Social:Akkala Sámi language
| Akkala Sámi | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Southwest Kola Peninsula |
| Extinct | 29 December 2003[1] with the death of Maria Sergina |
| Cyrillic | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sia |
| Glottolog | akka1237[2] |
Akkala Sámi is a Sámi language that was spoken in the Sámi villages of A´kkel (Russian Бабинский, Finnish Akkala), Ču´kksuâl (Russian Экостровский) and Sââ´rvesjäu´rr (Russian Гирвасозеро, Finnish Hirvasjärvi), in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia . Formerly erroneously regarded as a dialect of Kildin Sámi, it has recently become recognized as an independent Sámi language that is most closely related to its western neighbor Skolt Sámi.
Akkala Sámi is the most endangered Eastern Sámi language. On December 29, 2003, Maria Sergina – the last fluent native speakers of Akkala Sámi – died.[3][4] However, as of 2011 there were at least two people, both aged 70, with some knowledge of Akkala Sámi.[5] Remaining ethnic Akkala Sámi live in the village Yona.
Although there exist a description of Akkala Sámi phonology and morphology, a few published texts, and archived audio recordings,[5] the Akkala Sami language remains among the most poorly documented Sami languages. [citation needed]
Phonology
Morphology
The following overview is based on P. M. Zaykov's monograph.[6] Zaykov's Uralic phonetic transcription is retained here. The middle dot ˑ denotes palatalization of the preceding consonant, analyzed by Zaykov as semisoft pronunciation.
Noun
Akkala Sámi has eight cases, singular and plural: nominative, genitive-accusative, partitive, dative-illative, locative, essive, comitative and abessive. Case and number are expressed by a combination of endings and consonant gradation:
- Nominative: no marker in the singular, weak grade in the plural.
- Genitive-accusative: weak grade in the singular, weak grade + -i in the plural.
- Partitive: this case exists only in the singular, and has the ending -tti͔.
- Dative-illative: strong grade + -a, -a͕ or -ɛ in the singular, weak grade + -i in the plural.
- Locative: weak grade + -st, -śtˑ in the singular, weak grade + -nˑ in the plural.
- Essive: this case exists only in the singular: strong grade + -nˑ.
- Comitative: weak grade + -nˑ in the singular, strong grade + -guim, -vuim or -vi̮i̭m in the plural.
- Abessive: weak grade + -ta in the singular.
Pronoun
The table below gives the declension of the personal pronouns monn ‘I’ and mij ‘we’. The pronouns tonn ‘you (sg.)’ and sonn ‘(s)he’ are declined like monn, the pronouns tij ‘you (pl.)’ and sij ‘they’ are declined like mij.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | monn | mij |
| Genitive-Accusative | mū | mii̭ji |
| Essive | munˑ | --- |
| Dative-illative | munˑnˑa͔ | mii̭ji |
| Locative | muśtˑ | miśtˑ |
| Comitative | muinˑ | mii̭jivuim |
| Abessive | muta | mii̭ta |
The interrogative pronouns mī ‘what?’ and tˑī, kī ‘who?’ are declined as follows:
| mī ‘what?’ | tˑī, kī ‘who?’ | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | mī | tˑī, kī |
| Genitive-Accusative | mi̮n | t́an, ḱan |
| Dative-illative | mi̮z | koz |
| Locative | mi̮st | kośtˑ |
| Comitative | mi̮i̭nˑ | ḱainˑ |
| Abessive | mi̮nta | ḱanta |
The proximal demonstrative tˑa͕t ‘this’ and the medial demonstrative ti̮t ‘that’ are declined as follows:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | tˑa͕t | tˑa͕k | ti̮t | ti̮k |
| Genitive-Accusative | tˑa͕nˑ | tˑa͕i | ti̮n | ti̮i̭ |
| Essive | tˑa͕inˑ | --- | ti̮i̭nˑ | --- |
| Dative-illative | tˑa͕z | tˑai(t) | ti̮k, ti̮z | ti̮i̭(t) |
| Locative | tˑa͕śtˑ | tˑa͕in | ti̮śtˑ | ti̮i̼(n) |
| Comitative | tˑa͕inˑ | tˑa͕ivuim | ti̮i̭nˑ | ti̮i̭vuim |
| Abessive | tˑa͕ta | tˑa͕ita | ti̮ta | ti̮i̭ta |
Verb
Akkala Sámi verbs have three persons and two numbers, singular and plural. There are three moods: indicative, imperative and conditional; the potential mood has disappeared. Below, the paradigm of the verbs va͕n̄ˑće ‘to walk’ and korrɛ ‘to knit’ is given in the present and imperfect tense:
| Present | Imperfect | Present | Imperfect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | vā͕nʒam | va͕n̄ˑcim | kōram | korri͔m |
| 2sg. | va͕nʒak | vā͕nˑcik | kōrak | korri͔k |
| 3sg. | va͕n̄ˑc | vānˑʒi | korr | kōri͔ |
| 1pl. | va͕n̄ˑćepˑ | vānˑʒim | korrɛpˑ | kōri͔m |
| 2pl. | va͕nˑćepˑpˑe | vānˑʒitˑ | korrɛpˑpˑe | kōri͔tˑ |
| 3pl. | vā͕nˑʒatˑ | van̄ˑciš | kōratˑ | korri͔š |
The verb ĺiije ‘to be’ conjugates as follows:
| Present | Imperfect | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | ĺam | ĺii̭jim |
| 2sg. | ĺak | ĺiijik |
| 3sg. | ĺie | ĺai |
| 1pl. | ĺepˑ | ĺījim |
| 2pl. | ĺepˑpˑe | ĺījitˑ |
| 3pl. | ĺetˑ | ĺii̭jiš |
Compound tenses such as perfect and pluperfect are formed with the verb ĺii̭je in the present or imperfect as auxiliary, and the participle of the main verb. Examples are ĺam tĭĕhtmi̮nč ‘I have known’ from tĭĕhttɛ ‘to know’, and ĺai tui̭jāma ‘(s)he had made’ from tui̭je ‘to make’.
The conditional mood has the marker -č, which is added to the weak grade of the stem: kuarčim ‘I would sew’, vizzčik ‘you (sg.) would become tired’.
As in other Sámi languages, Akkala Sámi makes use of a negative verb that conjugates according to person and number, while the main verb remains unchanged. The conjugation of the negative verb is shown here together with the verb aĺ̄ḱe ‘to begin’:
| 1sg. | jim aĺg |
| 2sg. | jik aĺg |
| 3sg. | ij aĺg |
| 1pl. | jepˑ aĺg |
| 2pl. | jepˑpˑe aĺg |
| 3pl. | jetˑ aĺg |
The third person singular and plural of the verb ĺii̭je ‘to be’ have special contracted forms ɛĺĺa and jāĺa.
References
- ↑ Akkala Sámi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Akkala Saami". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/akka1237.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20070411023150/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/nordisk_samekonvensjon.pdf. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
- ↑ Rantala, Leif, Aleftina Sergina 2009. Áhkkila sápmelaččat. Oanehis muitalus sámejoavkku birra, man maŋimuš sámegielalaš olmmoš jámii 29.12.2003. Roavvenjárga.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Scheller, Elisabeth; 2011; "The Sami Language Situation in Russia"; in Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities; Uralica Helsingiensia series, vol. 5; Helsinki; pp. 79–96.
- ↑ Зайков, П. М. Бабинский диалект саамского языка (фонолого-морфологическое исследование). Петрозаводск: «Карелия», 1987.
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