Physics:Gasoline gallon equivalent
Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG) is the amount of an alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline. GGE allows consumers to compare the energy content of competing fuels against a commonly known fuel, namely gasoline.
It is difficult to compare the cost of gasoline with other fuels if they are sold in different units and physical forms. GGE attempts to solve this. One GGE of CNG and one GGE of electricity have exactly the same energy content as one gallon of gasoline. In this way, GGE provides a direct comparison of gasoline with alternative fuels, including those sold as a gas (natural gas, propane, hydrogen) and as metered electricity.
Definition
In 1994, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defined "gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) [as] 5.660 pounds of natural gas."[1] Compressed natural gas (CNG), for example, is a gas rather than a liquid. It can be measured by its volume in standard cubic feet (ft3) at atmospheric conditions, by its weight in pounds (lb), or by its energy content in joules (J), British thermal units (BTU), or kilowatt-hours (kW·h). CNG sold at filling stations in the US is priced in dollars per GGE.
Using GGE as a measure to compare the stored energy of various fuels for use in an internal combustion engine is only one input for consumers, who typically are interested in the annual cost of driving a vehicle, which requires considering the amount of useful work that can be extracted from a given fuel. This is measured by the car's overall efficiency. In the context of GGE, a real world measure of overall efficiency is the fuel economy or fuel consumption advertised by motor vehicle manufacturers.
Efficiency and consumption
To start, only a fraction of the stored energy of a given fuel (measured in BTU or kW-hr) can be converted to useful work by the vehicle's engine. The measure of this is engine efficiency, often called thermal efficiency in the case of internal combustion engines. A diesel cycle engine can be as much as 40% to 50% efficient at converting fuel into work,[2] where a typical automotive gasoline engine's efficiency is about 25% to 30%.[3][4]
In general, an engine is designed to run on a single fuel source and substituting one fuel for another may affect the thermal efficiency. Each fuel–engine combination requires adjusting the mix of air and fuel. This can be a manual adjustment using tools and test instruments or done automatically in computer-controlled fuel injected and multi-fuel vehicles. Forced induction for an internal combustion engine using supercharger or turbocharger may also affect the optimum fuel–air mix and thermal efficiency.
The overall efficiency of converting a unit of fuel to useful work (rotation of the driving wheels) includes consideration of thermal efficiency along with dynamic losses that are inherent and specific to the design of a given vehicle. Thermal efficiency is affected by both friction and heat losses; for internal combustion engines, some of the stored energy is lost as heat through the exhaust or cooling system. In addition, friction inside the engine happens along the cylinder walls, crankshaft rod bearings and main bearings, camshaft bearings, drive chains or gears, plus other miscellaneous and minor bearing surfaces. Other dynamic losses can be caused by friction outside the motor/engine, including loads from the generator / alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor, transmission, transfer case (if four-wheel-drive), differential(s) and universal joints, plus rolling resistance of the pneumatic tires. The vehicle's external styling affects its aerodynamic drag, which is another dynamic loss that must be considered for overall efficiency.
In battery or electric vehicles, calculating the vehicle's overall efficiency of useful work begins with the charge–discharge rate of the battery pack, generally 80% to 90%. Next is the conversion of stored energy to distance traveled under power. Generally speaking, an electrical motor is far more efficient than an internal combustion engine at converting the stored potential energy into useful work; in an electric vehicle, traction motor efficiency can approach 90%, as there is minimal waste heat coming off the motor parts, and zero heat cast off by the coolant radiator and out of the exhaust. An electric motor typically has internal friction only at the main axle bearings.[citation needed] Additional losses will affect the overall efficiency, similar to a conventional internal combustion car, including rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, accessory power, climate control, and drivetrain losses. See table below translating retail electricity costs for a GGE in BTU.
Overall efficiency is measured and reported, typically by government testing, through operating the vehicle in a standardized driving cycle designed to replicate typical use, while providing a consistent basis for comparison between vehicles. Cars sold in the United States are advertised by their measured overall efficiency (fuel economy) in miles per gallon (mpg). The MPG of a given vehicle starts with the thermal efficiency of the fuel and engine, less all of the above elements of friction. The fuel consumption is an equivalent measure for cars sold outside the United States, typically measured in litres per 100 km traveled; in general, the fuel consumption and miles per gallon would be reciprocals with appropriate conversion factors, but because different countries use different driving cycles to measure fuel consumption, fuel economy and fuel consumption are not always directly comparable.
Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe)
The MPGe metric was introduced in November 2010 by EPA in the Monroney label of the Nissan Leaf electric car and the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid. The ratings are based on EPA's formula, in which 33.7 kilowatt hours of electricity is equivalent to one gallon of gasoline (giving a heating value of 115,010 BTU/US gal), and the energy consumption of each vehicle during EPA's five standard drive cycle tests simulating varying driving conditions.[5][6] All new cars and light-duty trucks sold in the U.S. are required to have this label showing the EPA's estimate of fuel economy of the vehicle.[7]
Gasoline gallon equivalent tables
| Fuel: liquid, US gallons | GGE | GGE % | BTU/gal | kWh/gal | HP-hr/gal | kcal/litre |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gasoline (base)[9] | 1.0000 | 100.00% | 114,000 | 33.41 | 44.80 | 7,594.1 |
| Gasoline (conventional, summer)[9] | 0.9956 | 100.44% | 114,500 | 33.56 | 45.00 | 7,627.4 |
| Gasoline (conventional, winter)[9] | 1.0133 | 98.68% | 112,500 | 32.97 | 44.21 | 7,494.2 |
| Gasoline (reformulated gasoline, E10 - ethanol)[9] | 1.0193 | 98.1% | 111,836 | 32.78 | 43.95 | 7,449.9 |
| Gasoline (reformulated gasoline, ETBE)[9] | 1.0196 | 98.08% | 111,811 | 32.77 | 43.94 | 7,448.3 |
| Gasoline (reformulated gasoline, MTBE)[9] | 1.0202 | 98.02% | 111,745 | 32.75 | 43.92 | 7,443.9 |
| Gasoline (10% MTBE)[10] | 1.0179 | 98.25% | 112,000 | 32.82 | 44.02 | 7,460.9 |
| Diesel #2[11] | 0.8803 | 113.6% | 129,500 | 37.95 | 50.90 | 8,626.6 |
| Biodiesel (B100)[12] | 0.9536 | 104.87% | 119,550 | 35.04 | 46.98 | 7,963.8 |
| Biodiesel (B20)[11] | 0.8959 | 111.62% | 127,250 | 37.29 | 50.01 | 8,476.7 |
| Liquid natural gas (LNG)[11] | 1.52 | 65.79% | 75,000 | 21.98 | 29.48 | 4,996.1 |
| Liquefied petroleum gas (propane / autogas) (LPG)[11] | 1.2459 | 80.26% | 91,500 | 26.82 | 35.96 | 6,095.3 |
| Methanol fuel (M100)[11] | 2.007 | 49.82% | 56,800 | 16.65 | 22.32 | 3,783.7 |
| Ethanol fuel (E100)[11] | 1.498 | 66.75% | 76,100 | 22.30 | 29.91 | 5,069.4 |
| Ethanol (E85)[11] | 1.3936 | 71.75% | 81,800 | 23.97 | 32.15 | 5,449.1 |
| Jet fuel (naphtha)[13] | 0.9604 | 104.12% | 118,700 | 34.79 | 46.65 | 7,907.2 |
| Jet fuel (kerosene)[13] | 0.8899 | 112.37% | 128,100 | 37.54 | 50.35 | 8,533.4 |
| Fuel: non-liquid | Gasoline gallon equivalent | Unit | Stored energy density |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gasoline (base)[9][14] | 1.0000 | gallons (US) | 114,000 BTU (33.41 kWh)/galUS |
| Compressed natural gas (CNG) at standard conditions [12] | 123.57 cu ft (3.499 m3) | pound | 20,160 BTU (5.91 kWh)/lb |
| Compressed natural gas (CNG) at 2,400 psi (17 MPa) | 0.77 cu ft (0.022 m3) | ||
| Hydrogen at atmospheric conditions, 101.325 kPa (14.6959 psi) | 357.37 cu ft (10.120 m3) | ft3 | 319 BTU (0.09 kWh)/ft3[15] |
| Hydrogen by weight | 0.997 kg (2.198 lb)[16] | kg | 119.9 MJ (113,600 BTU; 33.3 kWh)/kg[17] |
| Electricity | 33.40 kilowatt-hours | kWh | 3,413 BTU (1.00 kWh)[18][19] |
| 1 GGE = 33.40 kWh | |
| For local rate per kWh |
$/gallon equivalent |
| $0.03 | $1.000 |
| $0.04 | $1.333 |
| $0.05 | $1.667 |
| $0.06 | $2.000 |
| $0.07 | $2.338 |
| $0.08 | $2.670 |
| $0.09 | $3.006 |
| $0.10 | $3.340 |
| $0.11 | $3.674 |
| $0.12 | $4.000 |
| $0.13 | $4.342 |
| $0.14 | $4.670 |
| $0.15 | $5.010 |
| $0.16 | $5.344 |
| $0.17 | $5.678 |
| $0.18 | $6.012 |
| $0.19 | $6.346 |
| $0.20 | $6.680 |
| $0.25 | $8.350 |
| $0.27 | $9.018 |
| $0.28 | $9.352 |
| $0.29 | $9.686 |
| $0.30 | $10.020 |
Rates per kWh for residential electricity in the USA range from $0.0728 (Idaho) to $0.166 (Alaska), $0.22 (San Diego Tier 1, while Tier 2 is $.40) and $0.2783 (Hawaii).[20][21]
Specific fuels
Compressed natural gas
One GGE of natural gas is 126.67 cubic feet (3.587 m3) at standard conditions. This volume of natural gas has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline (based on lower heating values: 900 BTU/cu ft (9.3 kWh/m3) of natural gas and 114,000 BTU/US gal (8.8 kWh/L) for gasoline).[22]
One GGE of CNG pressurized at 2,400 psi (17 MPa) is 0.77 cubic feet (22 litres; 5.8 US gallons). This volume of CNG at 2,400 psi has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline (based on lower heating values: 148,144 BTU/cu ft (1,533.25 kWh/m3) of CNG and 114,000 BTU/US gal (8.8 kWh/L) of gasoline.[22] Using Boyle's law, the equivalent GGE at 3,600 psi (25 MPa) is 0.51 cubic feet (14 litres; 3.8 US gallons).
The National Conference of Weights & Measurements (NCWM) has developed a standard unit of measurement for compressed natural gas, defined in the NIST Handbook 44 Appendix D as follows: "1 Gasoline [US] gallon equivalent (GGE) means 2.567 kg (5.660 lb) of natural gas."[23]
When consumers refuel their CNG vehicles in the US, the CNG is usually measured and sold in GGE units. This is fairly helpful as a comparison to gallons of gasoline.
Ethanol and blended fuels (E85)
1.5 US gallons (5.7 litres) of ethanol has the same energy content as 1.0 US gal (3.8 L) of gasoline.
The energy content of ethanol is 76,100 BTU/US gal (5.89 kilowatt-hours per litre), compared to 114,100 BTU/US gal (8.83 kWh/L) for gasoline. (see chart above)
A flex-fuel vehicle will experience about 76% of the fuel mileage MPG when using E85 (85% ethanol) products as compared to 100% gasoline. Simple calculations of the BTU values of the ethanol and the gasoline indicate the reduced heat values available to the internal combustion engine. Pure ethanol provides 2/3 of the heat value available in pure gasoline.
In the most common calculation, that is, the BTU value of pure gasoline vs gasoline with 10% ethanol, the latter has just over 96% BTU value of pure gasoline. Gasoline BTU varies relating to the Reid vapor pressure (causing easier vaporization in winter blends containing ethanol (ethanol is difficult to start a vehicle on when it is cold out) and anti-knock additives. Such additives offer a reduction in BTU value.
See also
- Engine efficiency
- Thermal efficiency
- Potential energy
- Work (thermodynamics)
- Work
- Diesel cycle engines
- Efficiency
- Friction
- Kilowatt hour
References
- ↑ Butcher, Tina; Crown, Linda; Sebring, Lynn et al., eds (2006). "Appendix D: Definitions". Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, as Adopted by the 91st National Conference on Weights and Measures 2006 (2007 ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. D-8. Handbook 44. https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppendD-08-HB44-FINAL.pdf. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
- ↑ Xin, Q.; Pinzon, C.F. (2014). "9 - Improving the environmental performance of heavy-duty vehicles and engines: key issues and system design approaches". Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance Towards Zero Carbon Transportation. Woodhead Publishing Limited. pp. 225–278. doi:10.1533/9780857097422.2.225. ISBN 978-0-85709-742-2.
- ↑ Hyatt, Kyle (February 26, 2021). "Nissan claims it's made a more thermally efficient gas engine, but there's a catch". Road/Show (CNet). https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/nissan-e-power-gasoline-engine-50-percent-thermally-efficient/.
- ↑ Ikeya, K.; Takazawa, M.; Yamada, T.; Park, S.; Tagishi, R. (2015). "Thermal Efficiency Enhancement of a Gasoline Engine". SAE International Journal of Engines 8 (4): 1579–1586. doi:10.4271/2015-01-1263. ISSN 1946-3936.
- ↑ Bunkley, Nick (November 22, 2010). "Nissan Says Its Electric Leaf Gets Equivalent of 99 MPG". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/business/23leaf.html?_r=1&hpw.
- ↑ Meier, Fred (November 24, 2010). "Volt Is Rated 93 MPG on Electricity Alone, 37 MPG on Gas Generator". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/11/volt-is-rated-93-mpg-on-electricity-alone-37-mpg-on-gas-generator/1.
- ↑ "Fuel Economy Label". United States Environmental Protection Agency. February 14, 2011. http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/.
- ↑ "114000 BTU per Gallon to Calories per Litre". Wolfram-Alpha. http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=114000+BTU+per+gallon+to+calories+per+litre.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 "Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of RFG". United States Environmental Protection Agency. August 14, 2007. http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100B3FL.txt.
- ↑ "Energy Equivalents of Various Fuels". NAFA Fleet Management Association. http://www.nafa.org/Template.cfm?Section=Energy_Equivalents.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Gable, Christine; Gable, Scott. "Fuel Energy Comparisons: Gasoline Gallon Equivalents". About.com. http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/resources/a/gge.htm.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Alternative Fuels Data Center Fuel Properties Comparison". United States Department of Energy. February 27, 2013. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Energy Information Administration (November 2005). "Appendix C: Quality of the Data". Household Vehicles Energy Use: Latest Data & Trends. Washington, DC: United States Department of Energy. pp. 151–161. DOE/EIA-0464(2005). http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/rtecs/nhts_survey/2001/tablefiles/c0464(2005).pdf.
- ↑ Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of RFG. US Environmental Protection Agency. August 1, 1995.
- ↑ Johnson, C (January 2, 2015). "Hydrogen as a Fuel for Vehicles". Public Services Home Page. MB-Soft. http://www.mb-soft.com/public2/hydrogen.html.
- ↑ Fuel Specifications Subcommittee (June 19, 2008). "Appendix E—The Starting Point: A Discussion Paper Describing a Proposed Method of Sale and Quality Specification for Hydrogen Vehicle Fuel". U.S. National Work Group Meeting for the Development of Commercial Hydrogen Measurement Standards. National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/H2-Laws-and-Reg-Paper-USNWG-JUN2008.pdf.
- ↑ Chandler, Kevin; Eudy, Leslie (June 2008). SunLine Transit Agency Hydrogen-Powered Transit Buses: Third Evaluation Report—Appendices. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-560-43741-2. http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/43741-2.pdf. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
- ↑ Bioenergy Feedstock Development Programs. "Energy Conversions". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html.
- ↑ "Conserving Energy and Water: Energy Terms/Conversions". Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. June 2008. http://www.pnl.gov/conserve-energy/terms.stm.
- ↑ "Electricity Prices by State: National Electric Rate Information". Eisenbach Consulting, LLC. http://www.electricchoice.com/electricity-prices-by-state.php.
- ↑ "Average Retail Price of Electricity". ElectricRates.us. http://www.electricrates.us/articles/20627/Average-Retail-Price-of-Electricity.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Properties of Fuels". Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. United States Department of Energy. October 29, 2014. http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/fueltable.pdf.
- ↑ "Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices - Appendix D". National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. D-13. https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2019/02/06/appd-19-hb44-final.pdf.
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