Religion:Tayammum
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Tayammum (Arabic: تيمم) is the Islamic act of dry ritual purification using purified (clean) sand or stone or mud, which may be performed in place of ritual washing (wudu or ghusl) if no clean water is readily available or if one is suffering from moisture-induced skin inflammation or scaling or illness or hardship.
Etymology
Tayammum (Arabic: تيمم) is an Arabic word that means an aim or purpose.[1] Tayammum is derived from "amma," meaning 'to repair.'[2]
In Islamic law, Tayammum means to wipe the face and hands of a person with the purpose of purification for prayer by using soil, purified sand, or dust.[3]
In the Quran
"Oh you who believe! When you intend to offer As-Salat (the prayer), wash your faces and your hands (forearms) up to the elbows, rub (by passing wet hands over) your heads, and (wash) your feet up to ankles. If you are in a state of Janaba (i.e. after a sexual discharge), purify yourselves (bathe your whole body). But if you are ill or on a journey, or any of you comes after answering the call of nature, or you have been in contact with women (i.e. sexual intercourse), and you find no water, then perform tayammum with clean earth and rub therewith your faces and hands. Allah does not want to place you in difficulty, but He wants to purify you, and to complete His Favor to you that you may be thankful."[lower-alpha 1][4]
Circumstances
In the following eight circumstances, one has to make Tayammum rather than Wudu (ablution) or ghusl (a ritual bath): [5][6]
- when access to water is restricted or impractical
- when sufficient amounts of water for ritual washing are not available.
- when using the available water for wudu or ghusl will leave insufficient water for drinking and will put you and your dependents at risk of dying of thirst or illness.
- when obtaining water is hazardous or prohibitively expensive.
- when using water poses a health risk.
- when the water available is impure.
- when performing Wudu or Ghusl will take all or part of the time of prayer.
In the Quran
O you who have believed, do not approach prayer while you are intoxicated until you know what you are saying or in a state of janabah, except those passing through [a place of prayer], until you have washed [your whole body]. And if you are ill or on a journey or one of you comes from the place of relieving himself or you have contacted women and find no water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and your hands [with it]. Indeed, Allah is ever Pardoning and Forgiving."[lower-alpha 2]
Thus, in case of illness, even if there is water, one still does not need to wash.
Circumstances of revelation
The verse of tayammum was revealed while the Prophet Muhammad was on an expedition with the Muslim army and accompanied alongside his wife Aisha. Aisha had borrowed a necklace from Asma, her sister, and had noticed that her necklace was missing. She informed Prophet Muhammad about this and he stopped the entire army so that they could look for it. Eventually one of the men found the necklace, however, it was time to pray and no water was to be found for them to perform the wudu (ablution). It was at this point that the verse of Tayammum was revealed.[7]
Performing Tayammum
Tayammum (التيمم[8]) is practiced as follows:
- Finding a piece of ground which is free of najaasah (unclean elements). This may be any kind of ground surface that naturally collects dust like rock or sand[9]
- Intending tayammum
- Reciting the bismillah
- Placing one's hands on the surface of the ground. If using a small stone the hanafi and maliki madhabs also permit turning it over[10]
- Dusting off the hands
- Rubbing the hands with one another
- Rubbing the face with both hands
The same conditions that invalidate wudu also invalidate tayammum. In addition, a person's tayammum is invalidated as and when water becomes available. Scholars differ regarding whether the hands or face should be wiped first.[11][12]
Items on which Tayammum is permitted
Tayammum is permitted on clean earth piece,[9] but the ideas about what is inside of this definition or not is depending per maddhabs. Some maddhabs accepts baked earthen pots (unglazed), clay, limestone, the tayammum stone, taahir (pure) earth, and walls of mud, stone or brick.[9]
Items on which Tayammum is not permitted
Tayammum is not permitted on things that are not earthen, such as things that burn and turn into ashes or things that can be melted by heat.[13][9]
Things that Nullify Tayammum
Anything that nullifies wudu, such as urine, passing wind, stool, blood or pus that flows from its wound, vomiting a mouth full, falling asleep whilst leaning against something, and fainting[14], will also nullify tayammum, since it is a substitute for wudu[15]. Also, upon the presence of water, tayammum will be annuled, since tayammum is a process used at the absence of presence. Once the conditions are gone, one becomes impure and must redo the purification process through wudu[15].
References
- ↑ Mir, Mustansir (1987). Dict of Quranic Terms. Encyclopedia-Ga; 0 edition (September 1, 1987). p. 60. ISBN 978-0824085469. https://books.google.com/books?id=89TXAAAAMAAJ&q=what+is+mean+Tayammum+in+arabic.
- ↑ Ali, Muhammad (1936). "The Religion of Islam: A Comprehensive Discussion of the Sources, Principles and Practices of Islam". Ahmadiyya anjuman isha'at Islam, 1936. p. 402. https://books.google.com/books?id=exxJAAAAMAAJ&q=tayammum+is+derived+from+word.
- ↑ Sabiq, As-Sayyid (June 1986). Fiqh Us-Sunnah Purification and Prayer. American Trust Publications (June 1, 1986). ISBN 978-0892590605. https://books.google.com/books?id=uR5MCwAAQBAJ&q=Fiqh+Us-Sunnah%2C+Volume+1.
- ↑ "Verse By Verse Qur'an Study Circle". 21 January 2013. https://versebyversequranstudycircle.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/tafseer-surah-al-maidah-ayah-6-part-1/.
- ↑ Tayob, Abdulkader (29 July 1999). Islam: A Short Introduction. Oneworld Publications; First Edition (July 1, 1999). ISBN 978-1851681921. https://books.google.com/books?id=RaAQAQAAIAAJ&q=Circumstances+when+tayammum+is+necessary.
- ↑ "laws and practices:how to perform wudu and tayammum". 29 October 2012. https://www.al-islam.org/articles/laws-and-practices-how-perform-wudhu-and-tayammum.
- ↑ "Rubbing hands and feet with dust (Tayammum) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". https://sunnah.com/bukhari/7.
- ↑ "طريقة التيمم الصحيحة - أسباب التيمم و أحكامه و صفته" (in ar-ma). https://www.almofud.com/2021/01/The%20correct%20method%20of%20tayammum-causes-provisions%20.html.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 (in en) Teyemmüm. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/teyemmum. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ↑ "How to do tayammum using stones - Islam Question & Answer" (in en). https://islamqa.info/en/answers/139879/how-to-do-tayammum-using-stones.
- ↑ "How to Perform Tayammum - Islam Question & Answer" (in en). https://islamqa.info/en/answers/21074/how-to-perform-tayammum.
- ↑ "Dry Ablution (Tayammum): Description of tayammum and its conditions -" (in en-GB). 2012-09-14. https://islamqa.org/hanafi/qibla-hanafi/37013/dry-ablution-tayammum-description-of-tayammum-and-its-conditions/.
- ↑ "Rules Regarding Tayammum". http://www.myreligionislam.com/detail.asp?Aid=6095.
- ↑ al-Farghani al-Marghinani, Burhan al-Din (2006). Al-Hidayah: The Guidance (1st ed.). AmalPress (published 1 April 2006). pp. 14-18. ISBN 978-0954054496.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 al-Farghani al-Marghinani, Burhan al-Din (2006). Al-Hidayah: The Guidance (1st ed.). AmalPress (published 1 April 2006). pp. 47. ISBN 978-0954054496.
Notes
Further reading
- Lemu, B. A. Islamic Aqidah and Fiqh: A textbook of Islamic Belief and Jurisprudence revised and expanded edition of Tawhid and Fiqh), IQRA' International Educational Foundation, Chicago, 1997.
External links
- Ritual Purity in the Qur’an, hadith and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) including dry ablution/tayammum
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