Religion:Islamic honorifics

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Short description: Laudatory religious phrases in Islam
"Peace be upon him" redirects here. For the Jewish honorific, see Honorifics for the dead in Judaism § Peace be upon him/her.
A calligraphic composition by Hâfiz Osman which used the honorific Islamic suffix phrase «صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ سَلَّم», meaning 'May God send His mercy and blessings upon him', after referring to the Prophet Muhammad.
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Islamic honorifics are Arabic phrases, abbreviations, and titles that mostly appear as prefixes before or suffixes after the names of people who have had a special mission from God in the Islamic world or have done important work towards these missions.[1] In Islamic writings, these honorific prefixes and suffixes come before and after the names of all the prophets and messengers (of whom there are 124,000 in Islam, the last of whom is the Prophet Muhammad),[2] the Imams (the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam), the infallibles in Shia Islam and the prominent individuals who followed them.[3][4][5][6] In the Islamic world, giving these respectful prefixes and suffixes is a tradition.[5]

Among the most important honorific prefixes used are Hadhrat (حَضرَت, lit. a special person in the sight of God, a person who has a special mission from God, holiness, sainthood, excellency, majesty).[7][8][9] and Imam (اِمام, lit. a person who has a special position with God, a person who receives religious guidance from God to convey to people, an Islamic leadership position, leader, fugleman, headman, pontiff, primate)[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Among the most important honorific suffixes used are «صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْه» (lit. May God's blessings and peace be upon him) and «صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَ آلِه» (lit. May God's blessings and peace be upon him and his household), which these two suffix phrases used specifically for the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islamic world, its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as «ص» in Arabic and "PBUH" in English after the name of the Prophet Muhammad.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] And the two suffix phrases «عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام» (lit. Peace be upon him, for male persons) and «عَلَيْهَا ٱلسَّلَام» (lit. Peace be upon her, for female persons) are used when the name of each of the fourteen infallibles saints is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the Shia Islam world,[30] its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as «ع» in Arabic and "AS" in English after the name of the fourteen infallibles.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] And also the two suffix phrases «رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ» (lit. God be pleased with him, for male persons) and «رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا» (lit. God be pleased with her, for female persons) are used when the name of each of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the Sunni Islam world,[41] its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as «ر» in Arabic and "RA" in English after the name of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

These glorifying expressions are also used for God Himself and His angels. Generally, for His angels, the phrase «عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَام» (lit. Peace be upon him) is commonly used, and for God, usually His perfection attributes are used, such as the suffix «جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ» (lit. The most exalted).[49][50][51]

Islam uses a number of conventionally complimentary phrases wishing-well or praising religiously-esteemed figures including God (Allah), Muhammad (Messenger of God),[52] Muhammad's companions (sahaba), family (Ahl al-Bayt), other Islamic prophets and messengers, angels, and revered persons. In Twelver Shi'ism, honorifics are used with the Twelve Imams.[53]

Also, Islamic honorifics are referred to as Salawāt (صَلَوات, lit. Blessings of God) in the shape of «اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّد» (lit. O Allah, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad)[54] and also in Shia Islam in the shape of «اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّد و عَجِّل فَرَجَهُم» (lit. O Allah, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad and hasten their relief),[55] in Arabic too, which their meaning is equal to the phrase «خداوندا بر محمد و خاندانش رحمت فرست و فرجشان را نزدیک بفرما» (lit. O God, bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad, and hasten their alleviation) in Persian language[56] which meaning requesting «درود» (lit. Peace) from God for Muhammad and his household in Urdu language too.[57]

Calligraphic Arabic text of the common kind of "Salawat": Arabic: «اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد», meaning "Blessings and peace be upon Muhammad and his family", in the handwriting of Shamsuddin Asaf Jahi

Formatting

Islamic honorifics are not abbreviated in Arabic-script languages (e.g., Arabic, Persian, Urdu)[58] given the rarity of acronyms and abbreviations in those languages, however, these honorifics are often abbreviated in other languages such as English, Spanish, and French. Common examples of these abbreviations include PBUH ('Peace be Upon Him')[59] and SWT (subhanahu wa-ta'ala, 'Glorified and Exalted').[60][61] Though these honorifics may be abbreviated in writing, they are never abbreviated in speech. Abbreviations often vary in letter case and use of periods.[62][63]

Arabic text of another shape of "Salawat": Arabic: «صَلَی اللهُ عَلَیه و سَلَّم», meaning "May God send His mercy and blessings upon him".

Honorifics, in Arabic or non-Arabic languages, can be written in multiple formats:[64][65]

  1. Arabic text with Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "لقد شارك رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كلام الله سبحانه وتعالى كما أنزله عليه الملك جبريل عليه السلام مع صاحبه الوفي أبو بكر الصديق رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ"
  2. English text with Islamic honorifics in romanized Arabic
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam) shared the word of Allah (subḥānahu wa-taʿālā) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (ʿalayhi as-salām) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (raḍiya 'llāhu 'anhu)."
  3. English text with unabbreviated Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (peace be upon him) shared the word of Allah (glorified and exalted) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (peace be upon him) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (Allah be pleased with him)."
  4. English text with abbreviated Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (PBUH) shared the word of Allah (SWT) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (AS) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA)."

List of honorifics

God (Allah)

See also: Religion:Allah

Following the mention of God (Allah), including by pronoun (e.g., 'him' or 'his'), or by one of the names bestowed upon him, one of the below honorifics are said or written:[66][67][68]

Suffixal Honorifics for Allah
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
سُبْحَانَهُۥ وَتَعَالَىٰ ﷾ subḥānahū wa-taʿālā (SWT) Glorified and exalted
تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَىٰ ﵎ tabāraka wa-taʿālā (TWT) Blessed and exalted
عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ﷿ ʿazza wa-jall (AZWJ) Prestigious and majestic / Mighty and sublime
جَلَّ جَلَالُهُ ﷻ jalla jalāluhū (JJ) Most exalted

Muhammad

See also: Biography:Muhammad

Muhammad's name, reference to him through a pronoun (e.g., 'his' or 'him'), or the use of one of his titles (e.g., 'the messenger of Allah') is followed by one of the below honorifics. The honorific "Blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace" is the most widely used. The use of the word "blessings" (ṣallā, صَلَّى) can be used for all Islamic prophets (and Shia Imams) equally, however it is almost exclusively used with Muhammad.[69][70][71]

Sallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam ('blessings of God and peace be upon him') written in Arabic
'Blessings of God be upon him and his progeny' in Arabic
Suffixal Honorifics for Muhammad
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَسَلَّمَ ﷺ

U+FDFA

ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-sallama (SAW), (SA), (PBUH) May blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace.

English short: Peace be upon him

صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَآلِهِۦ وَسَلَّمَ Default universal character

﵌ U+FD4C

ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama (SAWW), (SAWS), (SA), (PBUHP) May blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny and grant him peace.

English short: Peace be upon him and his progeny

صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِۦ وَآلِهِ ﵆

U+FD46

ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī (SAWA), (SA), (SAWW) May blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny[lower-alpha 1]

Muhammad's companions

See also: Companions of the Prophet
"May Allāh be pleased with him" in Arabic

Honorifics used for Muhammad's companions (aṣ-Ṣaẖābah) ask for Allah's pleasure with them. Muhammad's companions include men (Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, etc.) and women (e.g., Fatima bint Muhammad, Aisha bint Abu Bakr, Asma bint Abu Bakr, etc.), and are accorded the properly gendered honorifics.[72]

Suffixal honorifics for the Sahaba
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ ﵁ؓ

U+0613 (accent used prefix or suffix to name)

raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhū (RA) May Allah be pleased with him
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhā May Allah be pleased with her
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُمَا raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumā May Allah be pleased with them (dual)
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhum May Allah be pleased with them
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُنَّ raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunn May Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)

Prophets and messengers

See also: Religion:Prophets and messengers in Islam
See also: Angels in Islam
'Alay-hi 's-salām in Arabic script

Some honorifics apply to the archangels (Jibril, Mikhail, etc.) as well as any other Islamic prophets preceding Muhammad (e.g., Isa, Musa, Ibrahim etc.). A group of modern scholars from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Yemen, and Mauritania has issued fatwa that the angels should be invoked with blessing of alaihissalam, which also applied to human prophets and messengers.[73] This fatwa was based on the ruling from Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.[73][74][75]

Suffixal Honorifics for Prophets, Messengers, Angels and Shia Imams
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَامُ ﵇ ʿalayhi -s-salāmu (AS) Peace be upon him
عَلَيْهَا ٱلسَّلَامُ ﵍ ʿalayhā -s-salāmu Peace be upon her
عَلَيْهِمَا ٱلسَّلَامُ ﵉ ʿalayhimā -s-salāmu Peace be upon them (dual)
عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ ﵈ ʿalayhimu -s-salāmu Peace be upon them (plural)
عَلَيْهِنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُ ʿalayhinna -s-salāmu Peace be upon them (feminine plural)
عَلَيْهِ ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ ﵊ ʿalayhi -ṣ-ṣalātu wa-s-salāmu (ASWS) Blessings and peace be upon him
عَلَيْهَا ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ ʿalayhā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon her
عَلَيْهِمَا ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ ʿalayhimā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon them (dual)
عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلصَّلَاةُ وَٱلسَّلَامُ ʿalayhimu -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon them (plural)
عَلَيْهِنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُ ʿalayhinna -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon them (feminine plural)
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِ salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhī (SA) Allah's peace upon him
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهَا salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhā Allah's peace upon her
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِمَا salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhimā Allah's peace upon them (dual)
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِمُ salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhim Allah's peace upon them (plural)
سَلَامُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِنَّ salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhinna Allah's peace upon them (feminine plural)

In Shia Islam, Muhammad's progeny, referred to as Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: أَهْل ٱلْبَيْت, lit. 'people of the house'), are addressed with the same honorifics as messengers.[76][77]

Revered men and women

"May Allah's mercy be upon him" in Arabic

Some honorifics apply to highly-revered Islamic scholars and people thought to be of high spiritual rank. When that person has died, honorifics ask for Allah's mercy upon or pleasure with him or her. When that person is still living, honorifics customarily ask for Allah's preservation or relief.[78][79]

Suffixal Honorifics for revered men and women
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِ raḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhū (RH) Allah's mercy upon him
رَحِمَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ ﵀ raḥimahu -llāhū Mercy upon him
رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهَا raḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhā Allah's mercy upon her
رَحِمَهَا ٱللَّٰهُ raḥimahā -llāhū Mercy upon her
رَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلَيْهِم raḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhim Allah's mercy upon them
رَحِمَهُمُ ٱللَّٰهُ ﵏ raḥimahumu -llāhū Mercy upon them
رِضْوَانُ ٱللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ عَلَيْهِ riḍwānu -llāhi ta'ālā ʿalayhī (RA) Allah be pleased with him
رِضْوَانُ ٱللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ عَلَيْهَا riḍwānu -llāhi ta'ālā ʿalayhā Allah be pleased with her
حَفِظَهُ ٱللَّٰهُ hafiḏahu -llāhū (HA) Allah preserve him
حَفِظَهَا ٱللَّٰهُ hafiḏahā 'llāhū Allah preserve her
فَرَّجَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ farraja -llāhu ʿanhū (FA) Allah grant him relief
فَرَّجَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا farraja -llāhu ʿanhā Allah grant her relief
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ ﵁ raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhū (RA) May Allah be pleased with him
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا ﵂ raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhā May Allah be pleased with her
رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُمَا ﵄ raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumā May Allah be pleased with them (dual)
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ ﵃ raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhum May Allah be pleased with them
رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُنَّ ﵅ raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunn May Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)

Enemies

Certain expressions are appended after the names of individuals portrayed in reliable sources as persistent opponents of the Prophet Muḥammad and, after him, of the Ahl al-Bayt (the Prophet's family). Qur'anic verses such as Q 33:57 ("Indeed, those who harm Allah and His Messenger—Allah has cursed them in this world and the Hereafter…") and Q 111 on Abu Lahab provide the textual basis, along with hadith like "Whoever angers Fāṭima angers me" (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim). In Shia Islam this is formalized under tabarrāʾ (disassociation from the enemies of God and the Prophet's household), while Sunni exegetes and historians also record hostile figures, even if they do not prescribe ritual cursing.[80][81][82][83]

Figures named in the sources

  • Abu Lahab — uncle of the Prophet, condemned explicitly in Qur'an 111.[84]
  • Abu Jahl (ʿAmr b. Hishām) — persecutor of early Muslims, remembered for violence against the Prophet's kin and companions (Sunni sīra).[85]
  • ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb — central at Saqīfa in the post-Prophetic succession; Sunni tradition reveres him as the second caliph. Sunni chronicles also preserve reports of his threat to burn the house where ʿAlī and Fāṭima were, and of a forceful demand for bayʿa: al-Ṭabarī and al-Balādhurī narrate that ʿUmar came to the house with a group and that Fāṭima confronted him.[86][87] (A later work attributed to the Sunni author Ibn Qutayba, al-Imāma wa-l-Siyāsa, adds more detail; its authorship is disputed and is therefore cited with attribution.)[88] These episodes are linked in Shia memory to Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ's suffering and early death.
  • Final illness and succession dispute — Sunni collections record that during his last illness, the Prophet requested writing materials but ʿUmar said: “The Book of Allah is sufficient for us” (Calamity of Thursday).[89] Shia sources narrate that this prevented the Prophet from putting into writing the ḥadīth al-thaqalayn ("the Book of Allah and my progeny"), which they view as establishing ʿAlī's succession. Shia reports also accuse ʿĀʾisha and Ḥafṣa of poisoning; Sunni tradition attributes his death to illness possibly aggravated by the Khaybar poison.[90][91][92]
  • ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr — led the coalition against ʿAlī at the Battle of the Camel; both Sunni and Shia sources record her battlefield role (evaluated differently). Sunni chronicles also note her objection to al-Ḥasan's burial beside the Prophet;[93] Shia literature further reports that she rejoiced at news of ʿAlī's death.[94] For an overview, see Brill's entry "Jamal."[95]
  • Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām — Companions who fought at Jamal against ʿAlī.[96]
  • Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam — instigator at Jamal, later Umayyad ruler.[97]
  • Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān — opposed ʿAlī at the Battle of Siffin and consolidated Umayyad power; Shia sources additionally link him to orchestrating ʿAlī's assassination via agents in Shām.[98][99]
  • ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ — ally of Muʿāwiya; pivotal in the arbitration after Ṣiffīn.[100]
  • Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya — ruler during the Battle of Karbala, under whose authority al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, his family, and companions were killed. Sunni chronicles (al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kathīr) and Shia sources agree on the massacre; Shia memory also emphasizes the captivity and parading of Ḥusayn's women and children—including his daughter Sakinah—through Kufa and Damascus.[101][102]
  • ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Ziyād — Umayyad governor of Kūfa who directed the suppression of Ḥusayn and the captivity of his family (Sunni chronicles).[103]
  • ʿUmar ibn Saʿd — commander of Kufan forces at Karbalāʾ, under whom Ḥusayn and his companions were slain (Sunni and Shia sources).[104][105]
  • Shimr ibn Dhi'l-Jawshan — commander at Karbalāʾ, traditionally identified as the killer of Ḥusayn; Sunni chronicles narrate his battlefield role, while Shia texts add details of post-battle abuse of the captives.[106][107]
  • Ibn Muljam (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muljam) — assassin of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (universally reported); Shia sources portray him as a murder-for-hire acting under influence from the Umayyad court of Shām.[108][109][110]
  • al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf — Umayyad governor remembered for severe repression of Alid partisans, including executions of descendants of the Prophet (Sunni biographical literature).[111]

Atrocities summary

Major enemies and their actions against the Ahl al-Bayt
Enemy Atrocity against Ahl al-Bayt
Abu Lahab Public opposition to the Prophet, condemned in Qur'an 111
Abu Jahl Persecuted early Muslims; archetypal foe in sīra
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb Threats against Fāṭima's house (reported in Sunni chronicles); linked in Shia memory to her death; opposed Prophet's written directive
Aisha Led Jamal against ʿAlī; opposed al-Ḥasan's burial (Sunni chronicles); rejoicing at ʿAlī's death reported in Shia sources
Ṭalḥa & al-Zubayr Fought at Jamal against ʿAlī
Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam Instigator at Jamal; later repression of ʿAlī's supporters
Muʿāwiya Rebellion at Ṣiffīn; founding of Umayyad dynasty; orchestration of ʿAlī's assassination per Shia sources
ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ Arbitration tactics that weakened ʿAlī
Yazīd Massacre of Ḥusayn, his family, and companions at Karbala; captivity of women and children (incl. Sakinah)
ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Ziyād Directed Karbalāʾ and captivity of the Ahl al-Bayt
ʿUmar ibn Saʿd Commanded the Kufan army that killed Ḥusayn and companions
Shimr Identified as killer of Ḥusayn; abuse of captives (Shia sources)
Ibn Muljam Murder-for-hire assassin of ʿAlī, linked to Shām in Shia sources
al-Ḥajjāj Severe repression of Alid partisans; executions of descendants

Suffixal curse for enemies

Opponent-directed expressions
Arabic Romanization Abbrev. Translation Example
لَعْنَةُ ٱللّٰهِ عَلَيْهِ laʿnat-u llāhi ʿalayh (LA) 'May Allah's curse be upon him.' Used in exegetical works concerning opponents (e.g., on Q 33:57).[112]
عَلَيْهِ ٱللَّعْنَة ʿalayhi l-laʿna (AL) 'Upon him be the curse.' Common in heresiographical/biographical notices.[113]
أَخْزَاهُ ٱللّٰه akhzāhu llāh — 'May Allah disgrace him.' Appears in Sunni chronicles regarding Yazīd and his officials.[114]

Later commemoration

In Shia communities, the downfall of these figures is ritually remembered in the annual commemoration of Eid al-Zahrāʾ (9 Rabīʿ al-Awwal). The day not only marks relief from the oppression of the Ahl al-Bayt but also the conclusion of the traditional "two months and eight days" of mourning that begins in Muḥarram. This mourning recalls the killing of al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī and his family, and the subsequent captivity of his women and children—including his daughter Sakinah—who were paraded through the markets of Kufa and Damascus. In Shia devotional memory, Eid al-Zahrāʾ is described as the first occasion after Karbalāʾ when the surviving family of Ḥusayn smiled again, upon hearing of the downfall of those held responsible for his death.[115][116]

Scriptural and hadith basis

Qur'ān

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Verse 33:56 in Arabic

The honorifics for Muhammad are enjoined by Surat al-Ahzab:[117]

إِنَّ ٱللّٰهَ وَمَلَـٰٓىِٕكَتَهُۥ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى ٱلنَّبِىِّ ۚ يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ صَلُّوا۟ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا۟ تَسْلِيمًا‎
'Surely Allah (God) and His angels bless the Prophet; O you who believe! Send blessings on him and salute him with a (becoming) salutation.'
[Quran 33:56 (Translated by Shakir)]

Hadiths from Sunni Islam

See also: Religion:Hadith

Al-Tirmidhi recorded that Abu Hurairah said, "The Messenger of Allah said, 'May he be humiliated, the man in whose presence I am mentioned and he does not send Salaam upon me; may he be humiliated, the man who sees the month of Ramadan come and go, and he is not forgiven; may he be humiliated, the man whose parents live to old age and they do not cause him to be granted admittance to Paradise.'" Al-Tirmidhi said that this hadith was ḥasan gharib, "good but only reported once".[118]

In Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawood, Jami' at-Tirmidhi and al-Sunan al-Sughra, four of the six major hadith collections recorded that Abu Hurairah said, "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever sends one Salaam upon me, Allah will send ten upon him.'"[119]

Ahmad ibn Hanbal reported in his Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal that the Companion of Muhammad, Abu Talha ibn Thabit, said:[120][121]

One morning the Messenger of Allah was in a cheerful mood and looked happy. They said, "O Messenger of Allah, this morning you are in a cheerful mood and look happy." He said, "Of course, just now someone [an angel] came to me from my Lord [Allah] and said, 'Whoever among your Ummah sends Salaam upon you, Allah will record for him ten good deeds and will erase for him ten evil deeds, and will raise his status by ten degrees, and will return his greeting with something similar to it.'"

Al-Bayhaqi reports that Abu Hurairah said that Muhammad said, "Send the Salaam on Allah's messengers and prophets for Allah sent them as He sent me."[122]

This point is further founded in the saying by Muhammad, "The miser is the one in whose presence I am mentioned, then he does not send the Salam upon me." This was recorded in Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[123]

Anas bin Malik said, "The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: 'Whoever sends salah upon me once, Allah (SWT) will send salah upon him tenfold, and will erase ten sins from him, and will raise him ten degrees in status.'"

— Collected by Al-Nasa'i, Al-Sunan al-Sughra, Book 13, Hadith 119[124]

Salafi rejection of abbreviations

Scholars of the Salafi branch of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia have instructed their followers not to abbreviate the salawat upon Muhammad. For example, Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, said:[125]

As it is prescribed to send prayers upon the Prophet (peace and prayers of Allah be upon him) in prayer when saying the tashahhud, and it is prescribed when giving khutbahs, saying Du'a and praying for forgiveness, and after the Adhan, and when entering and exiting the mosque, and when mentioning him in other circumstances, so it is more important to do so when writing his name in a book, letter, article and so on. So it is prescribed to write the prayers in full so as to fulfil the command that Allah has given to Muslims, and so that the reader will remember to say the prayers when he reads it. So one should not write the prayers on the Prophet (peace and prayers of Allah be upon him) in short form such as writing (S) or (SAWS) etc, or other forms that some writers use, because that is going against the command of Allah in His Book, where He says (interpretation of the meaning):

صَلُّوا۟ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا۟ تَسْلِيمًا‎[126]

Send blessings on him and salute him with a (becoming) salutation."[Quran 33:56 (Translated by Shakir)]

And that (writing it in abbreviated form) does not serve that purpose and is devoid of the virtue of writing "salla Allaahu 'alayhi wa salaam (May Allah send prayers and peace upon him)" in full. Moreover the reader may not take notice of it and may not understand what is meant by it. It should also be noted that the symbol used for it is regarded as disapproved by the scholars, who warned against it. [year needed]

Unicode

Unicode
UTF-8 Encoding Symbol Unicode Name Transcription Arabic English
ؑ ؑ Arabic sign ALAYHE ASSALLAM ʿalayhi s-salām عليه السلام Peace be upon him
ؒ ؒ Arabic sign RAHMATULLAH ALAYHE raḥmatu Llāhi ʿalayh رحمة الله عليه God have mercy upon him
ؓ ؓ Arabic sign RADI ALLAHOU ANHU raḍī Llāhu ʿanh رضي الله عنه God be pleased with him

See also

  • Honorifics for the dead in Judaism
  • Honorifics in Judaism
  • Subhanahu wa ta'ala
  • Salawat

Notes

  1. ↑ Used more commonly by Shia Muslims

References

  1. ↑ "عبارات دعایی در اسلام" (in fa). https://noghteheasrar.ir/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/. 
  2. ↑ "پيامبران الهی به ترتيب رسالت" (in fa). 14 December 2010. https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/22915. 
  3. ↑ "شناخت اهل بیت سلام الله علیهم أجمعین، راهی برای شناختِ اسماء و صفات خدای متعال" (in fa). http://hawzeh.thaqalain.ir/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%B1/. 
  4. ↑ "دلیل استفاده از علایم اختصاری برای تعظیم و تکریم امامان" (in fa). 13 January 2013. https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/270266/%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "بحثی دربارهء سابقهء تاریخی القاب و عناوین علما در مذهب شیعه" (in fa). https://www.irannamag.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7/. 
  6. ↑ "حکم استعمال لفظ امام در غیر معصوم از دیدگاه علامه طهرانی" (in fa). http://nooremojarrad.com/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C. 
  7. ↑ "معنی حضرت" (in fa). https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/moen/12458/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA. 
  8. ↑ "معنی حضرت" (in fa). https://vajehyab.com/?q=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA. 
  9. ↑ "معنای حضرت" (in fa). https://www.porseman.com/article/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA/39308. 
  10. ↑ "امام" (in fa). https://wiki.ahlolbait.com/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85. 
  11. ↑ "معنی امام" (in fa). https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/moen/2381/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85. 
  12. ↑ "مفهوم امام" (in fa). http://shia-ac.com/index.php/shiite-studies/64-maaref/155-maghale-23. 
  13. ↑ "مفهوم «امام» در گذر زمان" (in fa). http://ensani.ir/fa/article/46307/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-. 
  14. ↑ "معنای لغوی و اصطلاحی امام" (in fa). 27 January 2021. https://entezar.ahlolbait.com/content/2914/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85. 
  15. ↑ "به چه كسی پيامبر گفته می‌شود؟ به چه كسی امام گفته می‌شود؟" (in fa). 22 October 2018. https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/97012. 
  16. ↑ "امامتِ دوازده‌امام و اهل بیتِ پیامبر" (in fa). http://noorfatemah.org/islamic-info/4788/%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%90-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%90-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1(%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87)-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%9F-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%9F. 
  17. ↑ "فلسفه‌ی امامت و شأن امام" (in fa). https://ensani.ir/fa/article/65774/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85. 
  18. ↑ "چیستی و حقیقت امامت" (in fa). http://ensani.ir/fa/article/63023/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA. 
  19. ↑ "مقام نبوت و امامت" (in fa). https://www.porseman.com/article/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA/101887. 
  20. ↑ "إن ٱلله وملـئكتهۥ يصلون على ٱلنبيۚ يـأيها ٱلذين ءامنوا صلوا عليۡه وسلموا تسۡليما" (in fa). https://quran.inoor.ir/fa/ayah/33/56/. 
  21. ↑ "صلی الله علیه و سلم" (in fa). https://jameghor.com/article/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85/. 
  22. ↑ "معنی صلی الله علیه" (in fa). https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/hoshyar/59892/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87. 
  23. ↑ "معنی صلی اﷲ علیه و آله" (in fa). https://vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%EF%B7%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87. 
  24. ↑ "معنای صلوات و فرق آن با سلام" (in fa). http://www.tadabbor.org/print.aspx?Page=Article&AID=955. 
  25. ↑ "و صلی الله علی محمد و آله و سلم تسلیماً" (in fa). 6 September 2019. https://www.ziaossalehin.ir/fa/book/26077. 
  26. ↑ "معنای صلوات و اهمیت آن" (in fa). 20 September 2015. https://ahlolbait.com/content/8952/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D9%86. 
  27. ↑ "معنی صلّی الله علیه و اله و سلّم به انگلیسی" (in fa). https://tarjomiclegal.com/dic/%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%91%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%20%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%20%D9%88%20%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%91%D9%85. 
  28. ↑ "معنی صلی الله علیه" (in fa). https://jadvaljoo.ir/word/hsh-0057359. 
  29. ↑ "معنای «صلی الله»" (in fa). https://www.porseman.com/article/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A-%C2%AB%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%C2%BB-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7/106829. 
  30. ↑ "رجال حول الرسول يحظون باهتمام الأسرة العربية" (in ar). https://middle-east-online.com/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B8%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9. 
  31. ↑ "معنی علیه السلام" (in fa). https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/dehkhoda/364541/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85. 
  32. ↑ "معنی علیه السلام" (in fa). https://vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85. 
  33. ↑ "علیه السلام در فرهنگ لغات‌ها" (in fa). https://www.jadvalyab.ir/fa2fa/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85. 
  34. ↑ "معنی علیه السلام" (in fa). https://jadvaljoo.ir/word/hsh-0062572. 
  35. ↑ "آل محمد علیهم السلام چه کسانی هستند؟" (in fa). https://www.porseman.com/article/%D8%A2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9F/30124. 
  36. ↑ "دلیل استفاده از علایم اختصاری برای تعظیم و تکریم امامان" (in fa). 13 January 2013. https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/270266/%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86. 
  37. ↑ "شیعه على‏ علیه السلام‏" (in fa). https://fa.mouood.com/26771/articles/prophets/imam-ali/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87/. 
  38. ↑ "سلام و درود (صلوات) حضرت فاطمه علیها السلام، به چه معناست؟" (in fa). https://www.x-shobhe.com/etc/12893.html. 
  39. ↑ "مفهوم واژه «سلام» در زیارتنامه‌ها" (in fa). https://fatemibook.ir/blog/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87-%C2%AB%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%C2%BB-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7. 
  40. ↑ "ابعاد سلام / معنی سلام" (in fa). https://eshia.ir/feqh/archive/text/khazaeli/kalam/99/991101/. 
  41. ↑ "البداية والنهاية / الجزء الثالث" (in ar). http://ar.m.wikisource.org:80/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB. 
  42. ↑ "لقدۡ رضي ٱلله عن ٱلۡمؤۡمنين إذۡ يبايعونك تحۡت ٱلشجرة فعلم ما في" (in fa). https://quran.inoor.ir/fa/ayah/48/18/. 
  43. ↑ "معنی رضی الله عنه" (in fa). https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/azad/178633/%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87. 
  44. ↑ "آیه ۱۱۹ سوره مائده" (in fa). https://wiki.ahlolbait.com/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_119_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%87. 
  45. ↑ "رضي الله عنه/عنها" (in fa). https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87. 
  46. ↑ "رضي الله عنه" (in fa). https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/10967/. 
  47. ↑ "السيرة النبوية لابن هشام" (in ar). http://sirah.al-islam.com/tree.asp?ID=1. 
  48. ↑ النووي, محيى الدين (in ar). العنه رضي الله عنهما. 6. p. 172. http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/846_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%AC-%D9%A6/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_172. "ج ٦ - الصفحة ١٧٢، الکتابخانه شیا بالخط، مؤرشف من الأصل في ۲۰۲۰-۴-۲۷. اطلع عليه بتاريخ ۲۰۲۰-۱۱-۱۷." 
  49. ↑ "Abbas Jaffer, Masuma Jaffer." T Quranic Science. ICAN Press, 2009
  50. ↑ "سلام و صلوات؛ خدا و ملائکه و مومنان؛ بر پیامبر اکرم صلی ا...علیه و آله" (in fa). https://hawzah.net/fa/Article/View/100377/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87. 
  51. ↑ صمدانیان, محسن; صبوری, امید. "عبارتهای محترمانه اسلامی در بکار بردن نام خدا، نام ملائک و نام پیامبر خاتم (ص)" (in fa). مجله قرآنی کوثر: 76, 77. "شماره ۲۳، زمستان ۱۳۸۵ش و بهار ۱۳۸۶ش.". 
  52. ↑ دهخدا, علی‌اکبر و دیگران (1390) (in fa). لغت‌نامه. لغت نامه: فرهنگ متوسط دهخدا. تهران: دانشگاه تهران. https://noorlib.ir/book/view/50606. "۱۳۹۰ش، ذیل واژه علیه‌السلام" 
  53. ↑ محمدی ری‌شهری, محمد و دیگران (1389) (in fa). دانش‌نامه امیرالمؤمنین(ع) بر پایه قرآن، حدیث و تاریخ. دانش نامه امیر المومنین علیه السلام بر پایه قرآن، حدیث و تاریخ. 1. قم: دار الحدیث. p. 185. https://noorlib.ir/book/view/18143. "۱۳۸۹ش" 
  54. ↑ "معنی عبارت «اللهم صل علی محمد و آل محمد»" (in fa). https://www.daneshchi.ir/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF/. 
  55. ↑ "معنای واقعی "و عجل فرجهم" چیست؟" (in fa). https://www.masjed.ir/fa/newsagency/31934/Qaem. 
  56. ↑ "معنای صلوات بر محمد و آل محمد (ص)" (in fa). https://hawzah.net/fa/Article/View/6775/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B5. 
  57. ↑ "چگونه صلوات را به فارسی، عربی و اردو تلفظ کنید" (in fa). https://fa.forvo.com/word/%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA/. 
  58. ↑ "واژه های مشترک زبان فارسی و زبان اردو" (in fa). 19 September 2024. https://farhangemelal.icro.ir/news/21123/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88. 
  59. ↑ "ترجمه کلمه PBUH" (in fa). https://dic.b-amooz.com/en/dictionary/w?word=pbuh#PBUH_sentence_1. 
  60. ↑ "معنای ذکر سبحان الله" (in fa). https://nedaye-tahzib.ir/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87/. 
  61. ↑ "مفهوم سبحان الله و تعالی چیست و حقیقت آن کدام است؟" (in fa). https://fa.alalam.ir/news/6562303/%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F. 
  62. ↑ "معنی، مشتقات و ریشه سبحان" (in fa). https://afagh313.ir/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%8C-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86/. 
  63. ↑ "ذكر «سبحان الله» و ديدگاه انسان نسبت به خداوند" (in fa). https://khouzestan.iqna.ir/fa/news/3493949/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF. 
  64. ↑ "كنا قعودا حول رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، ومعنا أبو بكر وعمر رضي الله عنهما في نفر..." (in ar). https://binbaz.org.sa/audios/605/26-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1. 
  65. ↑ "الحديث المذكور ضعيف، وفضائل (أبي بكر) لا ينكرها إلا مكابر" (in ar). https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/20407/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1. 
  66. ↑ "حکم اسما و صفات خدا (قرآن)" (in fa). https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86). 
  67. ↑ "شناخت اسم مُضمر «هو»" (in fa). https://www.hamgaman-institute.ir/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%B1-(%D9%87%D9%88). 
  68. ↑ "«اسماء الحُسنی» یا نام‌های نیکوی خداوند" (in fa). 21 July 2012. https://www.isna.ir/news/91043118906/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF. 
  69. ↑ Wensinck, A. J.; Rippen, A. (2002). "Waḥy". Encyclopaedia of Islam. 11 (2nd ed.). Brill. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wahy-COM_1331. 
  70. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. 
  71. ↑ Rosenwein, Barbara H., ed (2018). Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-3673-6. 
  72. ↑ "How did the Sahaba address each other?" (in en). 20 September 2014. https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askimam/81114/how-did-the-sahaba-address-each-other/. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Saying 'Peace be upon him' to Angel Gabriel" (in en). Fatwa center of Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Yemen, and Mauritania Islamic educational institutes. 2003. https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/86115/saying-peace-be-upon-him-to-angel-gabriel. 
  74. ↑ "Samson and Delilah not mentioned in Quran and Sunnah" (in En). 2017. https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/347941/samson-and-delilah-not-mentioned-in-quran-and-sunnah. 
  75. ↑ "Benarkah Samson itu Nabi?" (in Id). Yufid Network. 2015. https://konsultasisyariah.com/26025-benarkah-samson-itu-nabi.html. 
  76. ↑ Rippin, Andrew (2008). "The Muslim Samson: Medieval, modern and scholarly interpretations". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 71 (2): 239–253. doi:10.1017/S0041977X08000529. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/muslim-samson-medieval-modern-and-scholarly-interpretations/B85B244274623E4D1A1C6D9C965D1740. 
  77. ↑ Dickinson, Eerik (2001). The development of early Sunnite hadīth criticism: the Taqdima of Ibn Abī Ḥātim al-Rāzī (240/854-327/938). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11805-8. 
  78. ↑ Ibrahim, Mohammed Zayki (2015). "Ibn Ḥazm's theory of prophecy of women: Literalism, logic, and perfection". Intellectual Discourse (IIUM Press) 23 (1): 76–77. ISSN 0128-4878. 
  79. ↑ Wheeler, B. M.. "Daniel". Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. "Daniel is not mentioned by name in the Quran but there are accounts of his prophethood in later Muslim literature..." 
  80. ↑ "Qur'an 33:57". https://quran.com/33/57. 
  81. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 3714". https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3714. 
  82. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. SUNY Press. pp. 77–82. 
  83. ↑ Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–16, 247–317. 
  84. ↑ "Qur'an 111". https://quran.com/111. 
  85. ↑ Ibn Hishām (1990). al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya. 1. Dar Ibn Kathīr. pp. 319–322. 
  86. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 9. Brill. pp. 202–205. 
  87. ↑ al-Balādhurī (1996). Ansāb al-Ashrāf. 1. Dar al-Maʿārif. pp. 586–588. 
  88. ↑ Ibn Qutayba (attrib.) (in ar). al-Imāma wa-l-Siyāsa. 1. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya. pp. 19–20. 
  89. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 114". https://sunnah.com/bukhari:114. 
  90. ↑ al-Kulaynī (1986). al-Kāfī. 1. Dar al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya. pp. 294–296. 
  91. ↑ al-Kulaynī (1986). al-Kāfī. 8. Dar al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya. pp. 189–190. 
  92. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 4428". https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4428. 
  93. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 19. Brill. pp. 122–124. 
  94. ↑ al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir (in ar). Biḥār al-Anwār. 32. Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. 
  95. ↑ "Jamal". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/jamal-COM_36566. Retrieved 2 September 2025. 
  96. ↑ Madelung (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. CUP. pp. 309–317. 
  97. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 17. Brill. pp. 168–172. 
  98. ↑ Madelung (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. CUP. pp. 247–295, 322–325. 
  99. ↑ Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd (in ar). Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha. 2. Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya. 
  100. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 18. Brill. pp. passim. 
  101. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 19. Brill. pp. 121–122, 136–143. 
  102. ↑ Ibn Kathīr (1985). al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya. 8. Dar al-Fikr. pp. 190–200. 
  103. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr (1987). al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh. 4. Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya. pp. 56–59. 
  104. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 19. Brill. pp. 136–143. 
  105. ↑ Ibn Qulawayh, Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (1997). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt. Dār al-ʿĀlam. pp. 174–179. 
  106. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 19. Brill. pp. 136–143. 
  107. ↑ Ibn Qulawayh, Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (1997). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt. Dār al-ʿĀlam. pp. 174–179. 
  108. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 17. Brill. pp. 211–214. 
  109. ↑ Madelung (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. CUP. pp. 322–325. 
  110. ↑ Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd (in ar). Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha. 2. Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya. 
  111. ↑ "al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second. Brill. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-hajjaj-b-yusuf-SIM_2694. 
  112. ↑ Ibn Kathīr (2000). Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm. Darussalam. pp. on Q 33:57. 
  113. ↑ al-Dhahabī (1985). Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ. 1. Muʾassasat al-Risāla. pp. passim. 
  114. ↑ al-Ṭabarī (1987). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk. 19. Brill. pp. 121–122. 
  115. ↑ "ʿĪd al-Zahrāʾ". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/id-al-zahra-SIM_0300. Retrieved 2 September 2025. 
  116. ↑ Ayoub, Mahmoud (1978). Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of ʿĀshūrāʾ in Twelver Shiʿism. Mouton. pp. 148–152. 
  117. ↑ "آیه ۵۶ سوره احزاب" (in fa). https://wiki.ahlolbait.com/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%87_56_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8. 
  118. ↑ al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub (2015). Al-Kafi (Volume 6 ed.). New York: Islamic Seminary Incorporated. ISBN 9780991430864. 
  119. ↑ Glasse, Cyril (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Altamira. p. 159. 
  120. ↑ Graham, William A. (1977). Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadith Qudsi. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110803593.
  121. ↑ "Saul - Oxford Islamic Studies Online" (in en). http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2115. 
  122. ↑ "Sahih Muslim, Book 1, The Book of Faith (Kitab Al-Iman) (part II)" (in en). https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/hadith/muslim/001a_smt.html. 
  123. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 6452 - To make the Heart Tender (Ar-Riqaq)" (in en). https://sunnah.com/bukhari:6452. 
  124. ↑ "The Book of Forgetfulness (In Prayer) (55) Chapter: The virtue of sending salah upon the Prophet (SAW)". https://sunnah.com/nasai:1297. 
  125. ↑ "احادیث آیه ۵۶ از سوره احزاب" (in fa). http://alvahy.com/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8/56. 
  126. ↑ "متن قرآن، سوره ۳۳، الأحزاب، آیه ۵۶ - آیه ۶۵" (in fa). http://www.parsquran.com/data/show.php?lang=far&sura=33&ayat=56&user=far&tran=1. 



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