Physics:Laser hair removal

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Short description: Process of hair removal by exposure to laser pulses

Laser hair removal is the process of hair removal by means of exposure to pulses of laser light that destroy the hair follicle. It had been performed experimentally for about twenty years before becoming commercially available in 1995 and 1996.[1] One of the first published articles describing laser hair removal was authored by the group at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1998.[2][3] Laser hair removal is widely practiced in clinics, and even in homes using devices designed and priced for consumer self-treatment. Many reviews of laser hair removal methods, safety, and efficacy have been published in the dermatology literature.[4]

A hair removal laser in 2011

R. Rox Anderson and Melanie Grossman[5] discovered that it was possible to selectively target a specific chromophore with a laser to partially damage basal stem cells inside the hair follicles. This method proved to be successful, and was first applied in 1996. In 1997, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved this tactic of hair removal. As this technology continued to be researched, laser hair removal became more effective and efficient; thus, it is now a common method in removing hair for long periods of time.

Procedure

The primary principle behind laser hair removal is selective photothermolysis (SPTL), the matching of a specific wavelength of light and pulse duration to obtain optimal effect on a targeted tissue with minimal effect on surrounding tissue. Lasers can cause localized damage by selectively heating dark target matter, melanin, thereby heating up the basal stem cells in the follicle which causes hair growth, the hair follicle, while not heating the rest of the skin. Light is absorbed by dark objects but reflected by light objects and water, so laser energy can be absorbed by dark material in the hair or skin, with much more speed and intensity than just the skin without any dark adult hair or melanin.

Melanin is considered the primary chromophore for all hair removal lasers currently on the market. Melanin occurs naturally in the skin and gives skin and hair their color. There are two types of melanin in hair. Eumelanin gives hair brown or black color, while pheomelanin gives hair blonde or red color. Because of the selective absorption of photons of laser light, only hair with color such as black, brown, or reddish-brown hair or dirty blonde can be removed. White hair, light blonde and strawberry blonde hair does not respond well. Laser works best with dark coarse hair. Light skin and dark hair are an ideal combination, being most effective and producing the best results, but lasers such as the Nd are able to target black hair in patients with dark skin with some success.[6][self-published source?][7]

Laser hair removal can be used to treat pseudofolliculitis, common in men who have naturally coarse or tightly curling thick facial hair.[8][9]

Hair removal lasers have been in use since 1997 and have been approved for "permanent hair reduction" in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[7][10] Under the FDA's definition, "permanent" hair reduction is the long-term, stable reduction in the number of hairs regrowing after a treatment regime. Many patients experience complete regrowth of hair on their treated areas in the years following their last treatment. This means that although laser treatments with these devices will permanently reduce the total number of body hairs, they will not result in a permanent removal of all hair.[11]

Laser hair removal has become popular because of its speed and efficacy, although some of the efficacy is dependent upon the skill and experience of the laser operator, and the choice and availability of different laser technologies used for the procedure. Some will need touch-up treatments, especially on large areas, after the initial set of 3–8 treatments.

Comparisons with other removal techniques

Intense pulsed light

A 2006 review article in the journal Lasers in Medical Science compared intense pulsed light (IPL), and both alexandrite and diode lasers. The review found no statistical difference in short-term effectiveness, but a higher incidence of side effects with diode laser-based treatment. Hair reduction after six months was reported as 68.75% for alexandrite lasers, 71.71% for diode lasers, and 66.96% for IPL. Side effects were reported as 9.5% for alexandrite lasers, 28.9% for diode lasers, and 15.3% for IPL. All side effects were found to be temporary and even pigmentation changes returned to normal within six months.[12]

IPL, though technically not containing a laser, is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "laser hair removal". IPL-based methods, sometimes called "phototricholysis" or "photoepilation", use xenon flash lamps that emit full spectrum light. IPL systems typically output wavelengths between 400 nm and 1200 nm. Filters are applied to block shorter wavelengths, thereby only using the longer, "redder" wavelengths. IPLs offer certain advantages over laser, principally in the pulse duration. While lasers may output trains of short pulses to simulate a longer pulse, IPL systems can generate pulse widths up to 250 ms, which is useful for larger diameter targets. Some current IPL systems have proven to be more successful in the removal of hair and blood vessels than many lasers.[13][14][15] An example of an IPL hair removal company is Ulike.[16]

Electrolysis

Electrolysis is another hair removal method that has been used for over 135 years.[17] Like newer laser technology used properly and with several treatments, electrolysis can be used to remove 100% of the hair from an area and is effective on hair of all colors, if used at an adequate power level with proper technique. But the treatment is slow and tedious compared with typical newer laser hair removal. More hair may grow in certain areas that are prone to hormone-induced growth (e.g. a woman's chin and neck) based on individual hormone levels or changes therein, and one's genetic predisposition to grow new hair.

A study conducted in 2000 at the ASVAK Laser Center in Ankara, Turkey, comparing alexandrite laser and electrolysis for hair removal on 12 patients concluded that laser hair removal was 60 times faster, less painful and more reliable than electrolysis. It is important to note that the type of electrolysis performed in the study was galvanic electrolysis, rather than thermolysis or a blend of the two. Galvanic current requires 30 seconds to more than a minute to release each hair whereas thermolysis or a blend can require much less. This study thus did not test the capability of all forms of modern electrolysis.[18][improper synthesis?]

Shaving

Shaving is a technique in which one removes hair from the skin with a razor. Shaving has been popular as a temporary hair removal technique since at least the 1700s.[19] In 1895, American businessman King Gillette invented a razor blade that was sharp, thin, disposable, and cheap to make.[20] This system was a widespread success and has evolved into the modern disposable razor.

Shaving, however, is only temporary and can lead to irritation of the shaved area.

Waxing

Waxing is another option for hair removal. This method is an efficient way of removing hair; it is longer-lasting than shaving but not permanent. The ancient Egyptians developed a similar mechanism, sugaring, in which one would mix oil and honey then apply it to the skin.[21][22]

As waxing has evolved, there are two types of waxing. In one, the strips are already ready to use, and one can apply it to the skin and peel it off in the direction opposite to the hair growth. Another one involves heating up the wax, applying it to the skin, and then placing a cloth on it and pulling away from the hair growth.[23]

Regulation

In some countries, including the U.S., hair removal is an unregulated procedure that anyone can do. In some places, only doctors and doctor-supervised personnel can do it, while in other cases permission extends to licensed professionals, such as regular nurses, physician assistants, estheticians, and/or cosmetologists.[24]

In Florida, the use of lasers, laser-like devices and intense pulsed light devices is considered medicine, and requires they be used only by a physician (M.D. or D.O.), a physician assistant under the supervision of a physician, or an advanced registered nurse practitioner under a protocol signed by a physician. An electrologist working under the direct supervision and responsibility of a physician is also allowed to perform laser hair removal in the state of Florida.[25]

Types

A hair removal laser in 2021

Several wavelengths of laser energy have been used for hair removal, from visible light to near-infrared radiation. These lasers are characterized by their wavelength, measured in nanometers (nm):[26]

Laser Used Wavelength (nm) Light Source Type of Skin used on
Argon 488 nm or 514.5 nm Turquoise/Cyan or Green No longer used
Ruby 694.3 nm Deep red Pale
Alexandrite 755 nm Near-infrared All skin types
Pulsed diode array 810 nm Near-infrared Pale to medium
Nd:YAG 1064 nm Infrared Darker complexion
Intense pulsed light
(IPL is not a laser) 		650 nm Not a laser Pale to medium

Pulse width (or duration) is one of the most important considerations. The length of the heating pulse relates directly to the damage achieved in the follicle. When attempting to destroy hair follicles the main target is the germ cells which live on the surface of the hair shaft. Light energy is absorbed by the melanin within the hair and heat is generated. The heat then conducts out towards the germ cells. As long as a sufficient temperature is maintained for the required time then these cells will be successfully destroyed. This is absolutely critical – attaining the required temperature is not sufficient unless it is kept at that temperature for the corresponding time. This is determined by the Arrhenius Rate Equation.[27] To achieve these conditions the laser/IPL system must be able to generate the required power output. The main reason why hair removal fails is simply because the equipment cannot generate the desired temperature for the correct time.

Spot size, or the width of the laser beam, directly affects the depth of penetration of the light energy due to scattering effects in the dermal layer. Larger beam diameters or those devices that has a linear scanning[28][29] results in deeper deposition of energy and hence can induce higher temperatures in deeper follicles. Hair removal lasers have a spot size about the size of a fingertip (3–18 mm).

Fluence or energy density is another important consideration. Fluence is measured in joules per square centimeter (J/cm2). It's important to get treated at high enough settings to heat up the follicles enough to disable them from producing hair.

Epidermal cooling has been determined to allow higher fluences and reduce pain and side effects, especially in darker skin. Three types of cooling have been developed:

  • Contact cooling: through a window cooled by circulating water or other internal coolant. This type of cooling is by far the most efficient method of keeping the epidermis protected since it provides a constant heat sink at the skin surface. Sapphire windows are much more conductive than quartz.
  • Cryogen spray: sprayed directly onto the skin immediately before and/or after the laser pulse
  • Air cooling: forced cold air at -34 °C

In essence, the important output parameter when treating hair (and other skin conditions) is power density – this is a combination of energy, spot diameter and pulse duration. These three parameters determine what actually happens when the light energy is absorbed by the tissue chromophore be it melanin, hemoglobin or water, with the amount of tissue damaged being determined by the temperature/time combination.

Number of sessions

Hair grows in several phases (anagen, telogen, catagen) and a laser can only affect the currently active growing hair follicles (early anagen). Hence, several sessions are needed to damage the hair in all phases of growth and force it to revert to a vellus non-colored small hair.[30]

Multiple treatments depending on the type of hair and skin color have been shown to provide long-term reduction of hair. Most people need a minimum of eight treatments. Current parameters differ from device to device but manufacturers and clinicians generally recommend waiting from three to eight weeks between sessions, depending on the area being treated. The number of sessions depends on various parameters, including the area of the body being treated, skin color, coarseness of hair, reason for hirsutism, and sex. Certain areas (notably men's facial hair) may require considerably more treatments to achieve desired results.

Laser does not work well on light-colored hair, red hair, grey hair, white hair, as well as fine hair of any color, such as vellus. For darker skinned patients with black hair, the long-pulsed Nd with a cooling tip can be safe and effective when used by an experienced practitioner.

Typically the shedding of the treated hairs takes about two to three weeks. These hairs should be allowed to fall out on their own and should not be manipulated by the patient for certain reasons, chiefly to avoid infections. Pulling hairs after a session can be more painful as well as counteract the effects of the treatment.

Side effects and risks

Some normal side effects may occur after laser hair removal treatments, including itching, pink skin, redness, and swelling around the treatment area or swelling of the follicles (follicular edema). These side effects rarely last more than two or three days. The two most common serious side effects are acne and skin discoloration.

Some level of pain should also be expected during treatments. Numbing creams are available at most clinics, sometimes for an additional cost. Some numbing creams are available over the counter. Use of strong numbing creams over large skin areas being treated at one time must be avoided, since it can cause serious harm, and even death.[31] Typically, the cream is applied about 30 minutes before the procedure. Icing the area after the treatment helps relieve the side effects faster. Ibrahimi and Kilmer reported a study of a novel device of diode handpiece with a large spot size which used vacuum-assisted suction to reduce the level of pain associated with laser treatment.[32]

Unwanted side effects such as hypo- or hyper-pigmentation or, in extreme cases, burning of the skin call for an adjustment in laser selection or settings. Risks include the chance of burning the skin or discoloration of the skin, hypopigmentation (white spots), flare of acne, swelling around the hair follicle (considered a normal reaction), scab formation, purpura, and infection. These risks can be reduced by treatment with an appropriate laser type used at appropriate settings for the individual's skin type and treatment area.

Some patients may show side effects from an allergy to either the hair removal gel used with certain laser types or to a numbing cream, or to simply shaving the area too soon after the treatment.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Hair Removal Methods: Laser History and Current Issues". Quackwatch. 21 August 2001. http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Hair/laserhistory.html. 
  2. ↑ Dierickx, Christine C; Grossman, Melanie C; Farinelli, William A; Anderson, R. Rox (1998). "Permanent Hair Removal by Normal-Mode Ruby Laser". Archives of Dermatology 134 (7): 837–42. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.7.837. PMID 9681347. 
  3. ↑ Gold, Michael H (2007). "Lasers and light sources for the removal of unwanted hair". Clinics in Dermatology 25 (5): 443–53. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.05.017. PMID 17870522. 
  4. ↑ Eremia, Sorin; Li, Cindy Y; Umar, Sanusi H; Newman, Nathan (2001). "Laser Hair Removal: Long-Term Results with a 755 nm Alexandrite Laser". Dermatologic Surgery 27 (11): 920–4. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.01074.x. PMID 11737124. 
  5. ↑ "How Laser Hair Removal Was Invented". http://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2017/11/21/laser-hair-removal. 
  6. ↑ Bhargava, Amber (26 November 2012). "Beauty and the Geek: The Engineering Behind Laser Hair Removal". Illumin. http://illumin.usc.edu/277/beauty-and-the-geek-the-engineering-behind-laser-hair-removal/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Laser Facts". FDA.gov. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/resourcesforyouradiationemittingproducts/ucm252757.htm. 
  8. ↑ Bridgeman-Shah, Sharon (2004). "The medical and surgical therapy of pseudofolliculitis barbae". Dermatologic Therapy (Hindawi Limited) 17 (2): 158–163. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04016.x. ISSN 1396-0296. PMID 15113283. 
  9. ↑ Jasterzbski, T.J.; Schwartz, R.A. (2015-02-25). "Pseudofolliculitis cutis: a vexing disorder of hair growth". British Journal of Dermatology (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 172 (4): 878–884. doi:10.1111/bjd.13427. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 25255890. 
  10. ↑ Draelos, Zoe Diana (8 October 2015) (in en). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118655481. https://books.google.com/books?id=MCW1CgAAQBAJ&q=selective+photothermolysis+laser+hair+removal+history&pg=PA446. 
  11. ↑ "Radiation-Emitting Products: Laser Facts". FDA. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/resourcesforyouradiationemittingproducts/ucm252757.htm. 
  12. ↑ Toosi, Parviz; Sadighha, Afshin; Sharifian, Ali; Razavi, Gita Meshkat (2006). "A comparison study of the efficacy and side effects of different light sources in hair removal". Lasers in Medical Science 21 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s10103-006-0373-2. PMID 16583183. 
  13. ↑ Drosner, Michael; Ellwanger, Jürgen; Schöttle, Kristina; Stockmeier, Markus; Gatty, Florian; Hellbrügge, Georg; Christiansen, Kåre (2008). "Comparison of intense pulsed light (IPL) and pulsed dye laser (PDL) in port-wine stain treatment". Medical Laser Application 23 (3): 133–40. doi:10.1016/j.mla.2008.05.004. 
  14. ↑ Babilas, Philipp; Schreml, Stephan; Eames, Tatiana; Hohenleutner, Ulrich; Szeimies, Rolf-Markus; Landthaler, Michael (2010). "Split-face comparison of intense pulsed light with short- and long-pulsed dye lasers for the treatment of port-wine stains". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 42 (8): 720–7. doi:10.1002/lsm.20964. PMID 20886506. 
  15. ↑ Barikbin, Behrooz; Ayatollahi, Azin; Hejazi, Somayeh; Saffarian, Zahra (2011). "The Use of Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) for the Treatment of Vascular Lesions". Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 2 (2): 73–81. doi:10.22037/2010.v2i2.2287. 
  16. ↑ "The Advanced Safety Features of Ulike Hair Removal Products Are Taking the Industry by Storm". June 17, 2023. https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/501913/the-advanced-safety-features-of-ulike-hair-removal-products-are-taking-the-industry-by-storm. 
  17. ↑ Michel, CE (Oct 1875). "Trichiasis and distichiasis; with an improved method for radical treatment". St. Louis Clinical Record 2: 145–8. 
  18. ↑ Görgü, Metin; Aslan, Gürcan; Aköz, Tayfun; Erdoğan, Bülent (2000). "Comparison of Alexandrite Laser and Electrolysis for Hair Removal". Dermatologic Surgery 26 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2000.99104.x. PMID 10632684. 
  19. ↑ "From Perret to Kampfe: Origins of the Safety Razor" (in en-us). http://www.shaveworld.org/home/images/PerrettKampfe-rev2.html. 
  20. ↑ Tarantola, Andrew. "A Nick in Time: How Shaving Evolved Over 100,000 Years of History" (in en-US). Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/a-nick-in-time-how-shaving-evolved-over-100-000-years-1545574268. 
  21. ↑ "Back in time - History of Hygiene - Hair Removal". http://www.hygieneforhealth.org.au/hair_removal.php. 
  22. ↑ "Marzena - The Home of Hair Removal". http://depilatories.com/core/ages.html. 
  23. ↑ "The advantages of waxing, potential side effects and how hot wax works" (in en). http://www.hairfinder.com/techniques/waxing.htm. 
  24. ↑ "The Lowdown on Hair Removal | National Laser Institute" (in en-US). National Laser Institute. 9 May 2012. http://nationallaserinstitute.com/laser-laws-lowdown-hair-removal/. 
  25. ↑ "Laser regulations by state | HairFacts | Hair Removal Information" (in en-US). 25 April 2010. http://www.hairfacts.com/tips/govregs/laser-regulations-by-state/. 
  26. ↑ Laser Hair Removal: Background, History of the Procedure, Problem. 28 June 2016. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/843831-overview#a5. 
  27. ↑ Murphy, M. J; Torstensson, P. A (2013). "Thermal relaxation times: An outdated concept in photothermal treatments". Lasers in Medical Science 29 (3): 973–8. doi:10.1007/s10103-013-1445-8. PMID 24085595. 
  28. ↑ Grunewald, Sonja; Bodendorf, Marc Oliver; Zygouris, Alexander; Simon, Jan Christoph; Paasch, Uwe (2014). "Long-term efficacy of linear-scanning 808 nm diode laser for hair removal compared to a scanned alexandrite laser". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 46 (1): 13–9. doi:10.1002/lsm.22185. PMID 24127195. 
  29. ↑ "Aesthetics Journal". https://aestheticsjournal.com/feature/the-latest-advancements-in-laser. 
  30. ↑ "Laser Hair Removal History - Serenity Rejuvenation Center" (in en-US). Serenity Rejuvenation Center. http://serenityrejuvenationcenter.com/laser-hair-removal/history/. 
  31. ↑ Public Health Advisory: Life-Threatening Side Effects with the Use of Skin Products Containing Numbing Ingredients for Cosmetic Procedures , FDA
  32. ↑ Ibrahimi, Omar A; Kilmer, Suzanne L (2012). "Long-Term Clinical Evaluation of an 800-nm Long-Pulsed Diode Laser with a Large Spot Size and Vacuum-Assisted Suction for Hair Removal". Dermatologic Surgery 38 (6): 912–7. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02380.x. PMID 22455549. 

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