Internal measurement

From HandWiki

The internal measurement refers to the quantum measurement realized by the endo-observer. Quantum measurement represents the action of a measuring device on the measured system. When the measuring device is a part of measured system, the measurement proceeds internally in relation to the whole system. This theory was introduced by Koichiro Matsuno[1] and developed by Yukio-Pegio Gunji.[2] They further expanded the original ideas of Robert Rosen[3] and Howard Pattee[4] on the quantum measurement in living systems viewed as natural internal observers that belong to the same scale of the observed objects.[5] According to Matsuno,[6][7] the internal measurement is accompanied by the redistribution of probabilities that leave them entangled in accordance with the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics by Everett. However, this form of quantum entanglement does not survive in the external measurement in which the mapping to real numbers takes place and the result is revealed in the classical time-space as the Copenhagen interpretation suggests. This means that the internal measurement concept unifies the alternative interpretations of quantum mechanics.

Internal measurement and theoretical biology

The concept of internal measurement is important for theoretical biology as living organisms can be regarded as endo-observers having their internal self-referential encoding.[8][9] The internal measurement leads to an iterative recursive process which appears as the development and evolution of the system where any solution is destined to be relative.[10] The evolutionary increase of complexity becomes possible when the genotype emerges as a system distinct from the phenotype and embedded into it, which separates energy-degenerate rate-independent genetic symbols from the rate-dependent dynamics of construction that they control.[11][12] Evolution in this concept, which is related to autopoiesis, becomes its own cause, a universal property of our world.

Internal measurement and the problem of self

The self can be attributed to the internal quantum state with entangled probabilities. This entanglement can be held for prolonged times in the systems with low dissipation without demolition.[8] According to Matsuno,[13] organisms exploit thermodynamic gradients by acting as heat engines to drastically reduce the effective temperature within macromolecular complexes which can potentially provide the maintenance of long-living coherent states in the microtubules of nervous system.[14] The concept of internal measurement develops the ideas of Schrödinger who suggested in "What is life?"[15] that the nature of the self is quantum mechanical, i.e. the self is attributed to an internal state beyond quantum reduction, which generates emergent events by applying quantum reduction externally and observing it.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Matsuno, K. (1985). "How can quantum mechanics of material evolution be possible?: Symmetry and symmetry-breaking in protobiological evolution" (in en). Biosystems 17 (3): 179–192. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(85)90073-5. PMID 3995159. 
  2. ↑ Gunji, Y.-P. (1995). "Global logic resulting from disequilibration process" (in en). Biosystems 35 (1): 33–62. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(94)01480-U. PMID 7772722. 
  3. ↑ Rosen, R. (1996). "Biology and the measurement problem" (in en). Computers & Chemistry 20 (1): 95–100. doi:10.1016/S0097-8485(96)80011-8. PMID 16749183. 
  4. ↑ Pattee, H. H. (2013). "Epistemic, Evolutionary, and Physical Conditions for Biological Information" (in en). Biosemiotics 6 (1): 9–31. doi:10.1007/s12304-012-9150-8. ISSN 1875-1342. 
  5. ↑ Andrade, E. (2000). "From external to internal measurement: a form theory approach to evolution" (in en). Biosystems 57 (1): 49–62. doi:10.1016/S0303-2647(00)00082-4. PMID 10963865. 
  6. ↑ Matsuno, K. (1995). "Quantum and biological computation" (in en). Biosystems 35 (2–3): 209–212. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(94)01516-A. PMID 7488718. 
  7. ↑ Matsuno, K. (2017). "From quantum measurement to biology via retrocausality" (in en). Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 131: 131–140. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.06.012. PMID 28647644. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Igamberdiev, A. U. (2004). "Quantum computation, non-demolition measurements, and reflective control in living systems" (in en). Biosystems 77 (1–3): 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2004.04.001. PMID 15527945. 
  9. ↑ Igamberdiev, A. U. (2007). "Physical limits of computation and emergence of life" (in en). Biosystems 90 (2): 340–349. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.09.037. PMID 17095146. 
  10. ↑ Gunji, Y.-P.; Ito, K.; Kusunoki, Y. (1997). "Formal model of internal measurement: Alternate changing between recursive definition and domain equation" (in en). Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 110 (3–4): 289–312. doi:10.1016/S0167-2789(97)00126-7. Bibcode: 1997PhyD..110..289G. 
  11. ↑ Pattee, H. H. (2001). "The physics of symbols: bridging the epistemic cut" (in en). Biosystems 60 (1–3): 5–21. doi:10.1016/S0303-2647(01)00104-6. PMID 11325500. 
  12. ↑ Igamberdiev, A. U. (2014). "Time rescaling and pattern formation in biological evolution" (in en). Biosystems 123: 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.03.002. PMID 24690545. 
  13. ↑ Matsuno, K. (2006). "Forming and maintaining a heat engine for quantum biology" (in en). Biosystems 85 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.02.002. PMID 16772129. 
  14. ↑ Hameroff, S.R. (2007). "The Brain Is Both Neurocomputer and Quantum Computer" (in en). Cognitive Science 31 (6): 1035–1045. doi:10.1080/03640210701704004. PMID 21635328. 
  15. ↑ Schrödinger, E. (1944). What is life? The physical aspect of the living cell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0511001142. OCLC 47010639. 



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