Shades of red

From HandWiki
Short description: Varieties of the color red
Red
 
Spectral coordinates
Wavelength~630–740[1] nm
Frequency~480–405 THz
Common connotations
heat, anger, passion, sexuality, love, socialism, Christmas, Valentine's Day, danger
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#FF0000
SourceHTML/CSS[2]

Varieties of the color red may differ in hue, chroma (also called saturation, intensity, or colorfulness), lightness (or value, tone, or brightness), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a red or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below.

In specific color systems

Red (RGB)

Red (RGB)
 
Red, green and blue lights, representing the three basic additive primary colors of the RGB color system, red, green, and blue
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#FF0000
SourceHTML/CSS[3]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid reddish orange

Red (RGB), RGB red, or electric red (as opposed to pigment red, shown below) is the brightest possible red that can be reproduced on a computer monitor. This color is an approximation of an orangish red spectral color. It is one of the three primary colors of light in the RGB color model, along with green and blue. The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide the maximum gamut of colors that are capable of being represented on a computer or television set, at a reasonable expense of power. Portable devices such as mobile phones might have an even narrower gamut due to this purity–power tradeoff and their "red" may be less colorful and more orangish than the standard red of sRGB.

This color is also the color called red in the X11 web colors, which were originally formulated in 1987. It is also called color wheel red. It is at precisely zero (360) degrees on the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel (Image of RGB color wheel). Its complementary color is cyan.

Shades of red labeled with HSL, RGB, and web color names.
Shades of red labeled with HSL, RGB, and web color names.

Red (CMYK) (pigment red)

Red (CMYK) (pigment red)
 
Cyan, magenta, and yellow are the three subtractive primary colors used in printing
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#ED1B24
SourceCMYK[4]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid reddish orange

Pigment red is the color red that is achieved by mixing process (printer's) magenta and process (printer's) yellow in equal proportions. This is the color red that is shown in the diagram located at the bottom of the following website offering tintbooks for CMYK printing: Tintbooks - Get Accurate CMYK Color Results For Your Printing Projects.

The purpose of the CMYK color system is to provide the maximum possible gamut of colors capable of being reproduced in printing.

Psychedelic art made people used to brighter colors of red, and pigment colors or colored pencils called "true red" are produced by mixing pigment red with a tiny amount of white. The result approximates (with much less brightness than is possible on a computer screen) the electric red shown above.

Red (Crayola)

Red (Crayola)
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#ED0A3F
SourceCrayola
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

The color is defined as red in Crayola crayons.

Red was one of the original colors formulated by Crayola in 1903.

Red (Munsell)

Red (Munsell)
 
The hues of the Munsell color system, at varying values, and maximum chroma to stay in the sRGB gamut
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#FF0042
Sourcehttps://pteromys.melonisland.net/munsell/
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

The Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three color dimensions: hue, value (lightness), and chroma (colorfulness), spaced uniformly (in terms of human perception) in three dimensions in the Munsell color solid. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five, non-arbitrary, equally spaced primary colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple.

The color of the sample is the most chromatic (colorful) red in the sRGB gamut that falls in the hue of 5R (primary red) in the Munsell color space.

Red (NCS) (psychological primary red)

Red (NCS)
 
Approximations within the sRGB gamut to the primary colors of the Natural Color System, a model based on the opponent process theory of color vision
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#C40234
SourcesRGB approximation to NCS S 1080-R[5]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

The color is defined as red in the NCS or Natural Color System (NCS 1080-R). The Natural Color System is a color system based on the four unique hues or psychological primary colors red, yellow, green, and blue. The NCS is based on the opponent process theory of vision.

The Natural Color System is widely used in Scandinavia.

Red (Pantone)

Red (Pantone)
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#ED2839
SourcePantone TPX[6][7]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

The color is defined as red in Pantone.

The source of this color is the Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX) color list, color No. 032M—Red.[8]

Variations of red

Amaranth

Main article: Amaranth (color)
Amaranth
 
The flower of the amaranth plant
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#E52B50
SourceColorHexa[9]

Amaranth is a pinkish-red color, which gets its name from the color of a red amaranth flower.

Apple red

Apple red
 
A Red delicious
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#BE0032
SourceISCC-NBS[10]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

Apple red is the color of the peel of an apple.

Barn red

Barn red
 
A barn in Oregon, USA
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#7C0902
SourceMilk Paint[11]
ISCC–NBS descriptorDeep reddish brown

The color barn red is one of the colors on one of the milk paint color lists, paint colors formulated to reproduce the colors historically used on the American frontier and made, like those paints were, with milk. This color is mixed with various amounts of white paint to create any desired shade of the color barn red.[12]

Batorange

Batorange
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#A42C02
SourceColorHexa[13]
ISCC–NBS descriptorDark vermilion

The color batorange is a nuance of Orange Nectar Bat species, Lonchophylla robusta. It is a dark red-orange, dark vermilion, rufous color.

Bittersweet shimmer

Bittersweet shimmer
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#BF4F51
SourceCrayola
ISCC–NBS descriptorModerate red

Bittersweet shimmer is one of the colors in the special set of metallic Crayola crayons called Metallic FX, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 2001.

Although this is supposed to be a metallic color, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a computer.

Blood red

Main article: Blood red
Blood red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#660000
SourceThom Poole's 2017 book Life of Colour[14]: 80 
ISCC–NBS descriptorDeep reddish brown

The color of blood red ranges from crimson to a dark brown-red and may have a slightly orange hue. In the RGB color spectrum, it often consists only of the color red, with no green or blue component; in the CMYK color model blood red has no cyan, and consists only of magenta and yellow with a small amount of black. It is frequently darker than both maroon and dark red.

In China, according to The Language of Color in China,[15] dark blood red is sometimes referred to as "period (i.e., menstruation) red".

Brink pink

Brink pink
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#FB607F
SourceCrayola
ISCC–NBS descriptorDeep pink

The color brink pink was formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Cantaloupe melon

Cantaloupe melon
 
A cantaloupe from Australia.
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#FDBCB4
SourceCrayola
ISCC–NBS descriptorModerate yellowish pink

The color cantaloupe melon is a representation of the color of the interior flesh of a cantaloupe, the most commonly consumed melon.

The first recorded use of melon as a color name in English was in 1892.[16]

In 1958, melon was formulated as one of the Crayola colors.

Cardinal red

Main article: Cardinal (color)
Cardinal
 
Cardinal bird in a tree
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#C51E3A
SourceMaerz and Paul
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

Cardinal red, also called cardinal, is a vivid red, which gets its name from the cassocks worn by cardinals. The bird takes its name from the color.

Carmine

Main article: Carmine (color)
Carmine
 
Carmine skimmer (male)
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#960018
SourcePourpre.com[17]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

The color carmine is a vivid crimson. In its pigment form it mostly contains the red light with wavelengths longer than 600 nm, i.e. it is close to the extreme spectral red. This places it far beyond standard gamuts (both RGB and CMYK), and its given RGB value is a poor approximation only.

Chili red

Chili red
 
Burmese chili pepper
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#E03C31
Sourcegov.za[18]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid reddish orange

Chili red is the color of red chili peppers. It is the shade of red used in the flags of Chile and South Africa. On the flag of South Africa, it is defined as Pantone 179. National flag | South African Government

Chocolate cosmos

Chocolate cosmos
 
Chocolate cosmos flower
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#58111A
Source[Unsourced]
ISCC–NBS descriptorDeep reddish brown

Chocolate cosmos, or red cosmos is the color of Cosmos atrosanguineus species.[19]

Cinnabar

Main article: Chemistry:Vermilion
Cinnabar
 
Cinnabar crystals in dolomite
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#E44D2E
SourceThom Poole's 2017 book Life of Colour[14][self-published source?]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid reddish orange

The color cinnabar derives from the mineral of the same name. It is a slightly orange shade of red, with variations ranging from bright scarlet to brick red.

Coral pink

Main article: Coral (color)
Coral pink
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#F88379
SourceISCC-NBS[20]
ISCC–NBS descriptorDeep yellowish red

The color coral pink is a pinkish color.[20]

The first recorded use of coral pink as a color name in English was in 1892.[21] Late in 2016, the color sample was renamed Coral Red by Pantone, as the RGB, Hex and HTML color table showed the same color as being reddish, standing against popular belief of pinkish.

Still today, some people call Coral Red as Coral Pink due to this old attribution.

The complementary color of coral pink is teal .

Cordovan

Main article: Cordovan (color)
Cordovan
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#893F45
SourcePantone Color Planner[22]
ISCC–NBS descriptorDark red

Cordovan is a rich medium dark shade of red.

The first recorded use of cordovan as a color name in English was in 1925.[23]

Crimson

Main article: Crimson
Crimson
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#DC143C
SourceX11
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

Crimson is a strong, bright, deep red color combined with some blue or violet, resulting in a small degree of purple. It is also the color between rose and red on the RGB color wheel and magenta and red on the RYB color wheel.

Crimson as a quaternary color on the RGB color wheel
  cerise
  rose
  crimson
  red
  Pryssa
  Zarqa
  vermilion

Cunard red

Cunard red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#E42313
Source[24]
ISCC–NBS descriptorRed-orange

When the British shipping line Cunard was launched, a red funnel colour was selected to identify the company's ships. However, the heat from the funnels caused the paint to peel. To stop this, the red paint was thickened and mixed with buttermilk. When the heat of the funnel interacted with the buttermilk within the mixture, however, the red paint changed in colour and became a distinctive red-orange. This shade of red became known as Cunard Red.

Cymbidium red

Cymbidium red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#D5373A
SourceColorHexa[25]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid red

The color cymbidium red is an nuance of red Cymbidium flower specie. Cymbidium red is a vivid red, look like jasper color.

Dark red

Dark red
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#8B0000
SourceX11
ISCC–NBS descriptorStrong reddish brown

This is the web color dark red.

Fire brick

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This is the web color fire brick.

Fire engine red

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Fire engine red is an intense, bright red commonly used on emergency vehicles; mostly on fire engines, other associated fire service vehicles, and ambulances.

Fluorescent red

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Fluorescent red is a light brilliant red color.

Garnet

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The color garnet can be considered a dark tone of red, with some slight purple tints.

This color represents the hue of an average garnet gemstone, though garnets can range in color from orange to (very rarely) green.

Imperial red

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Imperial red is a representation of the red color of the Imperial Standard of Napoleon I.

The first recorded use of imperial red as a color name in English was in 1914.[26] Note: the RGB values for Pantone red and imperial red are identical.

Indian red

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The name Indian red derives from the red laterite soil found in India, which is composed of naturally occurring iron oxides. The first recorded use of "Indian red" as a color term in English was in 1792.[27]

Jasper

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The color jasper is named for red jasper, the most commonly known form of jasper; however, as with many gemstones, jasper can be found in many colors, from yellow to brown and even green. The color was formulated by Crayola in 1994 as part of their Gem Tones crayon set.

Light coral

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The web color light coral is a pinkish-light orange color. It is also a HTML/CSS color name and a X11 color name.

Light red

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The color light red, though very similar to pink, is a shade of red that is roughly 50% lighter than red.

Lust

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Lust is a rich shade of red.

This color is not mentioned in the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color by Maerz and Paul but is found on the 1955 ISCC-NBS color list.

Madder

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The color madder is named for a dye produced from plants of the genus Rubia.

Maroon (HTML/CSS)

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This is the web color called maroon in HTML/CSS. It only consists of red in RGB and no cyan in CMYK.

Misty rose

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The web color misty rose is written as mistyrose in HTML code for computer display.[28]

The color name misty rose first came into use in 1987, when this color was formulated as one of the X11 colors, which in the early 1990s became known as the X11 web colors.

Old rose

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The color old rose, also known as ashes of rose, was a popular Victorian color, it is a dullish red. The first recorded use of old rose as a color name in English was in 1892.[29]

Pink

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The web color pink is a light tint of red, but is often considered to be a basic color term on its own.

Philippine red

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The color Philippine red is named after the maritime Southeast Asian country of the Philippines, which takes its name from Philip II of Spain.

Poppy red

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The color poppy red is named after the poppy flower.

Poppy red is a shade of pink-red.[30] Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae, a Canadian officer and surgeon in World War I, wrote possibly history's most famous wartime poem, called "In Flanders Fields", written in 1915.[31] It helped the poppy (Papaver rhoeas) become a symbol of remembrance for soldiers who have died during the conflict and later conflicts.[32]

Redwood

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The color redwood is a representation of color of the wood of the redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens).

The first recorded use of redwood as a color name in English was in 1917.[33]

The source of this color is the Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX) color list, color #18-1443—Redwood.[8]

Rose ebony

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The first recorded use of rose ebony as a color name in English was in 1924.[34]

Rose taupe

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The first recorded use of rose taupe as a color name in English was in 1924.[35]

Rose vale

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The first recorded use of rose vale as a color name in English was in 1923.[36]

Rosewood

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The color rosewood is named after rosewood.

The first recorded use of rosewood as a color name in English was in 1892.[37] Actual rosewood exhibits a wide range of colors.[38]

Rosy brown

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The name for the web color rosy brown first came into use in 1987, when this color was formulated as one of the X11 colors, which in the early 1990s became known as the X11 web colors.

Rusty red

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Salmon

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The web color salmon represents the color of the flesh of an average salmon. However, actual salmon flesh can range in hue from a light pinkish-orange to a bright red (as is the case with sockeye salmon).

Salmon pink

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This color which represents the pinkish tone of salmon is called salmon in Crayola crayons. This color was introduced by Crayola in 1949. See the List of Crayola crayon colors.

Scarlet

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Scarlet is a bright red with a slightly orange tinge. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, scarlet and other bright shades of red are the colors most associated with courage, force, passion, heat, and joy.[39] In the Roman Catholic Church, scarlet is the color worn by cardinals, and is associated with the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs, and with sacrifice.

Spanish red

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Spanish red, an iron oxide redLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". also known as torch red, is the color that is called rojo (the Spanish word for "red") in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.[40][41]

Tea rose

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There is a different color sometimes called tea rose, which is the color of an orange rose called a tea rose.[42] This other color is technically Congo pink.

The first recorded use of tea rose as a color name in English was in 1884.[43]

Tomato

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The first recorded use of tomato as a color name in English was in 1891.[44]

When the X11 color names were invented in 1987, the color tomato was formulated as one of them.

Turkey red

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Turkey red is a color that was widely used to dye cotton in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was made using the root of the Rubia plant, through a long and laborious process. It originated in India or Turkey, and was brought to Europe in the 1740s. In France, it was known as rouge d'Andrinople.[45]

Venetian red

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of red. The composition of Venetian red changed over time. Originally it consisted of natural ferric oxide (Fe2O3, partially hydrated) obtained from the red hematite. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide produced via calcination of green vitriol mixed with white chalk. The pigment contains up to 50% of the ferric oxide.

Historically, Venetian red was a red earth color often used in Italian Renaissance paintings.

Vermilion

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Vermilion (sometimes spelled vermillion) is both a brilliant red or scarlet pigment, originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".). It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, as sindoor, an Indian cosmetic powder, and in the art and lacquerware of China.

Zarqa

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Zarqa is the hue between red and vermillion.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D. N. Svoronos. CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts. CRC Press, 2005.
    Color
  2. ↑ "CSS Color Module Level 3". http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4. 
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named css3-color
  4. ↑ CMYK
  5. ↑ The sRGB values are taken by converting the NCS color 1080-R using the "NCS Navigator" tool at the NCS website.
  6. ↑ Pantone TPX
  7. ↑ Type the word "Red" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Search – Find a PANTONE Color". http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx. 
  9. ↑ "Amaranth / #e52b50 hex color" (in en). https://www.colorhexa.com/e52b50. 
  10. ↑ "Retsof online version of ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names - Aa through Az". November 22, 2012. http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-a.htm. 
  11. ↑ "Color Palette & Tinting Chart". http://www.milkpaint.com/color.html. 
  12. ↑ "Color Palette & Tinting Chart". http://www.milkpaint.com/color.html. 
  13. ↑ "Cymbidium red / #d54137 hex color" (in en-us). https://www.colorhexa.com/d54137. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Thom Poole (2017). Life of Colour. Lulu.com. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-326-65724-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=uu-rDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  15. ↑ Zhou, Jun (2018). The language of color in China. Taylor, Gail. Newcastle upon Tyne. ISBN 978-1527511224. OCLC 1035512873. 
  16. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 199; Color Sample of Melon: Page 27 Plate 2 Color Sample D10
  17. ↑ Bilik, Yan. "Couleur carmin : définition et codes couleur". http://pourpre.com/fr/dictionnaire/file/carmin. 
  18. ↑ "National flag | South African Government". https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-flag-0. 
  19. ↑ Amamiya, K., & Iwashina, T. (2016). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Flower Pigments in Chocolate Cosmos, Cosmos atrosanguineus, and its Hybrids. Natural Product Communications, 11(1), 77–78.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Ca through Cz". ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names. John C. Foster and Texas Precancel Club. 1955. color sample #26. http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-c.htm.  The ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names is a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps.
  21. ↑ Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, Morris Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 193. ; color sample of coral pink: page 27, plate 2, color sample F9.
  22. ↑ Shah, David. "Pantone View Color Planner Summer 2007 Key Color Combinations". Metropolitan Publishing of Amsterdam. http://www.retailinsights.be/uploadedfiles/eiseman%20key%20color%20combos.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 193; Color Sample of Cordovan Page 39 Plate 8 Color Sample H8
  24. ↑ "Cunard Brand". 26 April 2023. https://www.chriscunard.com/cunard-history/the-cunard-brand/. 
  25. ↑ "Cymbidium red / #d54137 hex color" (in en-us). https://www.colorhexa.com/d54137. 
  26. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196; Color Sample of Imperial Red: Page 27 Plate 2 Color Sample L11
  27. ↑ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1994 – Merriam-Webster Page 592
  28. ↑ CSS3 Color Module. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  29. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 200 Color Sample: Page 31 Plate 4 Color Sample I2
  30. ↑ "Pantone / PMS 17-1664 TCX / Poppy Red / #dc343b Hex Color Code". encycolorpedia.com. https://encycolorpedia.com/dc343b. 
  31. ↑ "In Flanders Fields". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-Flanders-Fields. 
  32. ↑ "Why the Poppy?". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/remembrance/how/poppy.shtml#:~:text=The%20poppy%20came%20to%20represent,War%20One%20and%20later%20conflicts. 
  33. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Color Sample of Redwood: Page 35 Plate 6 Color Sample K11
  34. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Color Sample of rose Ebony Page 39 Plate 8 Color Sample E6
  35. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Color Sample of rose Taupe Page 55 Plate 16 Color Sample A4
  36. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Color sample of rose vale p. 33 Plate 5 Color Sample K9
  37. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203; Color Sample of rosewood Page 33 Plate 5 Color Sample J9
  38. ↑ "About the classical guitar". Mangore.com. http://www.mangore.com/about_the_classical_guitar.html. 
  39. ↑ Eva Heller (2009), Psychologie de la couleur; effets et symboliques, pp. 42–49
  40. ↑ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  41. ↑ Gallego, Rose and Sanz, Juan Carlos "Diccionario Akal del color" (2001) Akal Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  42. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 – McGraw-Hill – Discussion of color tea rose, Page 183
  43. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 183
  44. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 205; Color Sample of Tomato: Page 29 Plate 3 Color Sample I12
  45. ↑ Lowengard, Sarah (2006). The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-Century Europe. Columbia University Press. http://www.gutenberg-e.org/lowengard. 

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Sources

  • Gettens, R. J.; Stout, G. L. (1966). "Iron Oxide Red". Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia. Courier Corporation. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-486-14242-5. OCLC 868969354. 

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Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".


Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".


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