Medicine:Attributable fraction for the population

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Short description: Epidemiology statistic
Illustration of the population, with a part exposed to a risk factor. (AFp = 1/9).
A quarter of the population is exposed to a risk factor (radiation hazard sign) and has a higher risk of an adverse outcome (black). In the whole population, one ninth of the adverse outcomes can be attributed to the exposure (AFp = 1/9).

In epidemiology, attributable fraction for the population (AFp) is the proportion of incidents in the population that are attributable to the risk factor. The term attributable risk percent for the population is used if the fraction is expressed as a percentage.[1] It is calculated as [math]\displaystyle{ AF_p = (I_p - I_u)/I_p }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ I_p }[/math] is the incidence in the population, and [math]\displaystyle{ I_u }[/math] is the incidence in the unexposed group.[1]

Equivalently it can be calculated as [math]\displaystyle{ AF_p = \frac{P_e(RR - 1)}{1 + P_e(RR-1)} }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ P_e }[/math]is the exposed proportion of the population and [math]\displaystyle{ RR }[/math] is the relative risk not adjusted for confounders.[1][2]

It is used when an exposure increases the risk, as opposed to reducing it, in which case its symmetrical notion is preventable fraction for the population.

Synonyms

Multiple synonyms of the attributable fraction for the population are in use: attributable proportion for the population,[1] population attributable proportion,[1] Levin's attributable risk,[1] population attributable risk,[2] and population attributable fraction.[3][4]

Similarly, population attributable risk percent (PAR) is used as a synonym for the attributable risk percent for the population.[1][2][5]

Interpretation

Attributable fraction for the population combines both the relative risk of an incident with respect to the factor, as well as the prevalence of the factor in the population. Values of AFp close to 1 indicate that both the relative risk is high, and that the risk factor is prevalent. In such case, removal of the risk factor will greatly reduce the number of the incidents in the population. The values of AFp close to 0, on the other hand, indicate that either the relative risk is low, or that the factor is not prevalent (or both). Removal of such factor from the population will have little effect. Because of this interpretation, AFp is considered useful for guiding public health policy.[6]

For example, in 1953 Levin's paper estimated that lung cancer has a relative risk of 3.6–13.4 in smokers compared to non-smokers, and that the proportion of the population exposed to smoking was 0.5–0.96, resulting in the high AFp value of 0.56–0.92.[6] Recently, it has been shown that the population attributable fraction for anthropogenic risk factors strongly correlates with the number of oncogenic mutations in multiple cancer types, both sexes, and three countries – US, UK and Australia.[7]

Generalizations

Attributable fraction for the population can be generalized to the case where the multilevel exposure to the risk factor. In such case

[math]\displaystyle{ AF_p = \frac{\sum_i P_i RR_i - \sum_i P_i'RR_i}{\sum_i P_i RR_i} }[/math]where [math]\displaystyle{ P_i }[/math]is the proportion of the population exposed to the level [math]\displaystyle{ i }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ P_i' }[/math]is the desired (ideal) proportion of the population exposed to the level [math]\displaystyle{ i }[/math], and [math]\displaystyle{ RR_i }[/math]is the relative risk at exposure level [math]\displaystyle{ i }[/math].[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Porta, Miquel, ed (2014). "A Dictionary of Epidemiology" (in en). Dictionary of Epidemiology - Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001. ISBN 9780199976720. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001/acref-9780199976720. Retrieved 2018-05-09. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Statistical methods in medical research (4th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 2002. pp. 682. ISBN 978-0-470-77366-6. OCLC 646751070. 
  3. ↑ "Use and misuse of population attributable fractions". American Journal of Public Health 88 (1): 15–9. January 1998. doi:10.2105/ajph.88.1.15. PMID 9584027. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Metrics: Population Attributable Fraction (PAF)". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_paf/en/. 
  5. ↑ "Attributable risk percent in case-control studies". British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine 25 (4): 242–4. November 1971. doi:10.1136/jech.25.4.242. PMID 5160433. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Public health methods--attributable risk as a link between causality and public health action". American Journal of Public Health 85 (9): 1202–4. September 1995. doi:10.2105/ajph.85.9.1202. PMID 7661224. 
  7. ↑ Belikov, Aleksey V.; Leonov, Sergey V. (5 January 2022). "Cancer types with high numbers of driver events are largely preventable". PeerJ 10: e12672. doi:10.7717/peerj.12672. PMID 35036090. 



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