204.05 204.06 204.07 204.08 204.09 204.10 204.11 204.12 204.13 204.14 204.15 de Vries 1984, p. 348.
  205. ↑ 205.00 205.01 205.02 205.03 205.04 205.05 205.06 205.07 205.08 205.09 205.10 205.11 205.12 205.13 205.14 205.15 205.16 205.17 205.18 205.19 205.20 205.21 205.22 205.23 de Vries 1984, p. 353.
  206. ↑ 206.00 206.01 206.02 206.03 206.04 206.05 206.06 206.07 206.08 206.09 206.10 206.11 206.12 206.13 206.14 206.15 206.16 206.17 de Vries 1984, p. 351.
  207. ↑ Hohenberg & Lees 2009, p. [page needed].
  208. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 183.
  209. ↑ 209.00 209.01 209.02 209.03 209.04 209.05 209.06 209.07 209.08 209.09 209.10 209.11 209.12 209.13 209.14 209.15 209.16 209.17 de Vries 1984, p. 355.
  210. ↑ Fierro 1996, p. 280.
  211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 211.2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 92.
  212. ↑ 212.0 212.1 212.2 212.3 "Demografía de Sevilla en el siglo XVI". Seville University. http://personal.us.es/alporu/histsevilla/poblacion.htm. 
  213. ↑ Denevan, William M. (1992). The Native population of the Americas in 1492 (2nd ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13433-4. OCLC 648253221. 
  214. ↑ Smith, Michael E.; Schreiber, Katharina J. (2005-09-01). "New World States and Empires: Economic and Social Organization". Journal of Archaeological Research 13 (3): 189–229. doi:10.1007/s10814-005-3106-3. ISSN 1573-7756. 
  215. ↑ Totten, Samuel (1992). "BOOK REVIEWS". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 6 (4): 430–434. doi:10.1093/hgs/6.4.430. ISSN 8756-6583. 
  216. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 265.
  217. ↑ Howes, Jennifer; Talbot, Cynthia; Canby, Sheila; Michell, George; Foekema, Gerard; Topsfield, Andrew; Tillotson, Giles; Verghese, Anila et al. (January 2005). "Book Reviews". South Asian Studies 21 (1): 137–150. doi:10.1080/02666030.2005.9628650. ISSN 0266-6030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2005.9628650. 
  218. ↑ 218.00 218.01 218.02 218.03 218.04 218.05 218.06 218.07 218.08 218.09 218.10 218.11 218.12 218.13 218.14 218.15 218.16 218.17 218.18 218.19 218.20 218.21 218.22 218.23 218.24 218.25 218.26 218.27 218.28 218.29 218.30 218.31 218.32 218.33 218.34 218.35 218.36 218.37 218.38 218.39 218.40 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 329.
  219. ↑ 219.00 219.01 219.02 219.03 219.04 219.05 219.06 219.07 219.08 219.09 219.10 219.11 Mitchell 1998e, p. 74.
  220. ↑ 220.0 220.1 Mitchell 1998a, p. 39.
  221. ↑ 221.0 221.1 The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. 1995.
  222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 222.2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 320.
  223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 "Population statistics: historical demography". Populstat.info. http://www.populstat.info/. 
  224. ↑ 224.0 224.1 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 133.
  225. ↑ 225.0 225.1 225.2 225.3 225.4 de Vries 1984, p. 352.
  226. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 110.
  227. ↑ 227.0 227.1 Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-091274-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ujbUq3NOcC. 
  228. ↑ 228.0 228.1 228.2 Latimer 1900.
  229. ↑ 229.0 229.1 229.2 229.3 229.4 Shannon & Grebenik 1943.
  230. ↑ 230.0 230.1 230.2 230.3 230.4 230.5 230.6 230.7 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 166.
  231. ↑ Săgeată, Radu (2008). "Bucharest. Geographical and Geopolitical Considerations". Romanian Review on Political Geography 10 (1): 48. ISSN 1582-7763. http://www.rrgp.uoradea.ro/art/2008-1/05_Sageata.pdf. Retrieved 12 April 2021. 
  232. ↑ 232.0 232.1 232.2 232.3 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 155.
  233. ↑ 233.0 233.1 233.2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 196.
  234. ↑ Mitchell 1998a, p. 40.
  235. ↑ 235.0 235.1 235.2 235.3 235.4 de Vries 1984, p. 349.
  236. ↑ 236.0 236.1 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 135.
  237. ↑ 237.0 237.1 237.2 237.3 237.4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 327.
  238. ↑ 238.0 238.1 238.2 238.3 238.4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 328.
  239. ↑ Third Statistical Account of Scotland GLASGOW. Glasgow: Collins. 1958. OCLC 500429383. 
  240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 240.2 240.3 Boudarel, Nguyen & Nguyễn 2002, p. 19.
  241. ↑ Boudarel, Nguyen & Nguyễn 2002, p. 22.
  242. ↑ Annuaire de la Cochinchine française.... 1874. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57730402/f143.image.r=Saigon%20administratif.langEN. [verification needed]
  243. ↑ 243.0 243.1 243.2 243.3 243.4 243.5 243.6 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 251.
  244. ↑ Tudose, Mihaela (2017). "Demographic and Social-Economic Evolution of the City of Iași During the First Decades after the Union (1859-1881)". Ioan Neculce: The Bulletin of Moldavia's History Museum. New Series (23): 180. ISSN 1454-0754. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=611214. Retrieved 12 April 2021. 
  245. ↑ 245.00 245.01 245.02 245.03 245.04 245.05 245.06 245.07 245.08 245.09 245.10 245.11 245.12 245.13 245.14 245.15 245.16 245.17 Mitchell 1998e, p. 75.
  246. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 424.  (quoting the Meiji publication 平安通志)
  247. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 321.
  248. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 323.
  249. ↑ 249.0 249.1 249.2 Mitchell 1998a, p. 41.
  250. ↑ 250.0 250.1 250.2 250.3 Almanach de Gotha pour l'an 1858
  251. ↑ 251.0 251.1 251.2 251.3 251.4 251.5 251.6 251.7 251.8 de Vries 1984, p. 356.
  252. ↑ 252.0 252.1 F. Braudel (1979). Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800. 
  253. ↑ Sansom, George (1963). A History of Japan: 1615-1867. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 113.  Note: These figures exclude military (samurai) population, which could account for a considerable portion of the population.
  254. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 319.
  255. ↑ 255.0 255.1 255.2 255.3 255.4 255.5 255.6 255.7 de Vries 1984, p. 357.
  256. ↑ 256.0 256.1 256.2 256.3 256.4 256.5 Mitchell 1998e, p. 76.
  257. ↑ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 120.
  258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 258.2 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 164.
  259. ↑ Mitchell 1998a, p. 42.
  260. ↑ 260.0 260.1 260.2 260.3 260.4 Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 159.
  261. ↑ Steidl, Annemarie (2003). Auf nach Wien! Die Mobilität des mitteleuropäischen Handwerks im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-7028-0403-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=mWfVTxX-pH4C. Retrieved February 12, 2013. 
  262. ↑ "Statistiken". Statistik.at. https://www.statistik.at/. 

References

Further reading

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=History:Historical_urban_community_sizes&oldid=3218796"