Physics:More Hall Annex

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Short description: Former nuclear laboratory in historic building, Seattle, Washington, U.S.
More Hall Annex
A concrete structure with an overhanging roof and large glass windows. The interior appears to be empty, with no equipment or lights.
The decommissioned More Hall Annex, photographed in 2009
Former namesNuclear Reactor Building (1961–2001)
General information
TypeNuclear research reactor
Architectural styleBrutalist
Address3785 Jefferson Road NE
Seattle, Washington
OpenedApril 10, 1961 (1961-04-10)
InauguratedJune 1, 1961 (1961-06-01)
ClosedJune 30, 1988 (1988-06-30)
DemolishedJuly 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)
OwnerUniversity of Washington
Dimensions
Other dimensions69 ft 8 in by 76 ft (21.23 m by 23 m)
Technical details
MaterialReinforced concrete
Size7,595 sq ft (705.6 m2)
Floor count2
Design and construction
Architecture firmThe Architect Artist Group
DesignationsNRHP, WSHR
Nuclear Reactor Building
More Hall Annex is located in Washington (state)
More Hall Annex
LocationSeattle, Washington
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 47°39′10″N 122°18′16″W / 47.65278°N 122.30444°W / 47.65278; -122.30444
Built1961
Architectural styleBrutalist
NRHP reference #08001158
Added to NRHPJuly 24, 2009
References
[1][2]
Nuclear Reactor Building
Operating InstitutionUniversity of Washington
LocationSeattle, Washington
TypeArgonaut class reactor
Power100 kW (thermal)
First Criticality1961
Shutdown date1988
Decommission date2007
Technical Specifications
Fuel TypeUranium-235

The More Hall Annex, formerly the Nuclear Reactor Building, was a building on the campus of the University of Washington (UW) in Seattle, Washington, United States, that once housed a functional nuclear research reactor. It was inaugurated in 1961 and shut down in 1988, operating at a peak of 100 kilowatts thermal (kWt), and was officially decommissioned in 2007.

The reactor was housed in a reinforced concrete building designed in the Brutalist architectural style by UW faculty members. They designed the reactor room with large windows that allowed observation from the outside, in an attempt to demonstrate the safety of nuclear energy.

The Nuclear Reactor Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, after a campaign led by an architecture student in response to the proposed demolition of the building. A later demolition plan prompted a lawsuit from preservation groups, which ended with a court ruling exempting the building from the city's landmarks-preservation ordinance. While this decision was eventually overturned, the university demolished the building in July 2016 and replaced it with a new computer science building that opened in February 2019.

Design and functions

The building housed an Argonaut class reactor with an initial output of 10 kilowatts thermal (kWt), later increased to 100 kWt in 1967. It used uranium-235 as fuel and was cooled by water.[3] The reactor's chamber, placed on the lower floor of the facility, was 15 ft (4.6 m) high, 20 ft (6.1 m) long, and 19 ft (5.8 m) wide.[4][5] During its 27-year lifespan, the reactor operated for the equivalent of 140 days, running for some days at half power and for as little as 10 minutes.[6]

The More Hall Annex was a two-story, reinforced concrete structure designed in the Brutalist style, similar to other buildings on the university campus built during the post-war era. It occupied a footprint of 69 ft 8 in (21.23 m) from north to south and 76 ft (23 m) from east to west, with a total of 7,595 square feet (705.6 m2) of interior space.[1][2] The building was designed by a consortium of UW faculty members, known as The Architect Artist Group (TAAG), with input from nuclear engineering department chair Albert L. Babb. Babb requested a building that would "show the world what nuclear power looked like", desiring a prominent structure on the campus that would serve as a crown jewel for the department.[2]:5[3] The large glass walls enabled public viewing of the reactor room's interior, showcasing the activity inside.[7]

The first floor, partly covered by the outdoor plaza, housed the reactor, laboratory, crystal spectrometer, counting room with a nuclear densometer, classrooms, restrooms, and offices. The second floor contained the control room, an observatory, and a lecture room overlooking the reactor; it was open to the outdoor plaza on three sides, with large glass windows allowing for public observation of experiments.[1][2] The reactor was placed on the lower side of the building, downhill of the plaza, to allow the ground to absorb accidental radiation leaks.[3] The structure's roof rested on a series of perpendicular beams that also supported a three-ton (2,700 kg) crane used to lift the reactor shield between experiments.[2]

History

A subterranean room containing a circular structure divided into two halves. The structure is visibly weathered and has been hollowed out.
Interior of the decommissioned reactor room, photographed in 2009

During the late 1950s and 1960s, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) provided universities and colleges with grants to acquire small nuclear reactors for research programs. The University of Washington began nuclear engineering classes as part of the College of Engineering in 1953 and formed a Department of Nuclear Engineering in 1956, accepting engineers from Boeing and the nearby Hanford Site as its first students.[3][8] The Nuclear Engineering department used training reactors at Bagley Hall and later proposed that the university acquire a nuclear reactor to be installed on campus. In 1957, the AEC approved $100,000 in funding (equivalent to $710 thousand in 2019 dollars)[9] for the University of Washington to install a permanent nuclear reactor on the campus, the first of its kind in the United States.[3][10][11]

The proposed 10 kW reactor was approved by the university's Board of Regents in April 1959, to be housed in a two-story reinforced concrete building with offices, workshops, a control room, and class and seminar spaces. The building was designed by TAAG architects Wendell Lovett, Gene Zema and Daniel Streissguth, all members of the UW faculty.[12] In December, the regents awarded the construction contract to Jentoft & Forbes, paying $308,082 (equivalent to $2.11 million in 2019 dollars)[9] for the project. A site at the eastern edge of the campus was chosen for its proximity to various academic engineering buildings and its visibility to the public.[1][13]

The AEC granted an operating license for the reactor to the university in April 1961, and the reactor began operating with a self-sustained nuclear reaction on April 10.[4] It was officially dedicated on June 1, in a ceremony attended by Argonne National Laboratory director Norman Hilberry, a physicist who worked on Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor to achieve criticality.[14][15] During the 1962 World's Fair, hosted by the city at the Seattle Center, the reactor became the subject of group tours from professional organizations.[16]

Throughout the 1960s, the reactor was used for medical research by the university's School of Medicine and local hospitals, with a staff of six full-time employees and four part-time staff (most of whom were students who worked for the U.S. Navy's nuclear programs).[17] In 1966, the university and local law enforcement agencies proposed converting the reactor into a part-time laboratory for forensic science.[18] By 1975, the reactor had only used 10 grams (0.35 oz) of its 3,300 g (120 oz) of uranium-235 fuel.[19]

1972 plutonium spill

On June 13, 1972, during an experiment that used a plutonium sample, three lab workers were exposed to radiation after a capsule holding the sample spilled, requiring a full investigation of the nuclear reactor.[20] One of the workers, graduate student W. Robert Sloan, was exposed to 42 milligrams (0.65 gr) of plutonium dust and drove to a laboratory in Richland to be tested for radiation, but was found to have not been significantly contaminated. The spill was later linked to vibrations in the capsule holding the sample,[21] and workers credited good design and careful handling in avoiding a larger incident. A visiting class of schoolchildren from Montana, observing the reactor from the outside, were unaffected by the accident.[22] After an inspection by teams from the Hanford Site, the lab was cleaned and wiped down while periodic radiation checks were performed. Contaminated materials were sanitized with a liquid freon solution and disposed of;[23] the clean-up cost a total of $30,000 in emergency funds (equivalent to $142,000 in 2019 dollars).[9][21]

The university was cited by the AEC for violations of its reactor-operating license in connection with the incident, but none in direct connection to the immediate cause. The incident resulted in an investigation by the Nuclear Reactor Advisory Committee into its review processes for reactor experiments, after the AEC determined there was inadequate review of the UW experiment. The staff members were praised by the AEC for protecting the public by sealing the materials and evacuating the building for six hours.[24]

Shutdown and decommissioning

In the late 1970s, development of nuclear power in the United States slowed to a halt, as new plants were cancelled or put on hold. The 1983 financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System, a government agency planning to build five large nuclear power plants throughout the state, and the Three Mile Island accident of 1979 both contributed to a decline in interest in the university's nuclear program. Student use of the reactor was replaced by commercial use to produce nuclear isotopes for medical use.[3] By 1988, the enrollment in UW's nuclear engineering program had shrunk to 23 students,[25] and the program was cancelled entirely in 1992.[26]

The reactor was shut down on June 30, 1988,[3][5] following a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) mandate to convert research reactors to lower-grade fuel, or shut them down entirely, after fears of possible terrorist access.[6][27] The remaining 4 kilograms (8.8 lb) of enriched uranium fuel rods were transported to Idaho for processing and disposal.[28] The building provided offices and storage space for various UW departments, including the College of Engineering's robotics laboratory.[29] The University of Washington applied to the NRC to dismantle the reactor on August 2, 1994.[30]

In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Nuclear Reactor Building was renamed to the More Hall Annex to deter burglary, after a request from the NRC.[3][29] Formal decommissioning of the site, including a $4 million cleanup (equivalent to $4.99 million in 2019 dollars),[9] began in April 2006, amid student protests over the contractor hired for the work.[31] The NRC formally terminated the university's license to operate the reactor in May 2007.[5]

Preservation attempts

Prior to the removal of the reactor in October 2008,[3] the university proposed demolishing the structure and redeveloping the site for other uses.[32] The plan was stopped after the reactor building was placed on the Washington Heritage Register, the state's list of historic buildings, a designation that was contested by the University of Washington.[33] Preservationists suggested re-using the building as a museum dedicated to the state's nuclear history and continuing research.[34] The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, based on an application submitted by Abby Inpanbutr (née Martin), a UW architecture student, in spring 2008.[7][35][36]

The university again proposed demolition of the structure in 2015, to clear the space for a new computer science building adjacent to the existing Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering.[37] In May 2015, the More Hall Annex was named one of Washington's "most endangered historic properties" by the Washington Trust for Historic Preservation, which cited its place as an early Brutalist work to justify its preservation.[38]

The university released a draft supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS) for the project in October 2015, recommending the demolition of the More Hall Annex in their preferred alternative.[39] In response to the SEIS, building conservation group Docomomo WEWA nominated the More Hall Annex for city landmark status on December 2. The University of Washington filed a lawsuit against the City of Seattle and Docomomo on December 18 over the landmark nomination and whether the city could enforce its landmark preservation laws on state-owned property.[40][41]

The King County Superior Court ruled in April that the university was exempt from the city's landmarks-preservation ordinance and could go ahead with demolition of the More Hall Annex.[42] While the city and preservationists appealed the decision, they allowed the demolition of the More Hall Annex to proceed by not seeking a stay that would leave them responsible for damages compensation.[43][44] The decision was appealed to the Washington Supreme Court,[45] which ruled in the city's favor and rejected the university's claimed exemption from the city landmarks preservation ordinance.[46]

Demolition

Excavating equipment in a concrete parking lot, behind a fenced off courtyard
Demolition work on the site of More Hall Annex in late July 2016

On February 11, 2016, the UW Board of Regents approved a site plan that would demolish the More Hall Annex to allow for the construction of the new computer science center, to open in 2019.[47][48] An attempt to incorporate elements of the nuclear reactor into the new computer science building was rejected because of the impact of potential seismic retrofits that would be required to meet modern standards. The computer science department instead plans to make a virtual tour of the building available online in a digital archive.[49]

After the decision by the King County Superior Court to exempt the building from city preservation ordinances, the university applied for a demolition permit in May 2016.[50][51] Demolition of the More Hall Annex began on July 19,[52] and preservationists held a mock funeral for the building with Daniel Streissguth, one of the project's original architects.[53]

Replacement

The More Hall Annex was replaced by the Bill & Melinda Gates Center for Computer Science & Engineering, which houses part of the university's computer science program.[54][55] The 130,000-square-foot (12,000 m2) building includes a 250-person lecture hall, classrooms, and lab spaces for robotics and other technologies.[56] In January 2017, the Board of Regents approved its construction,[57] which began later in the year.[58] The building was topped out in December 2017, roughly marking the halfway point in construction.[59] The Bill & Melinda Gates Center was opened to students on February 28, 2019.[60][61]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Johnson Partnership (August 2008). More Hall Annex: Historic Resources Addendum (Report). University of Washington. http://cpd.uw.edu/cpo/sites/default/files/More%20Hall%20Annex%20HRA.pdf. Retrieved November 29, 2016. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Martin, Abby (June 10, 2009). National Register of Historic Places Registration: Nuclear Reactor Building (More Hall Annex) (Report). National Park Service. https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/08001158_text. Retrieved November 29, 2016none , with 12 photos from 2007–08
  3. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "U.W. Nuclear Reactor In Operation". The Seattle Times: p. 7. April 10, 1961. 
  4. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Notice of License Termination for University of Washington Research Reactor (UWAR)". Federal Register (Government Printing Office) 72: 50991–50992. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/09/05/E7-17494/notice-of-license-termination-for-university-of-washington-research-reactor-uwar. Retrieved November 29, 2016. 
  5. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Henderson, Diedtra (June 27, 1991). "Fears over reactor dismantling—UW's neighbors want to be informed". The Seattle Times: p. C3. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910627&slug=1291417. 
  6. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lacitis, Erik (December 13, 2015). "UW's nuke-reactor building: cold, ugly — but worth saving?". The Seattle Times: p. A1. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uws-nuke-reactor-building-cold-ugly-and-worth-saving/. 
  7. ↑ Fussell, E.B. (December 23, 1956). "Atomic Age Sends Engineers Back To Classrooms". The Seattle Times: p. 8. 
  8. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2020). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/. Retrieved September 22, 2020  United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  9. ↑ "Test Set For U.W. Nuclear Reactor". The Seattle Times: p. 3. November 26, 1957. 
  10. ↑ "U. of W. Ranks High in Nuclear Studies". The Seattle Times: p. 8. October 6, 1957. 
  11. ↑ "Nuclear Facility Approved". The Seattle Times: p. 3. April 18, 1959. 
  12. ↑ "U.W. Regents Let Contract For Nuclear-Reactor Building". The Seattle Times: p. 2. December 19, 1959. 
  13. ↑ "Nuclear Reactor To Be Dedicated". The Seattle Times: p. 20. May 28, 1961. 
  14. ↑ "A. E. C. Official Urges Greater Use of Brains". The Seattle Times: p. 3. June 1, 1961. 
  15. ↑ "Reactor Tour Planned". The Seattle Times: p. 47. March 21, 1962. 
  16. ↑ Giske, Howard (April 26, 1970). "U.W.'s Nuclear Reactor—Working to Benefit Society". The Seattle Times: p. 14. 
  17. ↑ Sterling, E.M. (April 7, 1966). "U.W. Reactor May Become 'Detective'". The Seattle Times: p. 6. 
  18. ↑ William, Hill (January 16, 1975). "A. E. C. security move not significant here". The Seattle Times: p. F4. 
  19. ↑ "Three on U.W. staff exposed to radiation". The Seattle Times: p. G3. June 14, 1972. 
  20. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Williams, Hill (October 2, 1972). "Leak in U.W. Reactor traced to vibration". The Seattle Times: p. 14. 
  21. ↑ Williams, Hill (October 1, 1972). "Plutonium leak: day of suspense at U.W. plant". The Seattle Times: p. 2. 
  22. ↑ Williams, Hill (October 3, 1972). "Reactor cleanup required patience". The Seattle Times: pp. B2–B3. 
  23. ↑ Williams, Hill (November 12, 1972). "A.E.C. gave straight talk to U.W. over reactor accident". The Seattle Times: p. A14. 
  24. ↑ Moriwaki, Lee (November 2, 1988). "Interest in nuclear engineering slides—enrollment at UW hits low point for '80s". The Seattle Times: p. G1. 
  25. ↑ "Nuclear engineering is dropped by UW". The Seattle Times: p. B2. October 26, 1992. 
  26. ↑ "WSU to fight reactor rule changes". Spokane Chronicle: p. A11. July 10, 1984. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53851616/wsu-to-fight-reactor-rule-changes/. 
  27. ↑ Harrill, Rob (April 6, 2006). "Decommissioning of More Hall reactor concludes". UW Today (University of Washington). http://www.washington.edu/news/2006/04/06/decommissioning-of-more-hall-reactor-concludes/. 
  28. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Mari, Will (May 21, 2007). "Step into the UW's former nuclear reactor". The Daily. http://thedaily.washington.edu/article/2007/5/21/stepIntoTheUwsFormerNuclearReactor. 
  29. ↑ Nuclear Regulatory Commission (February 7, 2006). "In the Matter of the University of Washington; (The University of Washington Research Reactor); Order Modifying Requirements for Dismantling of Facility and Disposition of Component Parts". Federal Register (Government Printing Office) 71: 6292–6294. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2006/02/07/E6-1625/in-the-matter-of-the-university-of-washington-the-university-of-washington-research-reactor-order. Retrieved November 29, 2016. 
  30. ↑ Perry, Nick (April 6, 2006). "UW to dismantle nuclear reactor". The Seattle Times: p. B2. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060406&slug=uwnuke06m. 
  31. ↑ Berger, Knute (February 29, 2008). "An historic hot house". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2008/02/an-historic-hot-house/. 
  32. ↑ Perry, Nick (October 20, 2008). "UW nuclear-reactor building is added to historic list". The Seattle Times. Associated Press: p. B4. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-nuclear-reactor-building-is-added-to-historic-list/. 
  33. ↑ Berger, Knute (April 27, 2008). "How about a nuclear museum on the UW campus?". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2008/04/how-about-nuclear-museum-on-uw-campus/. 
  34. ↑ Cheek, Lawrence (April 28, 2008). "On Architecture: What Seattle buildings to save". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/ae/article/On-Architecture-What-Seattle-buildings-to-save-1271728.php#photo-683280. 
  35. ↑ Berger, Knute (October 4, 2009). "Score one for Seattle's historic nuke site". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2009/10/score-one-for-seattles-historic-nuke-site/. 
  36. ↑ "UW planning $110M Allen Center expansion". Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce. April 30, 2015. https://www.djc.com/news/ae/12077171.html. 
  37. ↑ Bhatt, Sanjay (May 9, 2015). "UW's historic nuclear plant is 'endangered'". The Seattle Times: p. D1. http://www.seattletimes.com/business/local-business/uw-looking-at-options-for-n-reactor-building/. 
  38. ↑ "Public notice: Availability of a draft supplemental environmental impact statement (DEIS) — CSE II Project". UW Today (University of Washington). October 7, 2015. http://www.washington.edu/news/2015/10/07/public-notice-availability-of-a-draft-supplemental-environmental-impact-statement-deis-cse-ii-project/. 
  39. ↑ Berger, Knute (February 14, 2016). "UW launches attack on city's historic preservation powers". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2016/02/uw-wants-to-nuke-citys-landmarking-powers-along-with-reactor-building/. 
  40. ↑ Resse, Madelyn (January 12, 2016). "Former Nuclear Reactor Building might not get saved". The Daily. http://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_e0cedcd6-b8e8-11e5-bc68-c38bf9b88bde.html. 
  41. ↑ Long, Katherine (April 16, 2016). "UW can disregard Seattle's landmark law, judge rules". The Seattle Times: p. B1. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-doesnt-have-to-follow-citys-landmark-preservation-law-judge-rules/. 
  42. ↑ Long, Katherine (May 12, 2016). "City of Seattle appeals UW More Hall Annex demolition decision". The Seattle Times: p. B2. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/city-of-seattle-appeals-uw-more-hall-annex-demolition-decision/. 
  43. ↑ Berger, Knute (July 17, 2016). "Preservationists throw in the towel on historic nuclear building". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2016/06/preservationists-throw-in-the-towel-on-historic-nuclear-building/. 
  44. ↑ Berger, Knute (June 26, 2017). "Fate of UW campus in hands of state Supreme Court". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2017/06/university-of-washington-nuclear-reactor-supreme-court/. 
  45. ↑ "UW must follow city's landmarks law, Washington state Supreme Court rules". The Seattle Times. July 20, 2017. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/uw-must-follow-citys-landmarks-law-washington-state-supreme-court-rules/. 
  46. ↑ Long, Katherine (February 11, 2016). "UW regents vote to demolish old reactor building listed as historic". The Seattle Times: p. B1. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/uw-regents-vote-to-demolish-old-reactor-building-listed-as-historic/. 
  47. ↑ "Computer Science & Engineering 2: Approve Project Site, Preferred Development Alternative and Mitigation". University of Washington. February 11, 2016. https://www.washington.edu/regents/files/2016/02/2016-02-F-3.pdf. 
  48. ↑ Reese, Madelyn (February 11, 2016). "Board of regents discusses animal testing, raises orientation fee". The Daily. http://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_b7c37570-d14a-11e5-9f04-bf55ef18098e.html. 
  49. ↑ Berger, Knute (May 11, 2016). "While city appeals, UW plans to knock down historic building". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2016/05/while-city-appeals-uw-plans-to-knock-down-historic-building/. 
  50. ↑ Kloub, Mohammed (June 3, 2016). "UW to demolish More Hall Annex, remove 44 trees". The Daily. http://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_fc21e306-2941-11e6-9aef-53f4fa93ad84.html. 
  51. ↑ Berger, Knute (July 21, 2016). "UW's 'Nuke Building' bites the dust". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2016/07/uws-nuke-building-bites-the-dust/. 
  52. ↑ Berger, Knute (August 11, 2016). "Funeral for a piece of Seattle's atomic past". Crosscut.com. http://crosscut.com/2016/08/funeral-seattle-atomic-history-preservation/. 
  53. ↑ Long, Katherine (October 12, 2017). "New UW computer science and engineering building named for Bill and Melinda Gates". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/new-uw-computer-science-and-engineering-building-named-for-bill-and-melinda-gates/. 
  54. ↑ "Support CSE2 – A second building for UW Computer Science & Engineering". Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering. https://www.cs.washington.edu/supportcse/cse2. 
  55. ↑ Dasgupta, Hanna (January 18, 2017). "CSE program to double in size by 2019". The Daily. http://www.dailyuw.com/news/article_7094ae94-dd2e-11e6-bbaf-abac6eb2c8c3.html. 
  56. ↑ Soper, Taylor (January 12, 2017). "University of Washington approves funding plan for new computer science building". GeekWire. https://www.geekwire.com/2017/university-washington-set-approve-funding-plan-new-computer-science-building/. 
  57. ↑ Stiles, Marc (June 22, 2017). "Ahead of the crane: Mortenson Construction augments reality on UW project". Puget Sound Business Journal. https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2017/06/22/mortenson-construction-virtual-reality-design.html. 
  58. ↑ Langston, Jennifer (December 13, 2017). "University of Washington celebrates fundraising and construction milestones for second computer science building". University of Washington. http://www.washington.edu/news/2017/12/13/university-of-washington-celebrates-fundraising-and-construction-milestones-for-second-computer-science-building/. 
  59. ↑ Holtz, Jackson (February 28, 2019). "Bill & Melinda Gates Center opens a new era of computer science education and innovation at the University of Washington". University of Washington. https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/02/28/gates-center-open/. 
  60. ↑ Goerz, Thelonious (February 25, 2019). "What it really looks like to be a computer science hopeful". The Daily. http://www.dailyuw.com/science/article_d4b8b2da-38b7-11e9-a4c6-efbc9d4fd730.html. 

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