Plant arithmetic
Plant arithmetic is a form of plant intelligence whereby plants appear to perform arithmetic operations – a form of number sense in plants. Some such plants include the Venus flytrap and Arabidopsis thaliana.
Arithmetic by species
Venus flytrap
The Venus flytrap can count to two and five in order to trap and then digest its prey.[1][2]
The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that catches its prey with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. A Venus flytrap's reactions can occur due to electric and mechanical, or movement-related, changes.[3][4][5] When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if a second contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption.
There are two steps, which are a closed and locked state, that a Venus flytrap undergoes after its open state and before digestion, which differ due to the formation of the trap.[3][4][5] A closed trap occurs when the two lobes close or catch prey.[3][4][5] A locked trap occurs when the cilia further trap the prey.[3][4] The trap can possess a strength of four newtons.[4] In addition, the cilia can further hinder a creature's ability to escape.[3][4]
The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops;[6] two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in rapid succession,[6] whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second.[7]
The number of days that the trap remains closed will depend on whether or not the plant has caught prey.[3] Furthermore, the size of the prey can affect the number of days needed for digestion.[3] If a creature is too small, then the Venus flytrap has the ability to release it, which means that it can start the stage of becoming semi-open.[3][4] The transition from closed to open will take two days and can result after the plant has finished digesting or determining it has not caught anything worthwhile.[3][4] One day will be needed to become semi-open, which creates a concave look, and the other day will allow the Venus flytrap to become fully open, which creates a convex look.[3][4] The angle of a Venus flytrap's lobes when they are open can be impacted by the water within it.[5]
Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana in effect performs division to control starch use at night.[8]
Most plants accumulate starch by day, then metabolize it at a fixed rate during night time. However, if the onset of darkness is unusually early, Arabidopsis thaliana reduces its use of starch by an amount that effectively requires division.[9] However, there are alternative explanations,[10] such as feedback control by sensing the amount of soluble sugars left.[11] As of 2015, open questions remain.[12]
See also
- Biology:Plant communication – Communication between plants and other organisms
- Biology:Plant perception (physiology) – Plants interaction to environment
References
- ↑ Böhm, Jennifer; Scherzer, Sönke; Krol, Elzbieta; Kreuzer, Ines; von Meyer, Katharina; Lorey, Christian; Mueller, Thomas D.; Shabala, Lana et al. (February 2016). "The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake". Current Biology 26 (3): 286–295. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057. PMID 26804557. Bibcode: 2016CBio...26..286B.
- ↑ "Plants count to five". Nature 529 (7587): 440. 2016. doi:10.1038/529440a.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Volkov, Alexander G.; Pinnock, Monique-Renée; Lowe, Dennell C.; Gay, Ma'Resha S.; Markin, Vladislav S. (15 January 2011). "Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology 168 (2): 109–120. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.007. PMID 20667624. Bibcode: 2011JPPhy.168..109V.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Volkov, Alexander G.; Harris II, Shawn L.; Vilfranc, Chrystelle L.; Murphy, Veronica A.; Wooten, Joseph D.; Paulicin, Henoc; Volkova, Maia I.; Markin, Vladislav S. (1 January 2013). "Venus flytrap biomechanics: Forces in the Dionaea muscipula trap". Journal of Plant Physiology 170 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2012.08.009. PMID 22959673. Bibcode: 2013JPPhy.170...25V.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sachse, Renate; Westermeier, Anna; Mylo, Max; Nadasdi, Joey; Bischoff, Manfred; Speck, Thomas; Poppinga, Simon (7 July 2020). "Snapping mechanics of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 (27): 16035–16042. doi:10.1073/pnas.2002707117. PMID 32571929. Bibcode: 2020PNAS..11716035S.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. OCLC 56051064. https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0.
- ↑ Forterre, Yoël; Skotheim, Jan M.; Dumais, Jacques; Mahadevan, L. (27 January 2005). "How the Venus flytrap snaps". Nature 433 (7024): 421–425. doi:10.1038/nature03185. PMID 15674293. Bibcode: 2005Natur.433..421F. http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/Nature2005.pdf.
- ↑ Ledford, Heidi (24 June 2013). "Plants perform molecular maths". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13251. http://www.nature.com/news/plants-perform-molecular-maths-1.13251.
- ↑ Scialdone, Antonio; Mugford, Sam T; Feike, Doreen; Skeffington, Alastair; Borrill, Philippa; Graf, Alexander; Smith, Alison M; Howard, Martin (25 June 2013). "Arabidopsis plants perform arithmetic division to prevent starvation at night". eLife 2. doi:10.7554/eLife.00669. PMID 23805380.
- ↑ Webb, Alex A. R.; Satake, Akiko (5 March 2015). "Understanding Circadian Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Arabidopsis Using Mathematical Models". Plant and Cell Physiology 56 (4): 586–593. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcv033. PMID 25745029.
- ↑ Feugier, François G.; Satake, Akiko (2013). "Dynamical feedback between circadian clock and sucrose availability explains adaptive response of starch metabolism to various photoperiods". Frontiers in Plant Science 3: 305. doi:10.3389/fpls.2012.00305. PMID 23335931. Bibcode: 2013FrPS....3..305F.
- ↑ Scialdone, Antonio; Howard, Martin (31 March 2015). "How plants manage food reserves at night: quantitative models and open questions". Frontiers in Plant Science 6: 204. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00204. PMID 25873925. Bibcode: 2015FrPS....6..204S.
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