Organization:Outcomes Research Consortium

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Short description: International clinical research group
Outcomes Research
TypeNon-profit organization
GenreClinical Research
FounderDr. Daniel I. Sessler
Headquarters
Cleveland
,
United States
Number of locations
Dublin, Tel Aviv, Vienna, Melbourne, Kyoto, Beijing, Shanghai, and Dallas
Key people
Daniel I. Sessler MD, M. Alparslan Turan MD and Andrea Kurz MD
Websitehttp://or.org

The Outcomes Research Consortium (stylized as OUTCOMES RESEARCH) [1] is an international clinical research group that focuses on the perioperative period (during and after surgery), along with critical care and pain management.[2][3] The Consortium's aim is to improve the quality of care for surgical, critical care, and chronic pain patients and to "Provide the evidence for evidence-based practice."[4] Members of the Consortium are especially interested in testing simple, low-risk, and inexpensive treatments that have the potential to markedly improve patients' surgical experiences.

The 25-year anniversary of the Consortium and its accomplishments were celebrated in an editorial in Anesthesiology.[5] The editorial starts:

Imagine a research group made up of more than 100 members working both independently and collaboratively across many countries having no legal standing, no bank account, and loosely organized, but devoted to the goal of improving health care through the understanding of the results of health care practices. Furthermore, imagine that members of this organization have published more than 900 full journal articles since its inception and publish a new full paper every 5 days. It may be hard to believe that such a unique organization exists, but it does. It is known as the Outcomes Research Consortium.

History

The Outcomes Research Group was formed in 1990 at the University of California San Francisco, and thus celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2015. The Consortium now includes about 130 university-based investigators at more than 20 hospitals in 10 countries. The primary requirement for membership is ongoing active collaboration with Consortium members. It is by far the world's largest and most productive clinical anesthesia research group. The Consortium's administrative center is the Department of Outcomes Research in the Anesthesiology Institute at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The director is Daniel I. Sessler, MD and the associate director is Andrea Kurz, MD.

The Consortium differs from many organizations in not being a society, association, or foundation. Nor it is a company. In fact, the Consortium does not legally exist. A consequence is that grant funding always flows directly to members' institutions, an intentionally unusual structure designed to prevent members from having perceived conflicts of commitment between the Consortium and their academic institutions.

Research highlights

The or.org website showcases journal covers with affiliated research on this page: "Journal Covers". http://or.org/journal_covers.html. 

The Consortium coordinates more than 100 clinical studies, including large multi-center outcome studies. Among the Consortium's more than 900 full papers, about 200 papers were in Anesthesiology and a comparable number were in Anesthesia & Analgesia; well over a dozen were published in The New England Journal of Medicine or The Lancet. The Consortium's papers have been cited about 30,000 times. Since 2008, nineteen [6] of the Consortium's articles have been features on the covers of Anesthesiology or Anesthesia & Analgesia.

Consortium members were among the first anesthesia investigators to conduct large-scale outcome trials.[7][8] That is, randomized trials with meaningful "hard" primary outcomes. Large outcome trials remain a focus for the group.[9][10][11][12] They were also among the first anesthesia investigators to conduct large-scale registry research.[13][14]

Taking advantage of dense interconnected registries at the Cleveland Clinic, along with half-a-dozen national databases, the group has conducted hundreds of cohort, case-control, and health policy analyses.[15][16][17] For example, they have developed several accurate risk-stratification models which permit accurate comparisons across divergent patient groups (i.e., risk-adjusted comparisons amongst hospitals).[18][19]

Temperature regulation during surgery

Body temperature is normally tightly regulated to about 37 °C (98.6 °F), with women being slightly warmer than men. [20] [21] [22] The Consortium is perhaps best known for perioperative thermoregulation, with members having published far more on the subject than all other investigators combined.[23]

In a series of several hundred studies, for example, Consortium members identified dose-dependent effects of every major anesthetic [24] [25] and sedative [26] [27] [28] [29] on thermoregulatory control, and consequent alterations in heat balance. [30] [31] [32] Impaired temperature control, combined with a cold operating room environment, makes most unwarmed surgical patients hypothermic by 1-3 °C. [33] [34] In contrast, patients warmed with forced-air are usually normothermic by the end of surgery. [35]

Randomized trials by the Consortium have shown that just a 1-2 °C reduction in body temperature markedly increases the risk of wound infection,[7] prolongs recovery and hospitalization, [36] increases blood loss and transfusion requirement, [37] and slows drug metabolism. [38] [39] [40] [41]

Because hypothermia causes so many serious complications, The Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) and Physicians Quality Forum have each made perioperative normothermia an outcome measure for hospital quality.[42] Consortium thermoregulatory research has been covered by the Cleveland Plain Dealer, [43] the Philadelphia Inquirer, Reuters Health, and United Press International.

Red hair and anesthesia

Findings on the relationship between red hair and anesthesia were covered by National Geographic

150 years after their discovery, how anesthetic gases work remains unknown. They work well in all mammals, rodents, insects, worms, fish, bacteria, and even plants.[44] The dose required in various species doesn't differ much from the dose in humans. In non-human species, there are distinct genetic characteristics that clearly influence anesthetic sensitivity. But until recently, no genetic factors were known to influence anesthetic requirement in humans. In a series of studies, Consortium members have shown that the effective dose of anesthetic gases is about 20% greater in natural redheads than in people with other hair colors.[45][46]

Red hair results from a mutation of the melanocortin-1 receptor. The Consortium's results thus indicate that something about this receptor influences anesthetic action. Red hair was the first phenotype (physically apparent characteristics linked to a genetic mutation) linked to anesthetic requirement in humans, and remains the only one. Consortium research on red hair and anesthetic requirement has been covered by the San Francisco Examiner,[47] The Globe and Mail,[48] Reader's Digest,[49] and National Geographic.[50]

In further research, members of the Consortium found that redheads are resistant to local anesthetics.[51] Consequently, they are more likely to suffer pain during dental procedures — and are therefore reluctant to receive needed dental care.[52] Consortium research on red hair and dental avoidance has been covered by Macleans,[53] the Boston Herald,[54] and The New York Times.[55]

Postoperative Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery (MINS)

The Consortium routinely collaborates with the two other large anesthesia trial groups: 1) the Population Health Research Institute[56] (PJ Devereaux); and 2) the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Trials Network[57] (Paul Myles and Kate Leslie). In a series of huge trials, the groups have shown that perioperative myocardial injury is common, clinically silent, deadly — and hard to prevent. The Population Health Research Institute and Consortium dubbed this phenomenon, first described in the landmark 2012 VISION Study, as Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery, or MINS.[58]

All-cause one-month mortality after non-cardiac surgery is about 1%; amongst inpatients, it is about 2%. In fact, if the postoperative period were considered a distinct disease, it would be the third leading cause of death in the United States. [59] The leading cause of unexpected death after otherwise routine surgery is myocardial infarction. Worldwide, 9% of surgical inpatients over the age of 45 years have a postoperative myocardial infarction — making infarctions by far the leading cause of unexpected death after otherwise routine surgery. [60] Only 15% of postoperative infarctions present with chest pain, and 65% are entirely clinically silent which means that they will not be detected without routine blood testing for troponin (a sensitive biomarker for myocardial injury). Thirty-day mortality in patients with elevated postoperative troponin (with or without symptoms) is 10% which represents a factor-of-five increase. [61]

The number-needed-to-test to detect postoperative infarctions that would otherwise be missed is roughly 1/(9%-2%) = 14 patients. This is a much smaller number than for many other tests we do routinely for conditions that are far less deadly. Consistent with this logic, the current Universal Definition of MI guidelines recommends: "Routine monitoring of cardiac biomarkers in high-risk patients after major surgery is therefore recommended." [62] Although how perioperative myocardial infarctions should be treated remains under active investigation, it is nonetheless well worth monitoring troponin to screen for infarctions because the prognosis is poor, and infarctions represent opportunities to make sure blood pressure, heart rate, and lipids are controlled. They are also an opportunity for life-style guidance, including recommendations related to smoking cessation, exercise, and diet.

How to prevent postoperative myocardial injury remains unknown. Beta blockers prevent myocardial infarctions, but at the cost of devastating strokes. [63] Avoiding nitrous oxide does not prevent infarctions, but also does no harm. [12] Aspirin also does not prevent infarctions, while promoting serious surgical bleeding.: [64] Clonidine does not prevent infarctions, while promoting serious hypotension. [65] And neither prevents acute kidney injury. [66] How to prevent perioperative myocardial injury remains under active investigation, but preventing hypotension may help. [67][68] The Consortium's work in this area was summarized in the New England Journal of Medicine. [69]

Acute and persistent surgical pain

About a hundred Consortium studies evaluate aspects of acute pain including peripheral nerve blocks and multimodal analgesia; the group is now especially interested in persistent incisional pain. Persistent pain after surgery is surprisingly common, with 10-20% of patients reporting pain 6 or 12 months after surgery. After high risk operations such as hernia repair, mastectomy, and thoracotomy, the reported risk is up to 50%. [70] Pain that persists at 12 months is often permanent, and many patients with pain report that it significantly interferes with their lives. Persistent incisional pain is notoriously difficult to treat.

What causes acute surgical pain to become persistent remains unclear. However, it seems likely to result from some combination of local tissue injury, inflammation, and abnormal activation of excitatory pain pathways. How to prevent, much less treat persistent pain remains unknown. [71] About a dozen current Consortium studies address this major public health issue.

Other research areas

Major ongoing initiatives for the consortium include acute[72][73] and chronic[74][75] pain management, automative or continuous vital sign monitoring,[76][77] fluid management,[78][79] control of the surgical stress response. [80] A recent study shows that inadequate oxygenation after surgery is surprisingly common, severe, and long-lasting. [81]

A particular interest of the group is long-term outcomes of anesthetic management. While the effects of anesthesia have traditionally been considered to dissipate within hours of surgery, there is increasing evidence that anesthetic management may alter patient outcomes weeks, months, or even years after surgery.[82] For example, unlikely as it might seem, there is strong basic science and animal evidence suggesting the regional analgesia (such as spinal and epidural blocks, or paravertebral nerve blocks) might reduce the risk of recurrence after potentially curative cancer surgery. [83] The Consortium is currently conducting several large randomized trials of regional analgesia and cancer recurrence.

Outcomes Research statisticians routinely publish methodology articles, and their analyses set standards for statistical approaches throughout the specialty. [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] Furthermore, the group has also developed entirely new research methods including alternating intervention studies [90] and automated trials coordinated by background decision support systems with completely electronic data acquisition — both being novel approaches to large-scale research. Consortium members also write about conduct of clinical research, and research directions. [91] [92]

Consortium sites

Site directors administer the most active Consortium affiliates at universities in Dublin, Tel Aviv, Vienna, Melbourne, Kyoto, Beijing, Shanghai, Hamburg, Hamilton, and Dallas.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Outcomes Research Consortium: Organizational Structure". http://or.org/structure.htm. 
  2. ↑ Knight, Will (2002-10-15). "Red heads suffer more pain". New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd.. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509034636/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2923-red-heads-suffer-more-pain.html. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  3. ↑ Park, Madison (2009-07-31). "Study: Redheads' extra pain may cause fear of dentists". CNN Health. Cable News Network. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/07/30/redhead.pain.dentist/. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  4. ↑ "Outcomes Research Consortium: About". Outcomes Research Consortium. http://www.or.org/about.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-01. "By linking the care people get to the outcomes they experience, outcomes research has become the key to developing better ways to monitor and improve the quality of care." 
  5. ↑ Henry Rosenberg, M.D. (December 2015). "Outcomes Research Consortium's 25th Anniversary". Anesthesiology 123 (6): 1233–1234. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000864. PMID 26448467. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Outcomes Research Consortium". http://or.org/journal_covers.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Study of wound infections and temperature group. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization.". N Engl J Med 334 (19): 1209–15. April 1996. doi:10.1056/NEJM199605093341901. PMID 8606715. 
  8. ↑ Greif R; Akça O; Horn E-P; Kurz A; Sessler DI; Outcomes Research™ Group (January 2000). "Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical wound infection". N Engl J Med 342 (19): 161–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001203420303. PMID 10639541. 
  9. ↑ "A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting". N Engl J Med 350 (24): 2441–51. June 2004. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032196. PMID 15190136. 
  10. ↑ "Selective postoperative inhibition of gastrointestinal opioid receptors". N Engl J Med 345 (13): 935–40. September 2001. doi:10.1056/nejmoa010564. PMID 11575284. 
  11. ↑ "Nitrous oxide and risk of surgical wound infection: a randomised trial". Lancet 366 (9491): 1101–7. September 2005. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67422-3. PMID 16182898. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Myles PS, Leslie K, Chan MT, Forbes A, Peyton PJ, Paech MJ, Beattie WS, Sessler DI, Devereaux PJ, Silbert B, Schricker T, Wallace S, ANZCA Trials Group for the ENIGMA-II investigators (August 2014). "The safety of addition of nitrous oxide to general anaesthesia in at-risk patients having major non-cardiac surgery (ENIGMA-II): a randomised, single-blind trial.". Lancet 384 (9952): 1446–54. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60893-x. PMID 25142708. 
  13. ↑ "Duration of red-cell storage and complications after cardiac surgery". N Engl J Med 358 (12): 1229–39. March 2008. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070403. PMID 18354101. 
  14. ↑ "Operation timing does not affect outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery". Anesthesiology 111 (4): 785–9. October 2009. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b6a50c. PMID 20029251. 
  15. ↑ "Intraoperative transitions of anesthesia care and postoperative adverse outcomes". Anesthesiology 121 (4): 695–706. 2014. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000401. PMID 25102312. 
  16. ↑ "Incidence of intraoperative hypersensitivity reactions: a registry analysis". Anesthesiology 122 (3): 551–9. 2015. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000529. PMID 25437495. 
  17. ↑ "The association between preoperative anemia and 30-day mortality and morbidity in noncardiac surgical patients". Anesth Analg 117 (4): 909–15. 2013. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31828b347d. PMID 23492966. 
  18. ↑ "Impact of present-on-admission indicators on risk-adjusted hospital mortality measurement". Anesthesiology 118 (6): 1298–306. 2013. doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31828e12b3. PMID 23503367. 
  19. ↑ "Development and validation of a risk quantification index for 30-day postoperative mortality and morbidity in noncardiac surgical patients". Anesthesiology 114 (6): 1336–44. 2011. doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e318219d5f9. PMID 21519230. 
  20. ↑ Lopez M; Sessler DI; Walter K; Emerick T; Ozaki M. (April 1994). "Rate and gender dependence of the sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering thresholds in humans.". Anesthesiology 80 (4): 780–8. doi:10.1097/00000542-199404000-00009. PMID 8024131. 
  21. ↑ "Enflurane anesthesia and circadian temperature cycles in humans (abstract)". Anesthesiology 77: A193. 1992. doi:10.1097/00000542-199209001-00193. 
  22. ↑ Tayefeh F; Plattner O; Sessler DI; Ikeda T; Marder D. (February 1998). "Circadian changes in the sweating-to-vasoconstriction interthreshold range". Pflügers Arch 435 (3): 402–6. doi:10.1007/s004240050530. PMID 9426297. 
  23. ↑ Sessler DI (January 2013). "The thermoregulation story". Anesthesiology 118 (1): 181–6. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182784df3. PMID 23221865. 
  24. ↑ "Propofol linearly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds". Anesthesiology 82 (5): 1169–80. 1995. doi:10.1097/00000542-199505000-00012. PMID 7741292. 
  25. ↑ "Isoflurane produces marked and non-linear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds". Anesthesiology 85 (2): 240–5. 1996. doi:10.1097/00000542-199608000-00003. PMID 8712437. 
  26. ↑ "Tramadol reduces the sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering thresholds". Anesth Analg 87 (1): 173–9. 1998. doi:10.1213/00000539-199807000-00036. PMID 9661569. 
  27. ↑ "Midazolam minimally impairs thermoregulatory control". Anesth Analg 81 (2): 393–8. 1995. doi:10.1213/00000539-199508000-00032. PMID 7618734. 
  28. ↑ "Alfentanil slightly increases the sweating threshold and markedly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds". Anesthesiology 83 (2): 293–9. 1995. doi:10.1097/00000542-199508000-00009. PMID 7631951. 
  29. ↑ "Meperidine decreases the shivering threshold twice as much as the vasoconstriction threshold". Anesthesiology 86 (5): 1046–54. 1997. doi:10.1097/00000542-199705000-00007. PMID 9158353. 
  30. ↑ "Heat flow and distribution during epidural anesthesia". Anesthesiology 83 (5): 961–7. 1995. doi:10.1097/00000542-199511000-00008. PMID 7486181. 
  31. ↑ "Heat flow and distribution during induction of general anesthesia". Anesthesiology 82 (3): 662–73. 1995. doi:10.1097/00000542-199503000-00008. PMID 7879935. 
  32. ↑ "Heat balance and distribution during the core-temperature plateau in anesthetized humans". Anesthesiology 83 (3): 491–9. 1995. doi:10.1097/00000542-199509000-00007. PMID 7661349. 
  33. ↑ "Forced-air warming maintains intraoperative normothermia better than circulating-water mattresses". Anesth Analg 77 (1): 89–95. 1993. doi:10.1213/00000539-199307000-00018. PMID 8317754. 
  34. ↑ "Intraoperative warming therapies: A comparison of three devices". J Clin Anesth 4 (3): 194–9. 1992. doi:10.1016/0952-8180(92)90064-8. PMID 1610573. 
  35. ↑ "Intraoperative core temperature patterns, transfusion requirement, and hospital duration in patients warmed with forced air". Anesthesiology 122 (2): 276–85. 2015. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000551. PMID 25603202. 
  36. ↑ Lenhardt R; Marker E; Goll V; Tschernich H; Kurz A; Sessler DI; Narzt E; Lackner F. (December 1997). "Mild intraoperative hypothermia prolongs postanesthetic recovery.". Anesthesiology 87 (6): 1318–23. doi:10.1097/00000542-199712000-00009. PMID 9416715. 
  37. ↑ Rajagopalan S; Mascha E; Na J; Sessler DI. (January 2008). "The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement: a meta-analysis.". Anesthesiology 108 (1): 71–7. doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000296719.73450.52. PMID 18156884. 
  38. ↑ "Mild hypothermia alters propofol pharmacokinetics and increases the duration of action of atracurium". Anesth Analg 80 (5): 1007–14. 1995. doi:10.1213/00000539-199505000-00027. PMID 7726398. 
  39. ↑ "The effect of local surface and central cooling on adductor pollicis twitch tension during nitrous oxide/isoflurane and nitrous oxide/fentanyl anesthesia in humans". Anesthesiology 72 (5): 807–11. 1990. doi:10.1097/00000542-199005000-00006. PMID 2160207. 
  40. ↑ "Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases duration of action and spontaneous recovery of vecuronium blockade during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in humans". Anesthesiology 74 (5): 815–9. 1991. doi:10.1097/00000542-199105000-00003. PMID 1673591. 
  41. ↑ "The influence of mild hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and time course of action of neostigmine in anesthetized volunteers". Anesthesiology 97 (1): 90–5. 2002. doi:10.1097/00000542-200207000-00013. PMID 12131108. 
  42. ↑ Hypothermia
  43. ↑ Kaye Spector (23 March 2010). Warm wakeup from surgery has roots. http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2010/03/warm_wakeup_from_surgery_has_r.html. Retrieved 2010-09-19. 
  44. ↑ "Plant anesthesia supports similarities between animals and plants: Claude Bernard's forgotten studies.". Plant Signal Behav 9 (1): e27886. 2014-01-29. doi:10.4161/psb.27886. PMID 24476640. 
  45. ↑ "Women with red hair report a slightly increased rate of bruising but have normal coagulation tests.". Anesth Analg 102 (1): 313–8. 2006. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000180769.51576.cd. PMID 16368849. 
  46. ↑ "Anesthetic requirement is increased in redheads.". Anesthesiology 101 (2): 279–83. August 2004. doi:10.1097/00000542-200408000-00006. PMID 15277908. 
  47. ↑ "Outcomes Research Consortium: OR in the News". http://www.or.org/news/sfe_10_2002.htm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  48. ↑ "Outcomes Research Consortium: OR in the News". http://www.or.org/news/gam_10_2002.htm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  49. ↑ "Outcomes Research Consortium: OR in the News". http://www.or.org/news/rd_1_2003.htm. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  50. ↑ "June 2014". https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2014/06/. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  51. ↑ "Increased sensitivity to thermal pain and reduced subcutaneous lidocaine efficacy in redheads.". Anesthesiology 102 (3): 509–14. March 2005. doi:10.1097/00000542-200503000-00006. PMID 15731586. 
  52. ↑ "Genetic variations associated with red hair color and fear of dental pain, anxiety regarding dental care and avoidance of dental care.". J Am Dent Assoc 140 (7): 896–905. July 2009. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0283. PMID 19571053. PMC 2740987. http://jada.ada.org/cgi/content/full/140/7/896. Retrieved 2010-09-18. 
  53. ↑ "Redheads feel more pain". https://www.macleans.ca/general/redheads-feel-more-pain/. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  54. ↑ Fargen, Jessica (16 August 2009). "Docs: Treat sensitive redheads gingerly". https://www.bostonherald.com/2009/08/16/docs-treat-sensitive-redheads-gingerly/. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  55. ↑ Parker-Pope, Tara (6 August 2009). "The Pain of Being a Redhead". https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/06/the-pain-of-being-a-redhead/. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  56. ↑ "PHRI - Population Health Research Institute". http://www.phri.ca/. Retrieved 25 June 2019. 
  57. ↑ "ANZCA Clinical Trials Network — ANZCA". http://www.anzca.edu.au/fellows/Research/clinical-trials-network.html. 
  58. ↑ Vascular Events In Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation (VISION) Study Investigators et al. (2012-06-06). "Association Between Postoperative Troponin Levels and 30-Day Mortality Among Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery" (in en). JAMA 307 (21): 2295–2304. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5502. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 22706835. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1172044. 
  59. ↑ "Perioperative organ injury". Anesthesiology 119 (6): 1474–89. 2013. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000022. PMID 24126264. 
  60. ↑ The Vascular Events In Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation (VISION) Study Investigators (2012). "Association between postoperative troponin levels and 30-day mortality among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery". JAMA 307 (21): 2295–304. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5502. PMID 22706835. 
  61. ↑ The Vascular Events In Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation (VISION) Study Investigators (2014). "Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: A large, international, prospective cohort study establishing diagnostic criteria, characteristics, predictors, and 30-day outcomes". Anesthesiology 120 (3): 564–78. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000113. PMID 24534856. 
  62. ↑ "Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction". Circulation 126 (16): 2020–35. 2012. doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31826e1058. PMID 22923432. 
  63. ↑ "Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 371 (9627): 1839–47. 2008. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60601-7. PMID 18479744. 
  64. ↑ Devereaux PJ, Mrkobrada M, Sessler DI, Leslie K, Alonso-Coello P, Kurz A, Villar JC, Sigamani A, Biccard BM, Meyhoff CS, Parlow JL, Guyatt G, Robinson A, Garg AX, Rodseth RN, Botto F, Lurati Buse G, Xavier D, Chan MT, Tiboni M, Cook D, Kumar PA, Forget P, Malaga G, Fleischmann E, Amir M, Eikelboom J, Mizera R, Torres D, Wang CY, VanHelder T, Paniagua P, Berwanger O, Srinathan S, Graham M, Pasin L, Le Manach Y, Gao P, Pogue J, Whitlock R, Lamy A, Kearon C, Baigent C, Chow C, Pettit S, Chrolavicius S, Yusuf S, Poise-2 Investigators (2014). "Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery". N Engl J Med 370 (16): 1494–503. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401105. PMID 24679062. 
  65. ↑ Devereaux PJ, Sessler DI, Leslie K, Kurz A, Mrkobrada M, Alonso-Coello P, Villar JC, Sigamani A, Biccard BM, Meyhoff CS, Parlow JL, Guyatt G, Robinson A, Garg AX, Rodseth RN, Botto F, Lurati Buse G, Xavier D, Chan MT, Tiboni M, Cook D, Kumar PA, Forget P, Malaga G, Fleischmann E, Amir M, Eikelboom J, Mizera R, Torres D, Wang CY, Vanhelder T, Paniagua P, Berwanger O, Srinathan S, Graham M, Pasin L, Le Manach Y, Gao P, Pogue J, Whitlock R, Lamy A, Kearon C, Chow C, Pettit S, Chrolavicius S, Yusuf S, Poise-2 Investigators (2014). "Clonidine in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery". N Engl J Med 370 (16): 1504–13. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1401106. PMID 24679061. 
  66. ↑ Garg AX, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Cuerden M, Robinson A, Mrkobrada M, Parikh CR, Mizera R, Jones PM, Tiboni M, Font A, Cegarra V, Gomez MF, Meyhoff CS, VanHelder T, Chan MT, Torres D, Parlow J, Clanchet Mde N, Amir M, Bidgoli SJ, Pasin L, Martinsen K, Malaga G, Myles P, Acedillo R, Roshanov PS, Walsh M, Dresser G, Kumar P, Fleischmann E, Villar JC, Painter T, Biccard B, Bergese S, Srinathan S, Cata JP, Chan V, Mehra B, Wijeysundera DN, Leslie K, Forget P, Whitlock R, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ, Poise-2 Investigators (2014). "Perioperative aspirin and clonidine and risk of acute kidney injury: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA 312 (21): 2254–64. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.15284. PMID 25399007. 
  67. ↑ "Intraoperative mean arterial pressure variability and 30-day mortality in patients having noncardiac surgery". Anesthesiology 123 (1): 79–91. 2015. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000686. PMID 25929547. 
  68. ↑ "Concurrence of Intraoperative Hypotension, Low Minimum Alveolar Concentration, and Low Bispectral Index Is Associated with Postoperative Death.". Anesthesiology 123 (4): 775–785. 2015. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000822. PMID 26267244. 
  69. ↑ P.J. Devereaux, M.D.; Daniel I. Sessler, M.D. (December 3, 2015). "Cardiac Complications in Patients Undergoing Major Noncardiac Surgery". New England Journal of Medicine 373 (23): 2258–2269. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1502824. PMID 26630144. 
  70. ↑ "Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention". Lancet 367 (9522): 1618–25. 2006. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68700-x. PMID 16698416. 
  71. ↑ de Oliveira GS Jr.; Bialek JM; Turan A; McCarthy RJ; Sessler DI (2015). "Perioperative dexamethasone and the development of chronic postmastectomy pain: A single-center observational cohort study". Reg Anesth Pain Med 40 (5): 539–44. doi:10.1097/aap.0000000000000301. PMID 26263077. 
  72. ↑ "Thoracic paravertebral regional anesthesia improves analgesia after breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled multicentre clinical trial". Can J Anaesth 62 (3): 241–51. March 2015. doi:10.1007/s12630-014-0285-8. PMID 25480319. 
  73. ↑ "Continuous adductor canal versus continuous femoral nerve blocks: Relative effects on discharge readiness following unicompartment knee arthroplasty". Reg Anesth Pain Med 40 (5): 559–67. September–October 2015. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000279. PMID 26115189. 
  74. ↑ de Oliveira GS Jr.; Bialek JM; Turan A; McCarthy RJ; Sessler DI (September–October 2015). "Perioperative dexamethasone and the development of chronic postmastectomy pain: A single-center observational cohort study.". Reg Anesth Pain Med 40 (5): 539–44. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000301. PMID 26263077. 
  75. ↑ "Intrathecal ketorolac does not improve acute or chronic pain after hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial.". Journal of Anesthesia 28 (5): 790–3. October 2014. doi:10.1007/s00540-014-1798-6. PMID 24535482. 
  76. ↑ Sessler, Daniel I.; Saugel, Bernd (March 2019). "Beyond 'failure to rescue': the time has come for continuous ward monitoring". British Journal of Anaesthesia 122 (3): 304–306. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.003. ISSN 1471-6771. PMID 30770047. 
  77. ↑ Saugel, Bernd; Reese, Philip C.; Sessler, Daniel I.; Burfeindt, Christian; Nicklas, Julia Y.; Pinnschmidt, Hans O.; Reuter, Daniel A.; Südfeld, Stefan (July 2019). "Automated Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements and Intraoperative Hypotension in Patients Having Noncardiac Surgery with General Anesthesia: A Prospective Observational Study". Anesthesiology 131 (1): 74–83. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002703. ISSN 1528-1175. PMID 30998509. 
  78. ↑ "Goal-directed colloid administration improves the microcirculation of healthy and perianastomotic colon". Anesthesiology 110 (3): 496–504. March 2009. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819841f6. PMID 19225390. 
  79. ↑ "Supplemental intravenous crystalloid administration does not reduce the risk of surgical wound infection". Anesth Analg 101 (5): 1546–53. November 2005. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000180217.57952.fe. PMID 16244030. 
  80. ↑ "Dexamethasone, light anaesthesia, and tight glucose control (DeLiT) randomized controlled trial". Br J Anaesth 111 (2): 209–21. 2013. doi:10.1093/bja/aet050. PMID 23539236. 
  81. ↑ "Postoperative hypoxemia Is common and persistent: A prospective blinded observational study". Anesth Analg 121 (3): 709–15. 2015. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000000836. PMID 26287299. 
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  89. ↑ "Joint hypothesis testing and gatekeeping procedures for studies with multiple endpoints". Anesth Analg 114 (6): 1304–17. 2012. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3182504435. PMID 22556210. 
  90. ↑ "Effects of volatile anesthetic choice on hospital length-of-stay: A retrospective study and a prospective trial". Anesthesiology 119 (1): 61–70. 2013. doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e318295262a. PMID 23619173. 
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  92. ↑ "Departmental and institutional strategies for reducing fraud in clinical research.". Anesth Analg 115 (2): 474–6. 2012. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3182580cbb. PMID 22826524. 

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