Cyan

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Short description: Color visible between blue and green on the visible spectrum; subtractive (CMY) primary color
Cyan
 
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American Robin Eggs in Nest.jpg
Lidded Funerary Urn (Lunghu Ping) with Dog and Dragon LACMA 53.41.3a-b (cropped).jpg
Uranus clouds.jpg
Arba'een Pilgrimage - Iranian People- Shia Muslim 15 (cropped).jpg
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Spectral coordinates
Wavelength490–520 nm
Frequency610–575 THz
Common connotations
water
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#00FFFF
SourceCSS Color Module Level 4000

Cyan (/ˈsaɪ.ən, -æn/)[1][2][3] is the color between blue and green on the visible spectrum of light.[4][5] It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength between 490 and 520 nm, between the wavelengths of green and blue.[6]

In the subtractive color system, or CMYK color model, which can be overlaid to produce all colors in paint and color printing, cyan is one of the primary colors, along with magenta and yellow. In the additive color system, or RGB color model, used to create all the colors on a computer or television display, cyan is made by mixing equal amounts of green and blue light. Cyan is the complement of red; it can be made by the removal of red from white. Mixing red light and cyan light at the right intensity will make white light.

Colors in the cyan color range are teal, turquoise, electric blue, aquamarine, and others described as blue-green.

Etymology and terminology

Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek word kyanos (κύανος), meaning "dark blue enamel, Lapis lazuli".[7][8] It was formerly known as "cyan blue"[9] or cyan-blue,[10] and its first recorded use as a color name in English was in 1879.[11] Further origins[clarification needed] of the color name can be traced back to a dye produced from the cornflower (Centaurea cyanus).[12][13]

In most languages, 'cyan' is not a basic color term and it phenomenologically appears as a greenish vibrant hue of blue to most English speakers. Other English terms for this "borderline" hue region include blue green, aqua, turquoise,[14] teal, and grue.[15]

Cyan on the web and printing

The web colors cyan and aqua

Cyan (additive secondary)
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#00FFFF
SourceX11
ISCC–NBS descriptorBrilliant bluish green

The web color cyan shown at right is a secondary color in the RGB color model, which uses combinations of red, green and blue light to create all the colors on computer and television displays. In X11 colors, this color is called both cyan and aqua. In the HTML color list, this same color is called aqua.

The web colors are more vivid than the cyan used in the CMYK color system, and the web colors cannot be accurately reproduced on a printed page. To reproduce the web color cyan in inks, it is necessary to add some white ink to the printer's cyan below, so when it is reproduced in printing, it is not a primary subtractive color. It is called aqua (a name in use since 1598) because it is a color commonly associated with water, such as the appearance of the water at a tropical beach.[16]

Process cyan

Cyan (subtractive primary)
 
About these coordinates     Color coordinates
Hex triplet#00B7EB
SourceCMYK[17][unreliable source?]
ISCC–NBS descriptorBrilliant greenish blue

Cyan is also one of the common inks used in four-color printing, along with magenta, yellow, and black; this set of colors is referred to as CMYK. In printing, the cyan ink is sometimes known as printer's cyan, process cyan, or process blue.

While both the additive secondary and the subtractive primary are called cyan, they can be substantially different from one another. Cyan printing ink is typically more saturated than the RGB secondary cyan, depending on what RGB color space and ink are considered. That is, process cyan is usually outside the RGB gamut,[18] and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure cyan ink. This is because real-world subtractive (unlike additive) color mixing does not consistently produce the same result when mixing apparently identical colors, since the specific frequencies filtered out to produce that color affect how it interacts with other colors. Phthalocyanine blue is one such commonly used pigment. A typical formulation of process cyan is shown in the color box on the right.

In science and nature

Color of water

  • Pure water is nearly colorless. However, it does absorb slightly more red light than blue, giving significant volumes of water a bluish tint; increased scattering of blue light due to fine particles in the water shifts the blue color toward green, for a typically cyan net color.[19]

Cyan and cyanide

Bacteria

  • Cyanobacteria (sometimes called blue-green algae) are an important link in the food chain.[21]

Astronomy

  • The planet Uranus is colored cyan because of the abundance of methane in its atmosphere. Methane absorbs red light and reflects the blue-green light which allows observers to see it as cyan.[22]

Energy

  • Natural gas (methane), used by many for home cooking on gas stoves, has a cyan colored flame when burned with a mixture of air.[23]

Photography and film

  • Cyanotype, or blueprint, a monochrome photographic printing process that predates the use of the word cyan as a color, yields a deep cyan-blue colored print based on the Prussian blue pigment.[24]
  • Cinecolor, a bi-pack color process, the photographer would load a standard camera with two films, one orthochromatic, dyed red, and a panchromatic strip behind it. Color light would expose the cyan record on the ortho stock, which also acted as a filter, exposing only red light to the panchromatic film stock.[25][26]

Medicine

Gallery

  • In the RGB color model, used to make colors on computer and TV displays, cyan is created by the combination of green and blue light.

  • In the RGB color wheel of subtractive colors, cyan is midway between blue and green.

  • In the CMYK color model, used in color printing, cyan, magenta and yellow combined make grey. In practice, since the inks are not perfect, some black ink is added.

  • Color printers today use, magenta, cyan and yellow ink to produce a wide range of colors.

  • Cyan and red are contrasting colors. They have strong contrast and harmony, and if combined, they make grey.

  • Cyan is the color of shallow water over a sandy beach. The water absorbs the color red from the sunlight, leaving a greenish-blue color.

  • The dome of the Tilla Kari Mosque in Samarkand, Uzbekistan (1660) is cyan. The color is widely used in architecture in Turkey and Central Asia.

  • The planet Uranus, seen from the Voyager 2 spacecraft. The cyan color comes from clouds of methane gas in the planet's atmosphere.

  • A surgical team in Germany. It has been suggested that surgeons and nurses adopted a cyan-colored gown and operating rooms because it is complementary to the color of red blood and thus reduced glare, though the evidence for this claim is limited.

    A surgical team in Germany. It has been suggested that surgeons and nurses adopted a cyan-colored gown and operating rooms because it contrasts the color of red blood, thus reducing glare,[28] though the evidence for this claim is limited.

  • The pigments in color photographs may degrade at different rates, potentially resulting in a cyan tint.

See also

References

  1. ↑ cyan (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=cyan  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ↑ "cyan". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cyan. 
  3. ↑ "cyan". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=cyan. 
  4. ↑ "Cyan". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyan. Retrieved 30 September 2014. 
  5. ↑ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. 2002. 
  6. ↑ Jones, Andrew Zimmerman. "Visible Light Spectrum – Overview and Chart". About.com. http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/a/vislightspec.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cyan. 
  8. ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κύα^νος". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dku%2Fanos. 
  9. ↑ J. Arthur H. Hatt (1908). The Colorist: Designed to Correct the Commonly Held Theory that Red, Yellow, and Blue are the Primary Colors and to Supply the Much Needed Easy Method of Determining Color Harmony. D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 22. https://archive.org/details/coloristdesigned00hatt. 
  10. ↑ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th edition.
  11. ↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill page 194
  12. ↑ The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, 2004, Routledge, ISBN:9781136373855
  13. ↑ Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (30 March 2007). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments. Routledge. ISBN 9781136373855. https://books.google.com/books?id=2OH28vpzzMsC&pg=PT395. Retrieved 30 September 2014. 
  14. ↑ Raffman, Diana (2014). Unruly Words: A Study of Vague Language. OUP USA. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9780199915101. https://books.google.com/books?id=NVfSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57. Retrieved 31 July 2019. 
  15. ↑ Kay, Paul; Maffi, Luisa. "Number of Basic Colour Categories". Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://wals.info/chapter/133. 
  16. ↑ Maerz and Paul The Dictionary of Color 1930 (see under Aqua in Index, page 189)
  17. ↑ "tintbook.com". http://www.tintbook.com/. 
  18. ↑ P.U.P.A. Gilbert; Willy Haeberli (2011). Physics in the Arts (Revised ed.). Academic Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780123918895. https://books.google.com/books?id=bobHqrTny4QC&pg=PA110. Retrieved 31 July 2019. 
  19. ↑ Craig F. Bohren (2001). Clouds in a Glass of Beer: Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-41738-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=CZuNCZqtZZUC&pg=PA156. 
  20. ↑ Best, Janet (2017-06-08) (in en). Colour Design: Theories and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 9780081018897. https://books.google.com/books?id=GfqpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA572. 
  21. ↑ Elaine, McKeown, A. (2015-10-27) (in en). Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health and Environmental Sustainability. IGI Global. ISBN 9781466695603. https://books.google.com/books?id=MdvdCgAAQBAJ&q=Cyanobacteria+%28sometimes+called+blue-green+algae%29+are+an+important+link+in+the+food+chain.&pg=PR23. 
  22. ↑ Administrator, NASA Content (2015-04-02). "Uranus in True and False Color". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/pia00032.html. 
  23. ↑ Hahn, Eric. "Gas Flame Colour Temperature Chart (Yellow Flame vs Blue Flame)". http://www.elgas.com.au/blog/1585-why-does-a-gas-flame-burn-blue-lpg-gas-natural-propane-methane. 
  24. ↑ Mike Ware (1999). Cyanotype: the history, science and art of photographic printing in Prussian blue. NMSI Trading Ltd. ISBN 1-900747-07-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=C-7I69gFIbMC&pg=PA21. 
  25. ↑ Belton, John (2000): CinecoIor. In: Film History, 12,4, Color Film (2000), pp. 344–357.
  26. ↑ "Cinecolor". http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/cinecolor2.htm. 
  27. ↑ Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary. Mosby-Year Book (4th ed.). 1994. p. 425. 
  28. ↑ Belkin (March–April 1998). "Surgical scrubs--where we were, where we are going.". Todays Surg Nurse 20 (2): 28–34. PMID 10026627. 



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