Physics:6-j symbol

Jucys diagram for the Wigner 6-j symbol. The plus sign on the nodes indicate an anticlockwise reading of its surrounding lines. Due to its symmetries, there are many ways in which the diagram can be drawn. An equivalent configuration can be created by taking its mirror image and thus changing the pluses to minuses.

Wigner's 6-j symbols were introduced by Eugene Paul Wigner in 1940 and published in 1965. They are defined as a sum over products of four Wigner 3-j symbols,

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} = \sum_{m_1, \dots, m_6} (-1)^{\sum_{k = 1}^6 (j_k - m_k)} \begin{pmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ -m_1 & -m_2 & -m_3 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} j_1 & j_5 & j_6\\ m_1 & -m_5 & m_6 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} j_4 & j_2 & j_6\\ m_4 & m_2 & -m_6 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} j_4 & j_5 & j_3\\ -m_4 & m_5 & m_3 \end{pmatrix} . }[/math]

The summation is over all six m_i allowed by the selection rules of the 3-j symbols.

They are closely related to the Racah W-coefficients, which are used for recoupling 3 angular momenta, although Wigner 6-j symbols have higher symmetry and therefore provide a more efficient means of storing the recoupling coefficients. Their relationship is given by:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} = (-1)^{j_1 + j_2 + j_4 + j_5} W(j_1 j_2 j_5 j_4; j_3 j_6). }[/math]

Symmetry relations

The 6-j symbol is invariant under any permutation of the columns:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} j_2 & j_1 & j_3\\ j_5 & j_4 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_3 & j_2\\ j_4 & j_6 & j_5 \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} j_3 & j_2 & j_1\\ j_6 & j_5 & j_4 \end{Bmatrix} = \cdots }[/math]

The 6-j symbol is also invariant if upper and lower arguments are interchanged in any two columns:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} j_4 & j_5 & j_3\\ j_1 & j_2 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_5 & j_6\\ j_4 & j_2 & j_3 \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} j_4 & j_2 & j_6\\ j_1 & j_5 & j_3 \end{Bmatrix}. }[/math]

These equations reflect the 24 symmetry operations of the automorphism group that leave the associated tetrahedral Yutsis graph with 6 edges invariant: mirror operations that exchange two vertices and a swap an adjacent pair of edges.

The 6-j symbol

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} }[/math]

is zero unless j₁, j₂, and j₃ satisfy triangle conditions, i.e.,

[math]\displaystyle{ j_1 = |j_2-j_3|, \ldots, j_2+j_3 }[/math]

In combination with the symmetry relation for interchanging upper and lower arguments this shows that triangle conditions must also be satisfied for the triads (j₁, j₅, j₆), (j₄, j₂, j₆), and (j₄, j₅, j₃). Furthermore, the sum of the elements of each triad must be an integer. Therefore, the members of each triad are either all integers or contain one integer and two half-integers.

Special case

When j₆ = 0 the expression for the 6-j symbol is:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & 0 \end{Bmatrix} = \frac{\delta_{j_2,j_4}\delta_{j_1,j_5}}{\sqrt{(2j_1+1)(2j_2+1)}} (-1)^{j_1+j_2+j_3} \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3 \end{Bmatrix}. }[/math]

The triangular delta {j₁  j₂  j₃} is equal to 1 when the triad (j₁, j₂, j₃) satisfies the triangle conditions, and zero otherwise. The symmetry relations can be used to find the expression when another j is equal to zero.

Orthogonality relation

The 6-j symbols satisfy this orthogonality relation:

[math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{j_3} (2j_3+1) \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6' \end{Bmatrix} = \frac{\delta_{j_6^{}j_6'}}{2j_6+1} \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix} j_4 & j_2 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix}. }[/math]

Asymptotics

A remarkable formula for the asymptotic behavior of the 6-j symbol was first conjectured by Ponzano and Regge and later proven by Roberts. The asymptotic formula applies when all six quantum numbers j₁, ..., j₆ are taken to be large and associates to the 6-j symbol the geometry of a tetrahedron. If the 6-j symbol is determined by the quantum numbers j₁, ..., j₆ the associated tetrahedron has edge lengths J_i = j_i+1/2 (i=1,...,6) and the asymptotic formula is given by,

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} j_1 & j_2 & j_3\\ j_4 & j_5 & j_6 \end{Bmatrix} \sim \frac{1}{\sqrt{12 \pi |V|}} \cos{\left( \sum_{i=1}^{6} J_i \theta_i +\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}. }[/math]

The notation is as follows: Each θ_i is the external dihedral angle about the edge J_i of the associated tetrahedron and the amplitude factor is expressed in terms of the volume, V, of this tetrahedron.

Mathematical interpretation

In representation theory, 6-j symbols are matrix coefficients of the associator isomorphism in a tensor category. For example, if we are given three representations V_i, V_j, V_k of a group (or quantum group), one has a natural isomorphism

[math]\displaystyle{ (V_i \otimes V_j) \otimes V_k \to V_i \otimes (V_j \otimes V_k) }[/math]

of tensor product representations, induced by coassociativity of the corresponding bialgebra. One of the axioms defining a monoidal category is that associators satisfy a pentagon identity, which is equivalent to the Biedenharn-Elliot identity for 6-j symbols.

When a monoidal category is semisimple, we can restrict our attention to irreducible objects, and define multiplicity spaces

[math]\displaystyle{ H_{i,j}^\ell = \operatorname{Hom}(V_{\ell}, V_i \otimes V_j) }[/math]

so that tensor products are decomposed as:

[math]\displaystyle{ V_i \otimes V_j = \bigoplus_\ell H_{i,j}^\ell \otimes V_\ell }[/math]

where the sum is over all isomorphism classes of irreducible objects. Then:

[math]\displaystyle{ (V_i \otimes V_j) \otimes V_k \cong \bigoplus_{\ell,m} H_{i,j}^\ell \otimes H_{\ell,k}^m \otimes V_m \qquad \text{while} \qquad V_i \otimes (V_j \otimes V_k) \cong \bigoplus_{m,n} H_{i,n}^m \otimes H_{j,k}^n \otimes V_m }[/math]

The associativity isomorphism induces a vector space isomorphism

[math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_{i,j}^{k,m}: \bigoplus_{\ell} H_{i,j}^\ell \otimes H_{\ell,k}^m \to \bigoplus_n H_{i,n}^m \otimes H_{j,k}^n }[/math]

and the 6j symbols are defined as the component maps:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{Bmatrix} i & j & \ell\\ k & m & n \end{Bmatrix} = (\Phi_{i,j}^{k,m})_{\ell,n} }[/math]

When the multiplicity spaces have canonical basis elements and dimension at most one (as in the case of SU(2) in the traditional setting), these component maps can be interpreted as numbers, and the 6-j symbols become ordinary matrix coefficients.

In abstract terms, the 6-j symbols are precisely the information that is lost when passing from a semisimple monoidal category to its Grothendieck ring, since one can reconstruct a monoidal structure using the associator. For the case of representations of a finite group, it is well known that the character table alone (which determines the underlying abelian category and the Grothendieck ring structure) does not determine a group up to isomorphism, while the symmetric monoidal category structure does, by Tannaka-Krein duality. In particular, the two nonabelian groups of order 8 have equivalent abelian categories of representations and isomorphic Grothdendieck rings, but the 6-j symbols of their representation categories are distinct, meaning their representation categories are inequivalent as monoidal categories. Thus, the 6-j symbols give an intermediate level of information, that in fact uniquely determines the groups in many cases, such as when the group is odd order or simple.

See also

• Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
• 3-j symbol
• Racah W-coefficient
• 9-j symbol

References

• Biedenharn, L. C.; van Dam, H. (1965). Quantum Theory of Angular Momentum: A collection of Reprints and Original Papers. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-096056-7. 

• Edmonds, A. R. (1957). Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07912-9. https://archive.org/details/angularmomentumi0000edmo. 
• Condon, Edward U.; Shortley, G. H. (1970). "3. Angular Momentum". The Theory of Atomic Spectra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09209-4. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.212979. 
• Maximon, Leonard C. (2010), "3j,6j,9j Symbols", in Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F. et al., NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-19225-5, http://dlmf.nist.gov/34 
• Messiah, Albert (1981). Quantum Mechanics. II (12th ed.). North Holland Publishing. ISBN 0-7204-0045-7. 

• Brink, D. M.; Satchler, G. R. (1993). "2. Representations of the Rotation Group". Angular Momentum (3rd ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-851759-9. https://archive.org/details/angularmomentum0000brin. 
• Zare, Richard N. (1988). "2. Coupling of two Angular Momentum Vectors". Angular Momentum. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-85892-7. 

• Biedenharn, L. C.; Louck, J. D. (1981). Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-13507-8. 

External links

• Regge, T. (1959). "Simmetry Properties of Racah's Coefficients". Nuovo Cimento 11 (1): 116–7. doi:10.1007/BF02724914. Bibcode: 1959NCim...11..116R. 
• Stone, Anthony. "Wigner coefficient calculator". http://www-stone.ch.cam.ac.uk/wigner.shtml.  (Gives exact answer)
• Simons, Frederik J.. "Matlab software archive, the code SIXJ.M". http://geoweb.princeton.edu/people/simons/software.html. 
• Volya, A. "Clebsch-Gordan, 3-j and 6-j Coefficient Web Calculator". http://www.volya.net/vc. 
• Plasma Laboratory of Weizmann Institute of Science. "369j-symbol calculator". http://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/369j.html. 
• GNU scientific library. "Coupling coefficients". https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/manual/html_node/Coupling-Coefficients.html. 
• Johansson, H.T.; Forssén, C.. "(WIGXJPF)". http://fy.chalmers.se/subatom/wigxjpf/.  (accurate; C, fortran, python)
• Johansson, H.T.. "(FASTWIGXJ)". http://fy.chalmers.se/subatom/fastwigxj/.  (fast lookup, accurate; C, fortran)