Medicine:Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine

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Influenza (Flu)
H1N1 virus
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Since 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued annual recommendations for influenza vaccine formulations. One reformulation of the influenza vaccine is for the Northern Hemisphere, and the other is for the Southern Hemisphere.[1] Both recommendations are trivalent, i.e. featuring three strains.[2]

Since the 2012–2013 season, the WHO recommendations have also included the formulation of an annual quadrivalent vaccine, featuring an additional strain of Influenza B virus.[2]

Due to the widespread use of non-pharmaceutical interventions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the B/Yamagata influenza lineage has not been isolated since March 2020 and may have been eradicated. Starting with the 2024 Southern Hemisphere influenza season, the WHO has recommended removing B/Yamagata from all influenza vaccines.[3][4]

Northern Hemisphere recommended strains

The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage.[2]

NH winter season Influenza A H1N1 Influenza A H3N2 Influenza B Victoria Influenza B Yamagata
1998–1999[5] A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Beijing/184/93-like virus
1999–2000[6] A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus B/Shangdong/7/97-like virus[note 1] B/Beijing/184/93-like virus[note 1]
2000–2001[7] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Beijing/184/93-like virus
2001–2002[8] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus
2002–2003[9] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus N/A
2003–2004[10] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus N/A
2004–2005[11] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus
2005–2006[12] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus
2006–2007[13] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus N/A
2007–2008[14] A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus N/A
2008–2009[15] A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Florida/4/2006-like virus
2009–2010[16] A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus N/A
2010–2011[17] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus N/A
2011–2012[18] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus N/A
2012–2013[19] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09[note 2]-like virus[20] A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus
2013–2014[21] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011[note 3] B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus
2014–2015[22] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus[note 4] B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus
2015–2016[23] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2016–2017[24][25] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2017–2018[26][27] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus[28] A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2018–2019[29][30] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage)
2019–2020[31][32][33] A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage)
2020–2021 egg-based vaccines[34] A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2020–2021 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[34] A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2021–2022 egg-based vaccines[35] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2021–2022 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[35] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022–2023 egg-based vaccines[36] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022–2023 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[36] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023–2024 egg-based vaccines[37][38] A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023–2024 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[37][38] A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus

Southern Hemisphere recommended strains

The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Southern Hemisphere influenza season.

SH winter season Influenza A H1N1 Influenza A H3N2 Influenza B Victoria Influenza B Yamagata
1999[39] A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Beijing/184/93-like virus
2000[40] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus B/Shangdong/7/97-like virus[note 1] B/Beijing/184/93-like virus[note 1]
2001[41] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus
2002[42] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus
2003[43] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus N/A
2004[44] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virus B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus N/A
2005[45] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Wellington/1/2004 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus
2006[46] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-like virus B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus N/A
2007[47] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus N/A
2008[48] A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Florida/4/2006-like virus
2009[49] A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus N/A B/Florida/4/2006-like virus
2010[50] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus N/A
2011[51] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus N/A
2012[52] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09[note 2]-like virus[20] A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus N/A
2013[53] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus
2014[54] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus[note 4] B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus
2015[55] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2016[56] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2017[57][58] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus[28] A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2018[59][60] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2019[61][62] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Switzerland/8060/2017 (H3N2)-like virus B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage) B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage)
2020[63][64] A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/South Australia/34/2019 (H3N2)-like virus B/Washington/02/2019-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus B/Phuket/3073/2013-like (B/Yamagata lineage) virus
2021 egg-based vaccines[65] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2021 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[65] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022 egg-based vaccines[66] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[66] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023 egg-based vaccines[67] A/Sydney/5/2021 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[67] A/Sydney/5/2021 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2024 egg-based vaccines[4] A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Thailand/8/2022 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2024 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines[4] A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus A/Massachusetts/18/2022 (H3N2)-like virus B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The recommendation was for either the B/Victoria or the B/Yamagata strain.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 (H1N1)pdm09 is newer nomenclature for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, not a different strain.
  3. ↑ It is recommended that A/Texas/50/2012 is used as the A(H3N2) vaccine component because of antigenic changes in earlier A/Victoria/361/2011-like vaccine viruses (such as IVR-165) resulting from adaptation to propagation in eggs.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 A/Texas/50/2012 is an A(H3N2) virus that following adaptation to growth in eggs has maintained antigenic properties similar to the majority of recently circulating cell-propagated A(H3N2) viruses including A/Victoria/361/2011.

References

  1. ↑ WHO report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/2000.1. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/66485/WHO_CDS_CSR_ISR_2000.1.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rudenko, L; Kiseleva, I; Krutikova, E; Stepanova, E; Rekstin, A; Donina, S et al. (2018-12-03). "Rationale for vaccination with trivalent or quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines: Protective vaccine efficacy in the ferret model". PLoS One 13 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208028. PMID 30507951. 
  3. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (2023-09-29). "WHO advisers recommend switch back to trivalent flu vaccines". Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-vaccines/who-advisers-recommend-switch-back-trivalent-flu-vaccines. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2024 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 2023-09-29. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2024-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  5. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere November 1998-April 1999". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index23.html. 
  6. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: November 1999 to April 2000". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index21.html. 
  7. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2000-2001". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index19.html. 
  8. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2001-2002". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index17.html. 
  9. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2002-2003". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index15.html. 
  10. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2003-2004". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index13.html. 
  11. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2004-2005". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index11.html. 
  12. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2005-2006". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index9.html. 
  13. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2006-2007". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index7.html. 
  14. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2007-2008". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index5.html. 
  15. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2008-2009". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index3.html. 
  16. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2009-2010". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index1.html. 
  17. ↑ "Recommended viruses for influenza vaccines for use in the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2010-2011-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  18. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2011-2012 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2011-2012-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  19. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2012-2013 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2012-2013-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/wer/2011/wer8643.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013-2014 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2013-2014-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  22. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2014-2015-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  23. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2015-2016 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2015-2016-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  24. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016-2017 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2016-2017-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  25. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016–2017 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 91 (10): 121–32. March 2016. PMID 26971356. 
  26. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017-2018 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2017-2018-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  27. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017–2018 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 92 (11): 117–28. March 2017. PMID 28303704. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "WHO switches H1N1 in Southern Hemisphere flu vaccine". 29 September 2016. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/09/who-switches-h1n1-southern-hemisphere-flu-vaccine. "A/Michigan/45/2015 replaces the longstanding A/California/7/2009 and is recommended to improve protection against two subclades that have emerged over the past season." 
  29. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018-2019 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2018-2019-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  30. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018–2019 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (12): 133–41. March 2018. PMID 29569429. 
  31. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019-2020 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2019-2020-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  32. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019–2020 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 94 (12): 141–50. March 2019. 
  33. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020-2021 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2020-2021-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  34. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2021-2022 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2021-2022-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  35. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2022-2023 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 25 February 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2022-2023-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  36. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2023-2024 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 February 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2023-2024-northern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  37. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Influenza Vaccine for the 2023-2024 Season". 3 March 2022. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/lot-release/influenza-vaccine-2023-2024-season. 
  38. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere 1999". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index22.html. 
  39. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: May–October 2000". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index20.html. 
  40. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: May–October 2001". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index18.html. 
  41. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2002". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index16.html. 
  42. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2003". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index14.html. 
  43. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2004". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index12.html. 
  44. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2005". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index10.html. 
  45. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2006". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index8.html. 
  46. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2007". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index6.html. 
  47. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2008". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index4.html. 
  48. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2009". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index2.html. 
  49. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2010". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index.html. 
  50. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2011 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2011-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  51. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2012 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2012-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  52. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2013-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  53. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2014-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  54. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2015 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2015-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  55. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2016-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  56. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 29 September 2016. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2017-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  57. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 91 (41): 469–84. October 2016. PMID 27758094. 
  58. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 28 September 2017. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2018-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  59. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 92 (42): 625–33. October 2017. PMID 29052409. 
  60. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 27 September 2018. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2019-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  61. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (42): 553–62. October 2018. 
  62. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 27 September 2019. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2020-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  63. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record 94 (42): 473–84. October 2019. 
  64. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2021 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 25 September 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2021-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  65. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2022 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 September 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2022-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 
  66. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2023 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 23 September 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2023-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season. 



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