Social:Kashmiri language

Kashmiri
	Template:Uninastaliq; कॉशुर; 𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀;
	The word "Koshur" in Perso-Arabic script (contemporary, official status), Sharada script (ancient, liturgical) and Devanagari
Native to	India and Pakistan
Region	Kashmir (Kashmir division and parts of Chenab valley, Jammu and Kashmir, parts of northern Azad Kashmir)
Ethnicity	Kashmiris
Native speakers	7.1 million (2011)e26
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Eastern Dardic Kashmiric Kashmiri; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Kishtwari, Poguli;
Writing system	Official: Perso-Arabic script (contemporary); Others: Devanagari (informally used by some sections within the Kashmiri Pandit community after 1990),; Sharada script (ancient/liturgical)
Official status
Official language in	India Jammu and Kashmir;
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ks
ISO 639-1	kas
ISO 639-3	kas
Glottolog	kash1277
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Short description: Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kashmir

Kashmiri (English: /kæʃˈmɪəri/)^[11] or Koshur (Kashmiri: Template:Uninastaliq (Perso-Arabic, Official Script) ; Template:IPA-ks)^[1] is a Dardic language of Indo-Aryan language family spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region (majority in Kashmir Valley),^[12] primarily in the Indian-Administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.^[13] Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb-second word order.

Since 2020, It has been made an official language of Jammu and Kashmir along with Dogri, Hindi, Urdu and English.^[14] Kashmiri is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Pakistan-Administrated Azad Kashmir's population.^[15] It has close relationship with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially Standard Punjabi, Western Punjabi, Sindhi, and the dialects of Western Pahari. ^[16]

Geographic distribution and status

There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India.^[17] Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir.^[18] In the Kashmir valley, they form a majority.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir's population.^[19] According to the 1998 Pakistan Census, there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.^[20] Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,^[21]^[22] particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad (15%), Neelam (20%) and Hattian (15%), with very small minorities in Haveli (5%) and Bagh (2%).^[20] The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still intelligible with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.^[22] In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.^[22] The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly Kupwara.^[22] At the 2017 Census of Pakistan, as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.^[23]^[24]

A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman, as they gradually adopt local dialects such as Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko or move towards the lingua franca Urdu.^[25]^[21]^[26]^[22] This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.^[27]^[28] There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims of Azad Kashmir have seen as their identity symbol.^[29] Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.^[29]

The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India .^[30] It was a part of the eighth Schedule in the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule, as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.^[31] After Hindi, Kashmiri is the second fastest growing language of India, followed by Meitei (Manipuri) as well as Gujarati in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.^[32]

Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule.^[33]^[34] In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Poguli and Kishtwari are closely related to Kashmiri, which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

The people in the Chenab region of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir mainly speak Kashmiri, but the accent and various words differentiate it from the Kashmiri spoken in the Kashmir Valley. The Chenab Times, a news outlet known for promoting lesser-known languages, has termed this language as Chenabich Kashir, meaning the Kashmiri language spoken in Chenab Valley.^[38]

Phonology

Kashmiri has the following phonemes.^[39]^[40]

Vowels

The oral vowels are as follows:

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Mid	e eː	ə əː	o oː
Low		a aː	ɔ ɔː

The short high vowels are near-high, and the low vowels apart from /aː/ are near-low.

Nasalization is phonemic. All sixteen oral vowels have nasal counterparts.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	ʈ	t͡ʃ	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡sʰ	ʈʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d		ɖ	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless			s		ʃ		h
Fricative	voiced			z
Approximant		w	l			j
Trill			r

Palatalization is phonemic. All consonants apart from those in the post-alveolar/palatal column have palatalized counterparts.

Archaisms

Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonants s ṣ ś of the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as dvi-, has developed into ba-/bi- in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but du- in Kashmiri (preserving the original dental stop d). Seventy-two is dusatath in Kashmiri, bahattar in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, and dvisaptati in Sanskrit.^[41]

Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit (This tendency was complete in the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian), yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents. The word rahit in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu (meaning 'excluding' or 'without') corresponds to rost in Kashmiri. Similarly, sahit (meaning 'including' or 'with') corresponds to sost in Kashmiri.^[41]

Writing system

There are three orthographical systems used to write the Kashmiri language: the Perso-Arabic script, the Devanagari script and the Sharada script. The Roman script is also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri, especially online.^[4]

The Kashmiri language was traditionally written in the Sharada script after the 8th Century A.D.^[42] The script grew increasingly unsuitable for writing Kashmiri because it couldn't adequately represent Kashmiri peculiar sounds by the usage of its vowel signs.^[43] Therefore, it is not in common use today and is restricted to religious ceremonies of the Kashmiri Pandits.^[44]

Today it is written in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts (with some modifications).^[45] Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.^[46]

The Perso-Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]

Despite Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script cutting across religious boundaries and being used by both the Kashmiri Hindus and the Kashmiri Muslims,^[51] some attempts have been made to give a religious outlook regarding the script and make Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Kashmiri Devanagari script to be associated with some sections of Kashmiri Hindu community.^[52]^[53]^[54]

Perso-Arabic script

Consonants

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph
Template:Uninastaliq	bē	b	[b]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	pē	p	[p]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	pha	ph	[pʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	tē	t	[t]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	tha	th	[tʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	ṭē	ṭ	[ʈ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	ṭha	ṭh	[ʈʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	sē	s	[s]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	jīm	j	[d͡ʒ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	chīm	ch	[t͡ʃ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	chha	chh	[t͡ʃʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	hay	h	[h]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	khay	kh	[x], [kʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	dāl	d	[d]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	ḍāl	ḍ	[ɖ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	zāl	z	[z]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	rē	r	[r]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	ṛē	ṛ	[ɽ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	zē	z	[z]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	tsē	ts	[t͡s]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	tsha	tsh	[t͡sʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	sīn	s	[s]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	shīn	sh	[ʃ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	sọ̄d	s	[s]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	zọ̄d	z	[z]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	tọy	t	[t]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	zọy	z	[z]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	ạ̄n	–	[∅]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	gạ̄n	g	[ɡ], [ɣ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	fē	f	[f], [pʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	qāf	q	[k], [q]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	kīf	k	[k]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	kha	kh	[kʰ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	gāf	g	[ɡ]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	lām	l	[l]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	mīm	m	[m]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	nūn	n, ̃	[n] , [◌̃]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	nūn gọnā	̃	[◌̃]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	wāw	v/w	[w]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq	hē	h	[h]	Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq, Template:Uninastaliq	lọkuṭ yē, boḍ yē	y	[j]	Template:Uninastaliq, Template:Uninastaliq
Template:Uninastaliq, Template:Uninastaliq	gōl yāyuk, tālür'	ya, '	[ʲa], [ʲ]	Template:Uninastaliq

Vowels

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Vowel combined with consonant ب (be)	Final vowel glyph	Medial vowel glyph	Initial vowel glyph	Isolated vowel glyph	Unicode diacritic glyph details
Template:Uninastaliq	zabar	a	[a]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	U+064E ARABIC FATHA
Template:Uninastaliq	mad	ā	[aː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(آ) U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOV (Initial & Isolate) (ا) U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF (Medial & Final)
Template:Uninastaliq	amālü	ạ (ö)	[ə]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE
Template:Uninastaliq	amālü mad	ạ̄ (ȫ)	[əː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ٲ) U+0672 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE
Template:Uninastaliq	zēr	i	[i]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	U+0650 ARABIC KASRA
Template:Uninastaliq	kashi zēr	ī	[iː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ای) U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH & U+0656 ARABIC SUBSCRIPT ALEF (Initial & Medial) U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH (Final & Isolate)
Template:Uninastaliq	sāyi	ụ, u', ü	[ɨ]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	U+0655 ARABIC HAMZA BELOW
Template:Uninastaliq	sāyi mad	ụ̄, ū', ǖ	[ɨː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ٳ) U+0673 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW
Template:Uninastaliq	pēsh	u	[u]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	U+064F ARABIC DAMMA
Template:Uninastaliq	kashi wāwuk	ū	[uː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(وٗ) U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW & U+0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA
Template:Uninastaliq	nīmü wāwuk	o	[o]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ۆ) U+06C6 ARABIC LETTER OE
Template:Uninastaliq	wāwuk	ō	[oː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(و) U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW
Template:Uninastaliq	lạṭ' wāwuk	ọ	[ɔ]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ۄ) U+06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING
Template:Uninastaliq	lạṭ' wāwuk mad	ọ̄	[ɔː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ۄ + ا) U+06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING & U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF
Template:Uninastaliq	nīmü yāyuk	e	[e]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ے) U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE combined with ( ٚ) U+065A ARABIC VOWEL SIGN SMALL V ABOVE ^{[citation needed]}
Template:Uninastaliq	yāyuk	ē	[eː]	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	Template:Uninastaliq	(ی) U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE

Devanagari

Consonants

Letter	क	ख	ग	च	छ	ज	च़	छ़	ज़	ट	ठ	ड	त	थ	द	न	प	फ	ब	म	य	र	ल	व	श	स	ह
IPA	[k]	[kʰ]	[g]	[t͡ʃ]	[t͡ʃʰ]	[d͡ʒ]	[t͡s]	[t͡sʰ]	[z]	[ʈ]	[ʈʰ]	[ɖ]	[t]	[tʰ]	[d]	[n]	[p]	[pʰ]	[b]	[m]	[j]	[r]	[l]	[w]	[ʃ]	[s]	[h]
Transliteration	k	kh	g	ch	chh	j	ts	tsh	z	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	t	th	d	n	p	ph	b	m	y	r	l	w	sh	s	h

Vowels

There have been a few versions of the Devanagari script for Kashmiri.^[55] The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below.^[56] This version has readers and more content available on the Internet, even though this is an older proposal.^[57]^[58] This version makes use of the vowels ॲ/ऑ and vowel signs कॅ/कॉ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] and elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] that also exist in other Devanagari-based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels.

Letter	अ	आ	ॲ	ऑ	इ	ई	ॶ	ॷ	उ	ऊ	ऎ	ए	ऐ	ऒ	ओ	औ	-व	ँ
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[ə]	[əː]	[i]	[iː]	[ɨ]	[ɨː]	[u]	[uː]	[e]	[eː]	[əi]	[o]	[oː]	[ɔː]	[ɔ]	[◌̃]
Transliteration	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonant k	क	का	कॅ	कॉ	कि	की	कॖ	कॗ	कु	कू	कॆ	के	कै	कॊ	को	कौ	क्व or कव	कं

Tabulated below is the latest (2009) version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari.^[59]^[60] The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ / ॴ and vowel signs कऺ / कऻ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] & elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] and a new stand alone vowel ॵ and vowel sign कॏ for the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] which can be used instead of the consonant व standing-in for this vowel.

Letter	अ	आ	ॳ	ॴ	इ	ई	ॶ	ॷ	उ	ऊ	ऎ	ए	ऐ	ऒ	ओ	औ	ॵ	ँ
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[ə]	[əː]	[i]	[iː]	[ɨ]	[ɨː]	[u]	[uː]	[e]	[eː]	[əi]	[o]	[oː]	[ɔː]	[ɔ]	[◌̃]
Transliteration^[61]	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonant k	क	का	कऺ	कऻ	कि	की	कॖ	कॗ	कु	कू	कॆ	के	कै	कॊ	को	कौ	कॏ	कं

Sharada script

Consonants


Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks^[62]^[63]
𑆑𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆑	kōv kạ	ka	[ka]	𑆑
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤𑆴 𑆒	khvani khạ	kha	[kʰa]	𑆒
𑆓𑆓𑆫𑇀 𑆓	gagar gạ	ga	[ɡa]	𑆓
𑆓𑆳𑆱𑆴 𑆔	gāsi ghạ	gha	[ɡʰa]	𑆔	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆫𑆶𑆓𑇀 𑆕	nārug ṅạ	ṅa	[ŋa]	𑆕	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆖𑆳𑆛𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆖	tsāṭuv chạ	cha	[t͡ʃa]	𑆖
𑆗𑇀𑆮𑆛𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆗	tshvaṭiñ chhạ	chha	[t͡ʃʰa]	𑆗
𑆘𑆪𑆴 𑆘	zayi jạ	ja	[d͡ʒa]	𑆘
𑆘𑆳𑆯𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆙	zashiñ jhạ	jha	[d͡ʒʰa]	𑆙	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤 𑆦𑆶𑆛𑆴 𑆚	khvana phuṭi ñạ	ña	[ɲa]	𑆚	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆃𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆛	ar mām̐ṭa	ṭa	[ʈa]	𑆛
𑆱𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆜	sar mām̐ṭha	ṭha	[ʈʰa]	𑆜
𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝	ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḍa	[ɖa]	𑆝
𑆝𑆑 𑆞	ḍaka ḍhạ	ḍha	[ɖʰa]	𑆞	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆤𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆟	nānaguri ṇạ	ṇa	[ɳa]	𑆟	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆠𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆠	tov tạ	ta	[ta]	𑆠
𑆡𑆳𑆯𑆴 𑆡	thāshi thạ	tha	[tʰa]	𑆡
𑆢𑆢𑆮𑇀 𑆢	dadav dạ	da	[da]	𑆢
𑆢𑆷𑆚𑇀 𑆣	dūñ dhạ	dha	[dʰa]	𑆣	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆤	nastūv nạ	na	[na]	𑆤
𑆥𑆝𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆥	paḍuri pạ	pa	[pa]	𑆥
𑆦𑆫𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆦	phariñ phạ	pha	[pʰa]	𑆦
𑆧𑆶𑆧𑇀 𑆧	bub bạ	ba	[ba]	𑆧
𑆧𑆳𑆪𑆴 𑆨	bāyi bhạ	bha	[bʰa]	𑆨	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆩𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆩	mōv mạ	ma	[ma]	𑆩
𑆪𑆳𑆮 𑆪	yāva yạ	ya	[ja]	𑆪
𑆫𑆑 𑆫	raka rạ	ra	[ra]	𑆫
𑆬𑆳𑆮 𑆬	lāva lạ	la	[la]	𑆬
𑆧𑆝𑆶 𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝	boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḷa	[ɭa]	𑆭	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆮𑆯𑆴 𑆮	vashi vạ	va	[wa]	𑆮
𑆯𑆑𑆫𑇀 𑆯	shakar shạ	sha	[ʃa]	𑆯
𑆦𑆳𑆫𑆴 𑆰	phāri ṣạ	ṣa	[ʂa]	𑆰	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆱𑆶𑆱𑇀 𑆱	sus sạ	sa	[sa]	𑆱
𑆲𑆳𑆬 𑆲	hala hạ	ha	[ha]	𑆲

Vowels

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks^[62]
𑆄𑆢𑆿 𑆃	ādau a	a	[a]	𑆃
𑆎𑆠𑆮𑇀 𑆄	aitav ā	ā	[aː]	𑆄
𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆪𑆼	yeyev yē	i	[i]	𑆅
𑆅𑆯𑆫𑆮𑇀 𑆆	yisherav yī	ī	[iː]	𑆆
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆮𑆾	vọpal vō	u	[u]	𑆇
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆧𑆳 𑆈	vọpal bā ū	ū	[uː]	𑆈
𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉	r̥enav	r̥	[r̩]	𑆉	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊	rakhav	r̥̄	[r̩ː]	𑆊	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋	leyev	l̥	[l̩]	𑆋	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑆵𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆌	līsav	l̥̄	[l̩ː]	𑆌	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆠𑆬𑆮𑇀𑆪𑇀 𑆍	talavya yē	ē	[eː]	𑆍
𑆠𑆳𑆬𑆵 𑆎	tolī ai	ai	[əi]	𑆎
𑆮𑆶𑆜𑆾 𑆏	vuṭhō ō	ō	[oː]	𑆏
𑆃𑆯𑆴𑆢𑆵 𑆐	ashidī au	au	[ɔː]	𑆐
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶	aḍi tsandra phyor	am̐	[◌̃]	𑆃𑆀
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁	mas phyori aṃ	aṃ	[n],[m]	𑆃𑆁
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂	dō phyori aḥ	aḥ	[h]	𑆃𑆂

Vowel mark

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated vowel mark	Vowel mark indicated on consonant pa	Distinct ways of indicating vowel marks on special consonants
𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀	vahāy	-ā	[aː]	𑆳	𑆥𑆳	𑆕 = 𑆕𑆳 𑆘 = 𑆘𑆳 𑆛 = 𑆛𑆳 𑆟 = 𑆟𑆳
𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀	mūnthar	-i	[i]	𑆴	𑆥𑆴
𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀	ar mūnthar	-ī	[iː]	𑆵	𑆥𑆵
𑆒𑆶𑆫𑆶	khuru	-u	[u]	𑆶	𑆥𑆶	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆶 𑆓 = 𑆓𑆶 𑆙 = 𑆙𑆶 𑆚 = 𑆚𑆶 𑆝 = 𑆝𑆶 𑆠 = 𑆠𑆶 𑆨 = 𑆨𑆶 𑆫 = 𑆫𑆶 𑆯 = 𑆯𑆶
𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆒𑆷𑆫𑆷	ar khūrū	-ū	[uː]	𑆷	𑆥𑆷	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆷 𑆓 = 𑆓𑆷 𑆙 = 𑆙𑆷 𑆚 = 𑆚𑆷 𑆝 = 𑆝𑆷 𑆠 = 𑆠𑆷 𑆨 = 𑆨𑆷 𑆫 = 𑆫𑆷 𑆯 = 𑆯𑆷
𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉	r̥enav r̥a	-r̥	[r̩]	𑆸	𑆥𑆸	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆸
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊	rakhav ru	-r̥̄	[r̩ː]	𑆹	𑆥𑆹	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆹
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋	leyev l̥a	-l̥	[l̩]	𑆺	𑆥𑆺
𑆬𑆵𑆱𑆮𑇀 𑆌	līsav l̥̄a	-l̥̄	[l̩ː]	𑆻	𑆥𑆻
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆝𑆷	hvanḍū	-ē	[eː]	𑆼	𑆥𑆼
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆘𑆾𑆫𑇀	hvanjōr	-ai	[əi]	𑆽	𑆥𑆽
𑆃𑆑𑆶 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆷𑆫𑆶	oku shyūr	-ō	[oː]	𑆾	𑆥𑆾
𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆯𑆴 𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀	okushi vahāy	-au	[ɔː]	𑆿	𑆥𑆿
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑇀𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶	aḍi tsandra phyor	-am̐	[◌̃]	𑆀	𑆥𑆀
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁	mas phyori aṃ	-aṃ	[n],[m]	𑆁	𑆥𑆁
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂	dō phyori aḥ	-aḥ	[h]	𑆂	𑆥𑆂

Grammar

Kashmiri is a fusional language^[64] with verb-second (V2) word order.^[65] Several of Kashmiri's grammatical features distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages.^[66]

Nouns

Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no articles, nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness, although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.^[64]

Gender

The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, a morphophonemic change, or both) to a masculine noun.^[64] A relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms.^[67] The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:^[68]

Process	Masculine	Feminine	Meaning
Adding of affix	[huːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[huːnʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	dog/bitch
vowel change	[gagur] Template:Uninastaliq	[gagɨr] Template:Uninastaliq	rat
consonant change	[hokʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[hot͡ʃʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	dry
vowel/consonant change	[tot] Template:Uninastaliq	[tət͡s] Template:Uninastaliq	hot
suppletive form	[marɨd] Template:Uninastaliq	[zanaːn] Template:Uninastaliq	man/woman
masculine only	[nuːl] Template:Uninastaliq	---	mongoose
feminine only	---	[mət͡ʃʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	housefly

Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.^[67]

Case

There are five cases in Kashmiri: nominative, dative, ergative, ablative and vocative.^[69] Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.

Kashmiri utilizes an ergative-absolutive case structure when the verb is in simple past tense.^[69] Thus, in these sentences, the subject of a transitive verb is marked in the ergative case and the object in nominative, which is identical to how the subject of an intransitive verb is marked.^[69]^[70]^[71] However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects (whether direct or indirect) generally marked in dative case.^[72]

Other case distinctions, such as locative, instrumental, genitive, comitative and allative, are marked by postpositions rather than suffixation.^[73]

Noun morphology

The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.^[72]^[74]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø
Erg.	-[an] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[i] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aw] Template:Uninastaliq
Dat.	-[as] or -[is] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	-[an] Template:Uninastaliq	-[i] Template:Uninastaliq	-[an] Template:Uninastaliq
Abl.	-[i] or -[ɨ] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	-[aw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[i] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aw] Template:Uninastaliq
Voc.	-[aː] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[ij] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aw] Template:Uninastaliq

Verbs

Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and person, and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of aspect, is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus the infinitive ending - /un/), and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries.^[75] Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.^[76]

Tense

Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ (to come):^[77]

Present
	Masculine	Feminine
1st Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰus jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃʰas jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰukʰ jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃʰakʰ jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰu jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃʰe jiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان
1st Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰi jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃʰa jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰiw jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃʰaw jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰi jiwaːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃʰe jiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان

Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions.^[78] The simple (sometimes called proximate) past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.^[79]

As described above, Kashmiri is a split-ergative language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative.^[79] Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.^[79]^[80]

Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ ("to read"):^[81]

Simple Past (Transitive)
		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[por] Template:Uninastaliq	[pərʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[pər] Template:Uninastaliq	[pari] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	Non-honorific	[porutʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[pəritʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[pərɨtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[parʲatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	Honorific	[porwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[pəriwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[pərwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[pariwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person		[por] Template:Uninastaliq	[pərʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[pər] Template:Uninastaliq	[pari] Template:Uninastaliq

A group of irregular intransitive verbs (special intransitives), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.^[82]

Simple Past (Special Intransitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[us] Template:Uninastaliq	-[ʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[as] Template:Uninastaliq	-[i] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[kʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[wɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[kʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[wɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	-Ø	-Ø	-[t͡ʃʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[i] Template:Uninastaliq

Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.^[83]

Simple Past (Intransitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[jaːkʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	-[joːw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq

In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change.^[84] Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:^[85]

Indefinite Past (Transitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd Person	-[joːw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːji] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[joːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq

Remote Past (Transitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd Person	-[eːjoːw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjaːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjaːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjaːji] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[eːjoːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjeːjatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjeːjatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjeːjatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq

As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:^[86]

Indefinite Past (Special Intransitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[aːs] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːjas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːjas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːji] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[kʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[kʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːjakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	-[aw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːji] Template:Uninastaliq

Remote Past (Special Intransitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Perso	-[aːjaːs] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjaːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjeːjas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjeːji] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[aːkʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːjakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[aːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	-[eːjoːw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjaːjɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[eːjaːjɨ] Template:Uninastaliq

Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:^[87]

Indefinite Past (Intransitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[jaːkʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	-[joːw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq

Remote Past (Intransitive)
	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jeːjaːs] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjaːs] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[jeːjakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjiwɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	-[jeːjoːw] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjaːjɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jeːjɨ] Template:Uninastaliq

Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:^[88]

Future (Intransitive)
	Singular	Plural
1st Person	-[mɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[maw] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person	-[akʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jiw] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	-[ji] Template:Uninastaliq	-[an] Template:Uninastaliq

The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:^[89]

Future (Transitive)
	Singular Object	Plural Object
1st Person Sing.	-[an] Template:Uninastaliq	-[akʰ] Template:Uninastaliq
1st Person Pl.	-[ɨhoːn] Template:Uninastaliq	-[ɨhoːkʰ] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person Sing.	-[ɨhǝn] Template:Uninastaliq	-[ɨhǝkʰ] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person Pl.	-[ɨhuːn] Template:Uninastaliq	-[ɨhuːkʰ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person Sing.	-[jas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[jakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person Pl.	-[ɨnas] Template:Uninastaliq	-[ɨnakʰ] Template:Uninastaliq

Aspect

There are two main aspectual distinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ a participle formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ ("to be")—which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object (for transitive verbs) or the subject (for intransitive verbs).^[90]

Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with the perfective aspect (expressing completed or concluded action) agrees in gender and number with the object (for transitive verbs) or subject (for intransitives) as illustrated below:^[90]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
	-[mut] Template:Uninastaliq	-[mɨtʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	-[mɨt͡s] Template:Uninastaliq	-[mat͡sɨ] Template:Uninastaliq

The imperfective (expressing habitual or progressive action) is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement.^[91] A type of iterative aspect can be expressed by reduplicating the imperfective participle.^[92]

Pronouns

Pronouns are declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.^[93]

Nominative
		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[bɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ǝsʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[bɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ǝsʲ] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person		[t͡sɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[tohʲ] or [tuhʲ] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡sɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[tohʲ] or [tuhʲ] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	proximate	[ji] Template:Uninastaliq	[jim] Template:Uninastaliq	[ji] Template:Uninastaliq	[jimɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote I	[hu] Template:Uninastaliq	[hum] Template:Uninastaliq	[hɔ] Template:Uninastaliq	[humɨ] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote II	[su] Template:Uninastaliq	[tim] Template:Uninastaliq	/sɔ/ Template:Uninastaliq	[timɨ] Template:Uninastaliq

Ergative
		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] Template:Uninastaliq	[me] مےٚ	[asi] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	proximate	[jemʲ] یێمؠ	[jimaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[jemi] یێمِہ	[jimaw] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote I	[humʲ] ہُمؠ	[humaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[humi] Template:Uninastaliq	[humaw] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote II	[tǝmʲ] تٔمؠ	[timaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[tami] Template:Uninastaliq	[timaw] Template:Uninastaliq

Dative
		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] Template:Uninastaliq	[me] مےٚ	[asi] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	proximate	[jemis] یێمِس	[jiman] Template:Uninastaliq	[jemis] یێمِس	[jiman] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote I	[humis] Template:Uninastaliq	[human] Template:Uninastaliq	[humis] Template:Uninastaliq	[human] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote II	[tǝmis] Template:Uninastaliq	[timan] Template:Uninastaliq	[tǝmis] Template:Uninastaliq	[timan] Template:Uninastaliq

Ablative
		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] Template:Uninastaliq	[me] مےٚ	[asi] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] Template:Uninastaliq
3rd Person	proximate	[jemi] یێمہِ	[jimaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[jemi] یێمہِ	[jimaw] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote I	[humi] Template:Uninastaliq	[humaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[humi] Template:Uninastaliq	[humaw] Template:Uninastaliq
	remote II	[tǝmi] Template:Uninastaliq	[timaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[tǝmi] Template:Uninastaliq	[timaw] Template:Uninastaliq

There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.^[94]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Sing.	[mjoːn] میٛون	[mjəːnʲ] میٛٲنؠ	[mjəːnʲ] میٛٲنؠ	[mjaːni] میٛانہِ
1st Pl.	[soːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[səːnʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[səːnʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[saːni] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Sing.	[t͡ʃoːn] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃəːnʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃəːnʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡ʃaːni] Template:Uninastaliq
2nd Pl.	[tuhund] تُہُنٛد	[tuhɨndʲ] تُہٕنٛدؠ	[tuhɨnz] تُہٕنٛز	[tuhnzɨ] تُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. Prox.	[jemʲ sund] یێمؠ سُنٛد	[jemʲ sɨndʲ] یێمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[jemʲ sɨnz] یێمؠ سٕنٛز	[jemʲ sɨnzɨ] یێمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. Prox.	[jihund] یِہُنٛد	[jihɨndʲ] یِہٕنٛدؠ	[jihɨnz] یِہٕنٛز	[jihnzɨ] یِہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R I	[humʲ sund] ہُمؠ سُنٛد	[humʲ sɨndʲ] ہُمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[humʲ sɨnz] ہُمؠ سٕنٛز	[humʲ sɨnzɨ] ہُمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R I	[huhund] ہُہُنٛد	[huhɨndʲ] ہُہٕنٛدؠ	[huhɨnz] ہُہٕنٛز	[huhnzɨ] ہُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R II	[tǝmʲ sund] تٔمؠ سُنٛد	[tǝmʲ sɨndʲ] تٔمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[tǝmʲ sɨnz] تٔمؠ سٕنٛز	[tǝmʲ sɨnzɨ] تٔمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R II	[tihɨnd] تِہٕنٛد	[tihɨndʲ] تِہٕنٛدؠ	[tihɨnz] تِہٕنٛز	[tihnzɨ] تِہنٛزٕ

Adjectives

There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun (according to case, gender and number) and those that are not declined at all.^[95] Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns.^[96] The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective /wɔzul/ ("red"):^[97]^[98]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	[wɔzul] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzɨlʲ] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzɨd͡ʒ] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzd͡ʒi] Template:Uninastaliq
Erg.	[wɔzlɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzlʲaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzd͡ʒi] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzd͡ʒaw] Template:Uninastaliq
Dat.	[wɔzlis] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzlʲan] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzd͡ʒi] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzd͡ʒan] Template:Uninastaliq
Abl.	[wɔzlɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzlʲaw] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzd͡ʒi] Template:Uninastaliq	[wɔzd͡ʒaw] Template:Uninastaliq

Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -lad or -a, adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.^[97]

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words tsor ("more") and sitha ("most"), respectively.^[99]

Numerals

Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers.^[100] These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative (both, all the five, etc.), multiplicative (two times, four times, etc.), and emphatic forms (only one, only three, etc.) are provided by the table below.^[100]

	Cardinal	Ordinal	Aggregative	Multiplicative	Emphatic
Suffix		-[jum] for masculine -[im] for feminine	-[waj]	-[ɡun] or -[ɡon] for masculine -[ɡɨn] for feminine	-[j]
0.	[sifar] Template:Uninastaliq
1.	[akʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ǝkjum] or [ǝkim] أکیُٛم or أکِم		[oɡun] or [oɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[akuj] Template:Uninastaliq
2.	[zɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[dojum] or [dojim] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[dɔʃwaj] Template:Uninastaliq	[doɡun] or [doɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[zɨj] Template:Uninastaliq
3.	[tre] ترٛےٚ	[trejum] or [trejim] ترٛیٚیُم or ترٛیٚیِم	[treʃwaj] ترٛیٚشوَے	[troɡun] or [troɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[trej] ترٛیٚے
4.	[t͡soːr] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡suːrjum] or [t͡suːrim] ژوٗریُٛم or ژوٗرِم	[t͡sɔʃwaj] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡soɡun] or [t͡soɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡soːraj] Template:Uninastaliq
5.	[pãːt͡sʰ] or [pə̃ːt͡sʰ] پانٛژھ or پٲنٛژھ	[pɨ:t͡sjum] or [pɨ:t͡sim] پٟنٛژیُٛم or پٟنٛژِم	[pãːt͡sɨwaj] پانٛژٕوَے	[pãːt͡sɨɡun] or [pãːt͡sɨɡɨn] پانٛژٕگُن or پانٛژٕگٕن	[pãːt͡saj] پانٛژَے
6.	[ʃe] شےٚ	[ʃejum] or [ʃejim] شیٚیُم or شیٚیِم	[ʃenɨwaj] شیٚنہٕ وَے	[ʃuɡun] or [ʃuɡɨn] شُگُن or شُگٕن	[ʃej] شیٚے
7.	[satʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[sətjum] or [sətim] سٔتیُٛم or سٔتِم	[satɨwaj] Template:Uninastaliq	[satɨɡun] or [satɨɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[sataj] Template:Uninastaliq
8.	[əːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ɨːʈʰjum] or [uːʈʰjum] اٟٹھیُٛم or اوٗٹھیُٛم [ɨːʈʰim] or [uːʈʰim] اٟٹھِم or اوٗٹھِم	[əːʈʰɨwaj] Template:Uninastaliq	[əːʈʰɨɡun] or [əːʈʰɨɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[əːʈʰaj] Template:Uninastaliq
9.	[naw] Template:Uninastaliq	[nəwjum] or [nəwim] نٔویُٛم or نٔوِم	[nawɨwaj] Template:Uninastaliq	[nawɨɡun] or [nawɨɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[nawaj] Template:Uninastaliq
10.	[dəh] or [daːh] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[dəhjum] or [dəhim] دٔہیُٛم or دٔہِم	[dəhɨwaj] Template:Uninastaliq	[dəhɨɡon] or [dəhɨɡɨn] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[dəhaj] Template:Uninastaliq
11.	[kah] or [kaːh] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[kəhjum] or [kəhim] کٔہیُٛم or کٔہِم
12.	[bah] or [baːh] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[bəhjum] or [bəhim] بٔہیُٛم or بٔہِم
13.	[truwaːh] ترُٛواہ	[truwəːhjum] or [truwəːhim] ترُٛوٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوٲہِم
14.	[t͡sɔdaːh] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡sɔdəːhjum] or [t͡sɔdəːhim] ژۄدٲہیُٛم or ژۄدٲہِم
15.	[pandaːh] پَنٛداہ	[pandəːhjum] or [pandəːhim] پَنٛدٲہیُٛم or پَنٛدٲہِم
16.	[ʃuraːh] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃurəːhjum] or [ʃurəːhim] شُرٲہیُٛم or شُرٲہِم
17.	[sadaːh] Template:Uninastaliq	[sadəːhjum] or [sadəːhim] سَدٲہیُٛم or سَدٲہِم
18.	[arɨdaːh] Template:Uninastaliq	[arɨdəːhjum] or [arɨdəːhim] اَرٕدٲہیُٛم or اَرٕدٲہِم
19.	[kunɨwuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[kunɨwuhjum] or [kunɨwuhim] کُنہٕ وُہیُٛم or کُنہٕ وُہِم
20.	[wuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[wuhjum] or [wuhim] وُہیُٛم or وُہِم
21.	[akɨwuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[akɨwuhjum] or [akɨwuhim] اَکہٕ وُہیُٛم or اَکہٕ وُہِم
22.	[zɨtoːwuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[zɨtoːwuhjum] or [zɨtoːwuhim] زٕتووُہیُٛم or زٕتووُہِم
23.	[trowuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[trowuhjum] or [trowuhim] ترٛۆوُہیُٛم or ترٛۆوُہِم
24.	[t͡sowuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡sowuhjum] or [t͡sowuhim] ژۆوُہیُٛم or ژۆوُہِم
25.	[pɨnt͡sɨh] پٕنٛژٕہ	[pɨnt͡sɨhjum] or [pɨnt͡sɨhim] پٕنٛژٕہیُٛم or پٕنٛژٕہِم
26.	[ʃatɨwuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃatɨwuhjum] or [ʃatɨwuhim] شَتہٕ وُہیُٛم or شَتہٕ وُہِم
27.	[satoːwuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[satoːwuhjum] or [satoːwuhim] سَتووُہیُٛم or سَتووُہِم
28.	[aʈʰoːwuh] Template:Uninastaliq	[aʈʰoːwuhjum] or [aʈʰoːwuhim] اَٹھووُہیُٛم or اَٹھووُہِم
29.	[kunɨtrɨh] کُنہٕ ترٕٛہ	[kunɨtrɨhjum] or [kunɨtrɨhim] کُنہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or کُنہٕ ترٕٛہِم
30.	[trɨh] ترٕٛہ	[trɨhjum] or [trɨhim] ترٕٛہیُٛم or ترٕٛہِم
31.	[akɨtrɨh] اَکہٕ ترٕٛہ	[akɨtrɨhjum] or [akɨtrɨhim] اَکہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or اَکہٕ ترٕٛہِم
32.	[dɔjitrɨh] دۄیہِ ترٕٛہ	[dɔjitrɨhjum] or [dɔjitrɨhjim] دۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or دۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
33.	[tejitrɨh] تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ	[tejitrɨhjum] or [tejitrɨhim] تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
34.	[t͡sɔjitrɨh] ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہ	[t͡sɔjitrɨhjum] or [t͡sɔjitrɨhim] ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
35.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨh] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨh] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہ or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhjum] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhim] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhim] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم
36.	[ʃejitrɨh] شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ	[ʃejitrɨhjum] or [ʃejitrɨhim] شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
37.	[satɨtrɨh] سَتہٕ ترٕٛہ	[satɨtrɨhjum] or [satɨtrɨhim] سَتہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or سَتہٕ ترٕٛہِم
38.	[arɨtrɨh] اَرٕترٕٛہ	[arɨtrɨhjum] or [arɨtrɨhim] اَرٕترٕٛہیُٛم or اَرٕترٕٛہِم
39.	[kunɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒiː] کُنہٕ تٲجِہہ or کُنہٕ تٲجی	[kunɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒihim] کُنہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or کُنہٕ تٲجِہِم
40.	[t͡satd͡ʒih] or [t͡satd͡ʒiː] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡satd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡satd͡ʒihim] ژَتجِہیُٛم or ژَتجِہِم
41.	[akɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒiː] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[akɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒihim] اَکہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or اَکہٕ تٲجِہِم
42.	[dɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒiː] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[dɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒihim] دۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or دۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
43.	[tejitəːd͡ʒih] or [tejitəːd͡ʒiː] تیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ or تیٚیہِ تٲجی	[tejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [tejitəːd͡ʒihim] تیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or تیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
44.	[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒiː] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihim] ژۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or ژۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
45.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہہ or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہہ or پٲنٛژٕ تٲجی or پانٛژٕ تٲجی	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہِم or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہِم
46.	[ʃejitəːd͡ʒih] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒiː] شیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ or شیٚیہِ تٲجی	[ʃejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒihim] شیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or شیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
47.	[satɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒiː] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[satɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒihim] سَتہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or سَتہٕ تٲجِہِم
48.	[arɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒiː] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[arɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒihim] اَرٕتٲجِہیُٛم or اَرٕتٲجِہِم
49.	[kunɨwanzaːh] کُنہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[kunɨwanzəːhjum] or [kunɨwanzəːhim] کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
50.	[pant͡saːh] پَنٛژاہ	[pant͡səːhjum] or [pant͡səːhim] پَنٛژٲہیُٛم or پَنٛژٲہِم
51.	[akɨwanzaːh] اَکہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[akɨwanzəːhjum] or [akɨwanzəːhim] اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
52.	[duwanzaːh] دُوَنٛزاہ	[duwanzəːhjum] or [duwanzəːhim] دُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or دُوَنٛزٲہِم
53.	[truwanzaːh] or [trɨwanzaːh] ترُٛوَنٛزاہ or ترٕٛوَنٛزاہ	[truwanzəːhjum] or [truwanzəːhim] ترُٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوَنٛزٲہِم [trɨwanzəːhjum] or [trɨwanzəːhim] ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہِم
54.	[t͡suwanzaːh] ژُوَنٛزاہ	[t͡suwanzəːhjum] or [t͡suwanzəːhim] ژُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ژُوَنٛزٲہِم
55.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzaːh] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzaːh] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhim] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhim] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
56.	[ʃuwanzaːh] شُوَنٛزاہ	[ʃuwanzəːhjum] or [ʃuwanzəːhim] شُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or شُوَنٛزٲہِم
57.	[satɨwanzaːh] سَتہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[satɨwanzəːhjum] or [satɨwanzəːhim] سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
58.	[arɨwanzaːh] اَرٕوَنٛزاہ	[arɨwanzəːhjum] or [arɨwanzəːhim] اَرٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَرٕوَنٛزٲہِم
59.	[kunɨhəːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[kunɨhəːʈʰjum] or [kunɨhəːʈʰim] کُنہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or کُنہٕ ہٲٹھِم
60.	[ʃeːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃeːʈʰjum] or [ʃeːʈʰim] شیٹھیُٛم or شیٹھِم
61.	[akɨhəːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akɨhəːʈʰjum] or [akɨhəːʈʰim] اَکہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or اَکہٕ ہٲٹھِم
62.	[duhəːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[duhəːʈʰjum] or [duhəːʈʰim] دُ ہٲٹھیُٛم or دُ ہٲٹھِم
63.	[truhəːʈʰ] or [trɨhəːʈʰ] ترُٛہٲٹھ or ترٕٛہٲٹھ	[truhəːʈʰjum] or [truhəːʈʰim] ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترُٛہٲٹھِم [trɨhəːʈʰjum] or [trɨhəːʈʰim] ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترٕٛہٲٹھِم
64.	[t͡suhəːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡suhəːʈʰjum] or [t͡suhəːʈʰim] ژُہٲٹھیُٛم or ژُہٲٹھِم
65.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھ or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم
66.	[ʃuhəːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃuhəːʈʰjum] or [ʃuhəːʈʰim] شُہٲٹھیُٛم or شُہٲٹھِم
67.	[satɨhəːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[satɨhəːʈʰjum] or [satɨhəːʈʰim] سَتہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or سَتہٕ ہٲٹھِم
68.	[arɨhəːʈʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[arɨhəːʈʰjum] or [arɨhəːʈʰim] اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛم or اَرٕہٲٹھِم
69.	[kunɨsatatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[kunɨsatatyum] or [kunɨsatatim] کُنہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ سَتَتِم
70.	[satatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[satatjum] or [satatim] سَتَتیُٛم or سَتَتِم
71.	[akɨsatatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akɨsatatjum] or [akɨsatatim] اَکہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ سَتَتِم
72.	[dusatatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[dusatatjum] or [dusatatim] دُسَتَتیُٛم or دُسَتَتِم
73.	[trusatatʰ] or [trɨsatatʰ] ترُٛسَتَتھ or ترٕٛسَتَتھ	[trusatatjum] or [trusatatim] ترُٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترُٛسَتَتِم [trɨsatatjum] or [trɨsatatim] ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترٕٛسَتَتِم
74.	[t͡susatatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡susatatjum] or [t͡susatatim] ژُسَتَتیُٛم or ژُسَتَتِم
75.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatʰ] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتھ or پانٛژٕ سَتَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatjum] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatim] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatim] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتِم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتِم
76.	[ʃusatatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃusatatjum] or [ʃusatatim] شُسَتَتیُٛم or شُسَتَتِم
77.	[satɨsatatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[satɨsatatjum] or [satɨsatatim] سَتہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ سَتَتِم
78.	[arɨsatatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[arɨsatatjum] or [arɨsatatim] اَرٕسَتَتیُٛم or اَرٕسَتَتِم
79.	[kunɨʃiːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[kunɨʃiːtjum] or [kunɨʃiːtim] کُنہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or کُنہٕ شيٖتِم
80.	[ʃiːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃiːtjum] or [ʃiːtjim] شيٖتیُٛم or شيٖتِم
81.	[akɨʃiːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akɨʃiːtjum] or [akɨʃiːtim] اَکہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or اَکہٕ شيٖتِم
82.	[dɔjiʃiːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[dɔjiʃiːtjum] or [dɔjiʃiːtjum] دۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or دۄیہِ شيٖتِم
83.	[trejiʃiːtʰ] ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتھ	[trejiʃiːtjum] or [trejiʃiːtim] ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
84.	[t͡sɔjiʃiːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡sɔjiʃiːtjum] or [t͡sɔjiʃiːtim] ژۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ژۄیہِ شيٖتِم
85.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتھ or پانٛژٕ شيٖتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtjum] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtjum] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtim] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtim] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتِم
86.	[ʃejiʃiːtʰ] شیٚیہِ شيٖتھ	[ʃejiʃiːtjum] or [ʃejiʃiːtim] شیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or شیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
87.	[satɨʃiːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[satɨʃiːtjum] or [satɨʃiːtim] سَتہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or سَتہٕ شيٖتِم
88.	[arɨʃiːtʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[arɨʃiːtjum] or [arɨʃiːtim] اَرٕشيٖتیُٛم or اَرٕشيٖتِم
89.	[kunɨnamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[kunɨnamatjum] or [kunɨnamatim] کُنہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ نَمَتِم
90.	[namatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[namatjum] or [namatim] نَمَتیُٛم or نَمَتِم
91.	[akɨnamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akɨnamatjum] or [akɨnamatim] اَکہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ نَمَتِم
92.	[dunamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[dunamatjum] or [dunamatim] دُنَمَتیُٛم or دُنَمَتِم
93.	[trunamatʰ] or [trɨnamatʰ] ترُٛنَمَتھ or ترٕٛنَمَتھ	[trunamatjum] or [trunamatim] ترُٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترُٛنَمَتِم [trɨnamatjum] or [trɨnamatim] ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترٕٛنَمَتِم
94.	[t͡sunamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡sunamatjum] or [t͡sunamatim] ژُنَمَتیُٛم or ژُنَمَتِم
95.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatʰ] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتھ or پانٛژٕ نَمَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatjum] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatim] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatim] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتِم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتِم
96.	[ʃunamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃunamatjum] or [ʃunamatim] شُنَمَتیُٛم or شُنَمَتِم
97.	[satɨnamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[satɨnamatjum] or [satɨnamatim] سَتہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ نَمَتِم
98.	[arɨnamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[arɨnamatjum] or [arɨnamatjim] اَرٕنَمَتیُٛم or اَرٕنَمَتِم
99.	[namɨnamatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[namɨnamatjum] or [namɨnamatim] نَمہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or نَمہٕ نَمَتِم
100.	[hatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[hatyum] or [hatim] ہَتیُٛم or ہَتِم
101.	[akʰ hatʰ tɨ akʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akʰ hatʰ tɨ ǝkjum] or [akʰ hatʰ tɨ ǝkim] اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکیُٛم or اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکِم
102.	[akʰ hatʰ tɨ zɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akʰ hatʰ tɨ dojum] or [akʰ hatʰ tɨ dojim] اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیُم or اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیِم
200.	[zɨ hatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[du hatyum] or [duhatim] دُہَتیُٛم or دُہَتِم
300.	[tre hatʰ] ترٛےٚ ہَتھ	[trɨ hatyum] or [trɨ hatim] ترٕٛہَتیُٛم or ترٕٛہَتِم
400.	[t͡soːr hatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[t͡su hatyum] or [t͡su hatim] ژُہَتیُٛم or ژُہَتِم
500.	[pə̃ːt͡sʰ hatʰ] or [pãːt͡sʰ hatʰ] پٲنٛژھ ہَتھ or پانٛژھ ہَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨ hatyum] or [pãːt͡sɨ hatyum] پٲنٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨ hatim] or [pãːt͡sɨ hatim] پٲنٛژٕ ہَتِم or پانٛژٕ ہَتِم
600.	[ʃe hatʰ] شےٚ ہَتھ	[ʃe hatyum] or [ʃe hatim] شےٚ ہَتیُٛم or شےٚ ہَتِم
700.	[satʰ hatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[ʃatɨ hatyum] or [ʃatɨ hatim] سَتہٕ ہَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ ہَتِم
800.	[əːʈʰ ʃatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[əːʈʰ ʃatjum] or [əːʈʰ ʃatim] ٲٹھ شَتیُٛم or ٲٹھ شَتِم
900.	[naw ʃatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[naw ʃatjum] or [naw ʃatim] نَو شَتیُٛم or نَو شَتِم
1000.	[saːs] Template:Uninastaliq	[səːsjum] or [səːsim] سٲسیُٛم or سٲسِم
1001.	[akʰ saːs akʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akʰ saːs ǝkjum] or [akʰ saːs ǝkim] اَکھ ساس أکیُٛم or اَکھ ساس أکِم
1002.	[akʰ saːs zɨ] Template:Uninastaliq	[akʰ saːs dojum] or [akʰ saːs dojim] اَکھ ساس دۆیُم or اَکھ ساس دۆیِم
1100.	[akʰ saːs hatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq or [kah ʃatʰ] or [kaːh ʃatʰ] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[akʰ saːs hatjum] or [akʰ saːs hatim] اَکھ ساس ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس ہَتِم or [kah ʃatjum] or [kaːh ʃatjum] کَہہ شَتیُٛم or کاہ شَتیُٛم [kah ʃatim] or [kaːh ʃatim] کَہہ شَتِم or کاہ شَتِم
1500.	[akʰ saːs pãːt͡sʰ hatʰ] اَکھ ساس پانٛژھ ہَتھ or [pandaːh ʃatʰ] پَنٛداہ شَتھ	[akʰ saːs pãːt͡sɨ hatjum] or [akʰ saːs pãːt͡sɨ hatim] اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتِم or [pandaːh ʃatjum] or [pandaːh ʃatim] پَنٛداہ شَتیُٛم or پَنٛداہ شَتِم
10,000.	[dəh saːs] or [daːh saːs] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[dəh səːsjum] or [daːh səːsjum] دٔہ سٲسیُٛم or داہ سٲسیُٛم [dəh səːsim] or [daːh səːsim] دٔہ سٲسِم or داہ سٲسِم
Hundred thousand	[lat͡ʃʰ] Template:Uninastaliq	[lat͡ʃʰjum] or [lat͡ʃʰim] لَچھیُٛم or لَچھِم
Million	[dəh lat͡ʃʰ] or [daːh lat͡ʃʰ] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[dəh lat͡ʃʰjum] or [daːh lat͡ʃʰjum] دٔہ لَچھیُٛم or داہ لَچھیُٛم [dəh lat͡ʃʰim] or [daːh lat͡ʃʰim] دٔہ لَچھِم or داہ لَچھِم
Ten million	[kɔroːr] or [karoːr] Template:Uninastaliq or Template:Uninastaliq	[kɔroːrjum] or [karoːrjum] کۄروریُٛم or کَروریُٛم [kɔroːrim] or [karoːrim] کۄرورِم or کَرورِم
Billion	[arab] Template:Uninastaliq	[arabjum] or [arabim] اَرَبیُٛم or اَرَبِم
Hundred billion	[kʰarab] Template:Uninastaliq	[kʰarabjum] or [kʰarabim] کھَرَبیُٛم or کھَرَبِم

The ordinal number "1st" which is [ǝkjum] أکیُٛم for its masculine genre and [ǝkim] أکِم for its feminine genre is also known as [ɡɔɖnjuk] گۄڈنیُٛک and [ɡɔɖnit͡ʃ] گۄڈنِچ respectively.^[101]

Vocabulary

Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language and was heavily influenced by Sanskrit, especially early on.^[102]^[103]^[104] After the arrival of Islamic administrative rule in India, Kashmiri acquired many Persian loanwords.^[104] In modern times, Kashmiri vocabulary has imported words from English, Hindustani and Punjabi.^[105]

Preservation of old Indo-Aryan vocabulary

Kashmiri retains several features of Old Indo-Aryan that have been lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi.^[41] Some vocabulary features that Kashmiri preserves clearly date from the Vedic Sanskrit era and had already been lost even in Classical Sanskrit. This includes the word-form yodvai (meaning if), which is mainly found in Vedic Sanskrit texts. Classical Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan use the word yadi instead.^[41]

First person pronoun

Both the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the Indo-Iranian family have demonstrated a strong tendency to eliminate the distinctive first person pronoun ("I") used in the nominative (subject) case. The Indo-European root for this is reconstructed as *eǵHom, which is preserved in Sanskrit as aham and in Avestan Persian as azam. This contrasts with the m- form ("me", "my") that is used for the accusative, genitive, dative, ablative cases. Sanskrit and Avestan both used forms such as ma(-m). However, in languages such as Modern Persian, Baluchi, Hindi and Punjabi, the distinct nominative form has been entirely lost and replaced with m- in words such as ma-n and mai. However, Kashmiri belongs to a relatively small set that preserves the distinction. 'I' is ba/bi/bo in various Kashmiri dialects, distinct from the other me terms. 'Mine' is myon in Kashmiri. Other Indo-Aryan languages that preserve this feature include Dogri (aun vs me-), Gujarati (hu-n vs ma-ri), Konkani (hā̃v vs mhazo), and Braj (hau-M vs mai-M). The Iranian Pashto preserves it too (za vs. maa), as well as Nuristani languages, such as Askunu (âi vs iũ).^[106]

Variations

There are very minor differences between the Kashmiri spoken by Hindus and Muslims.^[107] For 'fire', a traditional Hindu uses the word Template:Uninastaliq [oɡun] while a Muslim more often uses the Arabic word Template:Uninastaliq [naːr].^[108]

Sample text

Perso-Arabic script

Art. 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Template:Uninastaliq ^[109]

[səːriː insaːn t͡ʃʰi aːzaːd zaːmɨtʲ . wʲakaːr tɨ hokuːk t͡ʃʰi hiwiː . timan t͡ʃʰu soːt͡ʃ samad͡ʒ ataː karnɨ aːmut tɨ timan pazi bəːj baraːdəriː hɨndis d͡ʒazbaːtas tahat akʰ əkis akaːr bakaːr jun]

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Sharada script

Verses by Lalleshwari:^[110]

𑆏𑆩𑆶𑆅 𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪 𑆃𑆗𑆶𑆫 𑆥𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆪𑆲𑆳 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆫𑆾𑆛𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆮𑆶𑆤𑇀𑆢𑆱𑇀 𑆩𑆁𑆘 𑆱𑆶𑆅 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆑𑆤𑆴 𑆥𑇀𑆪𑆜 𑆓𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆖𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆃𑆱𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆳𑆱 𑆠 𑆱𑆥𑆤𑇀𑆪𑆱 𑆱𑆾𑆤𑇆

[oːmuj akuj at͡ʃʰur porum, suj maːli roʈum wɔndas manz, suj maːli kani pʲaʈʰ gorum tɨ t͡sorum, əːsɨs saːs tɨ sapnis sɔn.]

"I kept reciting the unique divine word "Om" and kept it safe in my heart through my resolute dedication and love. I was simply ash and by its divine grace got metamorphosed into gold."

𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪 𑆏𑆀𑆑𑆳𑆫 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆤𑆳𑆨𑆴 𑆣𑆫𑆼 𑆑𑆶𑆩𑇀𑆮𑆪 𑆧𑇀𑆫𑆲𑇀𑆩𑆳𑆟𑇀𑆝𑆱 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆓𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆒 𑆩𑆶𑆪 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆖𑇀𑆪𑆠𑆱 𑆑𑆫𑆼 𑆠𑆱 𑆱𑆳𑆱 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆑𑇀𑆪𑆳 𑆑𑆫𑆼𑇆

[akuj omkaːr jus naːbi dareː, kumbeː brahmaːnɖas sum gareː, akʰ suj mantʰɨr t͡sʲatas kareː, tas saːs mantʰɨr kjaː kareː.]

One who recites the divine word "Omkār" by devotion is capable to build a bridge between his own and the cosmic consciousness. By staying committed to this sacred word, one doesn't require any other mantra out of thousands others.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e26
↑ Mahapatra, B. P. (1989) (in en). Constitutional languages. Presses Université Laval. p. 270. ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&dq=dialects+of+kashmiri+language&pg=PA269.
↑ Nicolaus, Peter (2015). "Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh". Iran & the Caucasus 19 (3): 201–264. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150302. ISSN 1609-8498. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Sociolinguistics. Mouton de Gruyter. 1977. ISBN 9789027977229. https://archive.org/details/issuesinsociolin0000unse. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
↑ "Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari" (in en). The Indian Express. http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth-switch-to-devnagari/472872/.
↑ "There's a new Hindu-Muslim conflict in Kashmir—this time over one language, two scripts". The Print. https://theprint.in/feature/theres-a-new-hindu-muslim-conflict-in-kashmir-this-time-over-one-language-two-scripts/964116/.
↑ Taru (2016-10-22). "Pandits want official status for Kashmiri written in Devanagari script" (in en-US). https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/7044-pandits-want-official-status-kashmiri-written-devanagari-script.
↑ "Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh: Ethno-linguistic areas". koshur.org. http://www.koshur.org/contents.html.
↑ The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020. 26 September 2020. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/15512?view_type=search&sam_handle=123456789/1362.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kashmiri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kash1277.
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
↑ "Kashmiri language | Kashmiri language | Indo-Aryan, Dialects, Poetry | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kashmiri-language.
↑ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26) (in en). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 895. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT895.
↑ "Parliament passes Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020" (in en-IN). The Hindu. 23 September 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/parliament-passes-jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020/article32677107.ece.
↑ Bukhari, Shujaat (14 June 2011). "The other Kashmir". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-other-Kashmir/article13834085.ece.
↑ M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.
↑ "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf. The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).
↑ "Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). http://www.koshur.org/contents.html.
↑ Bukhari, Shujaat (14 June 2011). "The other Kashmir". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-other-Kashmir/article13834085.ece.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". University of Azad Jammu and Kahsmir. https://www.academia.edu/6485567. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Kachru, Braj B. (3 July 2002). "The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://koausa.org/language/pdf/DyingLinguistic.pdf.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640. "Additionally, Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad.".
↑ Kiani, Khaleeq (2018-05-28). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447.
↑ Snedden, Christopher (2015-09-15) (in en). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-84904-622-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33.
↑ Kaw, M. K. (2004) (in en). Kashmir and It's People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. APH Publishing. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PA328. "In parts of Pakistan, as a Pakistani scholar, Rahman observes (1996:225-226), “there are pockets of Kashmiri-speaking people in Azad Kashmir [Pakistan-occupied Kashmir] and elsewhere ...” Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too, as: most of the them [Kashmiris] are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi...Most literate people use Urdu since, in both Azad and Indian-held Kashmir, Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government."
↑ Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (2016-05-24) (in en). The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 811. ISBN 978-3-11-042338-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=0iFBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT811. "In Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, Kashmiri speakers are shifting to Urdu (Dhar 2009)"
↑ "Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". The Express Tribune. 4 June 2015. https://tribune.com.pk/story/897933/up-north-call-for-exploration-of-archaeological-sites. "He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages, which were spoken in the Neelum Valley, were on the verge of dying."
↑ Khan, Zafar Ali (20 February 2016). "Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death". The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1051223/lack-of-preservation-causing-regional-languages-to-die-a-slow-death. "Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman, who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri, said pluralistic and tolerance-promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying, as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth. He said that after a few decades, not a single Kashmiri-speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad..."
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
↑ "Scheduled Languages of India". Central Institute of Indian Languages. http://www.ciil.org/Main/languages/indian.htm.
↑ "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (India)". General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India). http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf.
↑ —"What census data reveals about use of Indian languages" (in en). https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html.
—"Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language" (in en). 2018-06-28. https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/.
—"Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers". https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html.
—"Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11.
↑ Weber, Siegfried (1 May 2012). "kashmir iii. Persian language in the state administration". https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-iii-administration.
↑ Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri speech community. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 75. ISBN 9781443862608. https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+....
↑ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020". The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf.
↑ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020.
↑ ANI. "BJP president congratulates J-K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020" (in en). http://businessworld.in/article/BJP-president-congratulates-J-K-people-on-passing-of-Jammu-and-Kashmir-Official-Language-Bill-2020/23-09-2020-323945.
↑ "سرازی، بھدرواہی اور گوجری میں خبروں کے بعد". 9 November 2023. p. 12 on LAZAWAL (epaper archive). https://lazawal.com/?p=173354.
↑ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/transcription.html.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 9-16.
↑ ^41.0 ^41.1 ^41.2 ^41.3 K.L. Kalla (1985), The Literary Heritage of Kashmir, Mittal Publications, https://books.google.com/books?id=mzozRa9wJ9kC, "... Kashmiri alone of all the modern Indian languages preserves the dvi (Kashmiri du) of Sanskrit, in numbers such as dusatath (Sanskrit dvisaptati), dunamat (Sanskrit dvanavatih) ... the latter (Yodvai) is archaic and is to be come across mainly in the Vedas ..."
↑ "Sarada". Lawrence. http://www.ancientscripts.com/sarada.html.
↑ Pandey, Anshuman (2022-02-18). "N3545: Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646". Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf.
↑ "The Sharada Script: Origin and Development". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html.
↑ "Kashmiri (कॉशुर / كٲشُر)". Omniglot. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm.
↑ Daniels & Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. pp. 753–754.
↑ Kaw, M.K (2004). Kashmir and It's [sic] People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 303–304. ISBN 9788176485371. https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1.
↑ Mahapatra, B.P (1989). The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : India : Book 1 Constitutional Languages. Presses Université Laval. pp. 270. ISBN 9782763771861. https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC.
↑ "Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html.
↑ "Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course". http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html.
↑ "Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html.
↑ "Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari". Indian Express. 8 June 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872/.
↑ "Devnagari Script for Kashmiri: A Study in its Necessity, Feasibility and Practicality". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/devan1.html.
↑ "Nastaliq to Devanagari: After Language, Kashmir Watching Script Campaign". MENAFN. 2020. https://menafn.com/1100894861/Nastaliq-to-Devanagari-After-Language-Kashmir-Watching-Script-Campaign.
↑ "Kashmiri (deva)". https://r12a.github.io/scripts/devanagari/kashmiri.
↑ Everson, Michael & Pravin Satpute. (2006). Proposal to add four characters for Kashmiri to the BMP of the UCS.
↑ "Project ZAAN: Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language". http://www.koausa.org/Reader/intro.html.
↑ Raina, M. K. (2020-05-04). "One Page Primer on Kashmiri Language" (in en-US). http://mkraina.com/one-page-kashmiri-primer/.
↑ Government of India. (2009). Proposal to add six characters in the Devanagari block for representation of Kashmiri language in Devanagari script.
↑ Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Comments on India’s Proposal to Add Devanagari Characters for Kashmiri.
↑ The central vowels are typically transcribed ⟨ạ⟩ and ⟨u’⟩ when transliterating Arabic script, ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ when transliterating Nagari.
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646.
↑ Grierson, George (1916). On the Sarada Alphabet. pp. 8–12. https://archive.org/details/244194891OnTheSharadaAlphabetJournalOfTheRoyalAsiaticSociety171916SirGeorgeGriersonKCIEMRAS/page/n7/mode/1up.
↑ ^64.0 ^64.1 ^64.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 25.
↑ Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri (2002). Kashmir News Network, pp.80.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. ii.
↑ ^67.0 ^67.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 28.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 26-28.
↑ ^69.0 ^69.1 ^69.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 31.
↑ Wade 1888, p. 16.
↑ Bhatt, Rajesh (2007)."Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Languages", MIT Ergativity Seminar, pp.6.
↑ ^72.0 ^72.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 32.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 39.
↑ Wade 1888, pp. 10-15.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 83-84.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 119.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 84.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 86.
↑ ^79.0 ^79.1 ^79.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 87.
↑ Zakharyin, Boris (2015). "Indo-Aryan Ergativity and its Analogues in Languages of Central and Western Eurasia", The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp.66.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 89-90.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 91-92.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 93.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 94.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 94-95.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 96-97.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 96-99.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 100-101.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 103.
↑ ^90.0 ^90.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 105.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 107.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 108.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 53.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 52.
↑ Koshur 2002, pp.79.
↑ Wade 1888, p. 19.
↑ ^97.0 ^97.1 Wade 1888, p. 20.
↑ Koul & Wali 2006, p. 59.
↑ Wade 1888, p. 21.
↑ ^100.0 ^100.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 64.
↑ Toushikhani S. k, Koul J. lal. Kashir Dictionary Vol 1. http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510168.
↑ Eggeling, Hans Julius (1911). "Sanskrit". in Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–183.
↑ Grierson, George Abraham (1911). "Kashmiri". in Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 689–693. "Sanskrit has been actively studied for many centuries, and the Kashmiri vocabulary, and even its grammar, are now largely Indian. So much is this the case that, for convenience’ sake, it is now frequently classed as belonging to the north-western group of languages, instead of as belonging to the Piśāca family as its origin demands. It cannot be said that either classification is wrong.".
↑ ^104.0 ^104.1 Gorekar, Niẓāmuddīn Es (2002) (in en). Indo-Islamic Relations. KnowledgeCity Books. p. 67. "The Kashmiri language was in the beginning greatly influenced by the Sanskrit language, but with the coming of the Muslims and monarchs like Zainu'l-Abedin it began to accept the influence of Persian which was the language of the rulers."
↑ (in en) Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. "Kashmiri vocabulary can be broadly categorized into Kashmiri/Dardic, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi/Urdu, Persian, and Arabic origins."
↑ John D. Bengtson, Harold Crane Fleming (2008), In hot pursuit of language in prehistory: essays in the four fields of anthropology, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN 978-90-272-3252-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C, "... However, Gujarati as well as a Dardic language like Kashmiri still preserve the root alternation between subject and non-subject forms (but they replaced the derivative of the Sanskrit subject form ahám by new forms) ..."
↑ Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (6 April 2010), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Elsevier, 2008, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC, "... Kashmiri occupies a special position in the Dardic group, being probably the only dardic language that has a written literature dating back to the early 13th century ..."
↑ Krishna, Gopi (1967). Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man. Boston: Shambhala. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-57062-280-9. https://www.scribd.com/doc/7577310/KUNDALINI-the-evolutionary-energy-in-man. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kashmiri Language". https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ksh.pdf.
↑ "Lal Vakh in Sharada script". https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lalvakh.png.

Bibliography

Chopra, R. M (2013). "Indo-Persian Literature in Kashmir" (in en). The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Iran Culture House. OCLC 909254259.
Koul, Omkar N; Wali, Kashi (2006) (in en). Modern Kashmiri Grammar. Springfield: Dunwoody Press. ISBN 1-931546-07-X. http://www.koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernKashmiriGrammar.pdf.
Wade, TR (1888). A Grammar of the Kashmiri Language. SPCK.

External links

Bhat, Roop Krishen (1982). Kashir Kitab level 1 : (state level school reader in Kashmiri for non-Kashmiri speaking students). Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0270/mode/2up.
Bhat, Roop Krishen (1988). Urdu Kashmiri Reader. JK Press. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0907/mode/2up.
Ganjoo, Triloki Nath (1979). Kạ̄shur-Hindi Reader. Kạ̄shur Department, University of Kashmir. https://archive.org/details/kashurhindireadertrilokinathganjoopostgraddeptofkashmiriuniversityofkashmirsrinagar/mode/1up.
Grierson, George Abraham (1932). A dictionary of the Kashmiri language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/grierson/.
Handoo, Jawaharlal; Handoo, Lalita (1975). Hindi-Kashmiri Common Words. Central Institute of Indian languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2232.
Handoo, Jawaharlal (1973). Kashmiri Phonetic Reader. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1685/mode/1up.
Hassan, Sheeba. "A pronouncing dictionary of Kashmiri language". https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hassan/.
Hindi-Kashmiri Conversational Guide. Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India. 1990. https://archive.org/details/HindiKashmiriVartalaapaPustikaCentralHindiDirectorate.
Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary. 1. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988. http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b82/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR0Tf3Mz3UVKON4u83WZg7D7xQXMrhVmfEiypcWHXuwGkWRfDVYfKvitba8.
Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary. 2. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988. http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b20/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR1W_jDPl_NHKVvAhasqpCf8uj1NHro7HCO-I8Ler-MAhhTFmW_yi_H-eZY.
Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary. 3. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988. http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b21/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR2fPSVeXv1UqdzPVJ6noV8eTXB3MWC_Su7bm2JQFKdb0PsK1kfc6FYY7nQ.
Hinton, James Knowles (1885). A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs & Sayings: Explained and Illustrated From the Rich and Interesting Folklore of the Valley. Bombay: Education Society's Press. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41962/page/n3/mode/2up.
Hook, Peter E. 1976. Is Kashmiri an SVO language? Indian Linguistics 37: 133–142.
"Indo Wordnet : A wordnet of Indian languages". https://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/indowordnet/.
Kamil, Amin (1966). Achar Zan. Walidarul Kitabat. https://archive.org/details/achcharzankashmiriainkamil_202003.
Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class1
Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 2
Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 3
Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 6
Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 8
Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 10
Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
Koul, Ashok K (2008). Lexical Borrowings in Kashmiri. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies. ISBN 9788186323298.
Koul, Omkar Nath (1985). An Intensive Course in Kashmiri. Central Institute of Indian Languages. ISBN 9780781801768. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2240.
Koul, Omkar Nath (1995). An intermediate course in Kashmiri Language. Central Institute of Indian Languages. ISBN 8173420270. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2241/mode/2up.
Koul, Omkar Nath (1992). A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies. ISBN 9788186323212. http://koshur.org/pdf/proverbs.pdf.
Koul, Omkar Nath (2000). kəːʃir dəpitʲ dikʃənəriː (A dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs). Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0070/mode/2up.
Koul, Omkar Nath; Talashi, Rattan Lal (1999). Punjabi Kashmiri Kosh. Bhasha Vibhag Punjab. http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=5806&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=.
Koul, Omkar Nath; Kumari, B Syamala (1996). Nursery Rhymes in Kashmiri. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2244.
Koul, Omkar N; Bhat, Roop Krishen; Betab, Brij Nath (2010). English – Kashmiri Administrative Terminology. New Delhi: Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology. https://www.academia.edu/7725620.
Koul, Omkar N; Raina, S.N.; Bhat, Roop Krishen (2000). Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/kasmirienglishdictionaryomkarkauln.rainas.n.roopkrishenbhatuniversityofmysore_202003_790_b.
Library and Information Science Glossary (English-Hindi-Kashmiri). Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. 2018. http://www.csttpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/Library_and_Information_Science_English-Hindi-Kashmiri/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR16gZHxNoSt7f_zrzKoEbKXV_nyafIMkvKwfkd7aLpwDyJI6i_c7uTdpl0.
"Neab", Kashmiri Language Literary Magazine
Raina, Soom Nath (2011). An advance course in Kashmiri. Central institute of Indian languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2242/mode/2up.
"Sangarmal", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
Shauq, Shafi (2017). Kaesher Lugaat (A dictionary of the Kashmiri Language). Srinagar: Ali Mohammad and Sons.
"Soan Meeraas", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
Subbiah, Pon (2000). Tests of Language Proficiency : Kashmiri. Central Institute of Indian Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1968/mode/2up.
Tickoo, Jawahir Lal (2006). Kashmiri-English Dictionary. Indian Institute of Language Studies.
Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 1. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510168/mode/2up.
Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 2. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510170/mode/2up.
Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 3. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241981/mode/1up.
Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 4. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241982/mode/1up.
Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 5. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241983/mode/2up.
Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 6. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.241984/mode/2up.
Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan (1968–1980). Kashir Dikshanri. 7. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510171/mode/2up.
the word koshur(𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀) written on New Testament in Kashmiri, (manuscript)

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri language. Read more

[e26-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e26

[2] Mahapatra, B. P. (1989) (in en). Constitutional languages. Presses Université Laval. p. 270. ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&dq=dialects+of+kashmiri+language&pg=PA269.

[3] Nicolaus, Peter (2015). "Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh". Iran & the Caucasus 19 (3): 201–264. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150302. ISSN 1609-8498. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899199.

[Mouton_de_Gruyter-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Sociolinguistics. Mouton de Gruyter. 1977. ISBN 9789027977229. https://archive.org/details/issuesinsociolin0000unse. Retrieved 2009-08-30.

[5] "Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari" (in en). The Indian Express. http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth-switch-to-devnagari/472872/.

[6] "There's a new Hindu-Muslim conflict in Kashmir—this time over one language, two scripts". The Print. https://theprint.in/feature/theres-a-new-hindu-muslim-conflict-in-kashmir-this-time-over-one-language-two-scripts/964116/.

[7] Taru (2016-10-22). "Pandits want official status for Kashmiri written in Devanagari script" (in en-US). https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/7044-pandits-want-official-status-kashmiri-written-devanagari-script.

[8] "Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh: Ethno-linguistic areas". koshur.org. http://www.koshur.org/contents.html.

[9] The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020. 26 September 2020. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/15512?view_type=search&sam_handle=123456789/1362.

[Glottolog-10] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kashmiri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kash1277.

[11] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

[12] "Kashmiri language | Kashmiri language | Indo-Aryan, Dialects, Poetry | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kashmiri-language.

[13] Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26) (in en). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 895. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT895.

[14] "Parliament passes Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020" (in en-IN). The Hindu. 23 September 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/parliament-passes-jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020/article32677107.ece.

[15] Bukhari, Shujaat (14 June 2011). "The other Kashmir". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-other-Kashmir/article13834085.ece.

[16] M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.

[Census2011-17] "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf. The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).

[Koshur-18] "Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). http://www.koshur.org/contents.html.

[19] Bukhari, Shujaat (14 June 2011). "The other Kashmir". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-other-Kashmir/article13834085.ece.

[Shakil2-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". University of Azad Jammu and Kahsmir. https://www.academia.edu/6485567. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Kachru2-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Kachru, Braj B. (3 July 2002). "The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://koausa.org/language/pdf/DyingLinguistic.pdf.

[KJLR2-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640. "Additionally, Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad.".

[23] Kiani, Khaleeq (2018-05-28). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447.

[24] Snedden, Christopher (2015-09-15) (in en). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-84904-622-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33.

[25] Kaw, M. K. (2004) (in en). Kashmir and It's People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. APH Publishing. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PA328. "In parts of Pakistan, as a Pakistani scholar, Rahman observes (1996:225-226), “there are pockets of Kashmiri-speaking people in Azad Kashmir [Pakistan-occupied Kashmir] and elsewhere ...” Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too, as: most of the them [Kashmiris] are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi...Most literate people use Urdu since, in both Azad and Indian-held Kashmir, Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government."

[26] Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (2016-05-24) (in en). The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 811. ISBN 978-3-11-042338-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=0iFBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT811. "In Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, Kashmiri speakers are shifting to Urdu (Dhar 2009)"

[27] "Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". The Express Tribune. 4 June 2015. https://tribune.com.pk/story/897933/up-north-call-for-exploration-of-archaeological-sites. "He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages, which were spoken in the Neelum Valley, were on the verge of dying."

[28] Khan, Zafar Ali (20 February 2016). "Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death". The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1051223/lack-of-preservation-causing-regional-languages-to-die-a-slow-death. "Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman, who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri, said pluralistic and tolerance-promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying, as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth. He said that after a few decades, not a single Kashmiri-speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad..."

[Rahman2-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.

[Central_Institute_of_Indian_Languages-30] "Scheduled Languages of India". Central Institute of Indian Languages. http://www.ciil.org/Main/languages/indian.htm.

[GAD-31] "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (India)". General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India). http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf.

[32] —"What census data reveals about use of Indian languages" (in en). https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html.
—"Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language" (in en). 2018-06-28. https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/.
—"Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers". https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html.
—"Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11.

[33] Weber, Siegfried (1 May 2012). "kashmir iii. Persian language in the state administration". https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-iii-administration.

[34] Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri speech community. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 75. ISBN 9781443862608. https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+....

[OfficialLang-35] "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020". The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf.

[36] "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020.

[37] ANI. "BJP president congratulates J-K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020" (in en). http://businessworld.in/article/BJP-president-congratulates-J-K-people-on-passing-of-Jammu-and-Kashmir-Official-Language-Bill-2020/23-09-2020-323945.

[38] "سرازی، بھدرواہی اور گوجری میں خبروں کے بعد". 9 November 2023. p. 12 on LAZAWAL (epaper archive). https://lazawal.com/?p=173354.

[39] "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/transcription.html.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali20069-16-40] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 9-16.

[ref41yomid-41] 41.0 ^41.1 ^41.2 ^41.3 K.L. Kalla (1985), The Literary Heritage of Kashmir, Mittal Publications, https://books.google.com/books?id=mzozRa9wJ9kC, "... Kashmiri alone of all the modern Indian languages preserves the dvi (Kashmiri du) of Sanskrit, in numbers such as dusatath (Sanskrit dvisaptati), dunamat (Sanskrit dvanavatih) ... the latter (Yodvai) is archaic and is to be come across mainly in the Vedas ..."

[Sharada-42] "Sarada". Lawrence. http://www.ancientscripts.com/sarada.html.

[sharada-43] Pandey, Anshuman (2022-02-18). "N3545: Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646". Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf.

[KOA-Sharada-44] "The Sharada Script: Origin and Development". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html.

[Omniglot-Kashmiri-45] "Kashmiri (कॉशुर / كٲشُر)". Omniglot. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm.

[46] Daniels & Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. pp. 753–754.

[47] Kaw, M.K (2004). Kashmir and It's [sic] People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 303–304. ISBN 9788176485371. https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1.

[48] Mahapatra, B.P (1989). The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : India : Book 1 Constitutional Languages. Presses Université Laval. pp. 270. ISBN 9782763771861. https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC.

[49] "Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html.

[50] "Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course". http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html.

[51] "Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html.

[Indian_Express-Perso-Arabic-52] "Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari". Indian Express. 8 June 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872/.

[KOA-Devanagari-53] "Devnagari Script for Kashmiri: A Study in its Necessity, Feasibility and Practicality". Kashmiri Overseas Association. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/devan1.html.

[54] "Nastaliq to Devanagari: After Language, Kashmir Watching Script Campaign". MENAFN. 2020. https://menafn.com/1100894861/Nastaliq-to-Devanagari-After-Language-Kashmir-Watching-Script-Campaign.

[55] "Kashmiri (deva)". https://r12a.github.io/scripts/devanagari/kashmiri.

[56] Everson, Michael & Pravin Satpute. (2006). Proposal to add four characters for Kashmiri to the BMP of the UCS.

[57] "Project ZAAN: Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language". http://www.koausa.org/Reader/intro.html.

[58] Raina, M. K. (2020-05-04). "One Page Primer on Kashmiri Language" (in en-US). http://mkraina.com/one-page-kashmiri-primer/.

[59] Government of India. (2009). Proposal to add six characters in the Devanagari block for representation of Kashmiri language in Devanagari script.

[60] Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Comments on India’s Proposal to Add Devanagari Characters for Kashmiri.

[a-o-61] The central vowels are typically transcribed ⟨ạ⟩ and ⟨u’⟩ when transliterating Arabic script, ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ when transliterating Nagari.

[unicode.org-62] 62.0 ^62.1 Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646.

[63] Grierson, George (1916). On the Sarada Alphabet. pp. 8–12. https://archive.org/details/244194891OnTheSharadaAlphabetJournalOfTheRoyalAsiaticSociety171916SirGeorgeGriersonKCIEMRAS/page/n7/mode/1up.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200625-64] 64.0 ^64.1 ^64.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 25.

[65] Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri (2002). Kashmir News Network, pp.80.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali2006ii-66] Koul & Wali 2006, p. ii.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200628-67] 67.0 ^67.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200626-28-68] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 26-28.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200631-69] 69.0 ^69.1 ^69.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTEWade188816-70] Wade 1888, p. 16.

[71] Bhatt, Rajesh (2007)."Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Languages", MIT Ergativity Seminar, pp.6.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200632-72] 72.0 ^72.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200639-73] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 39.

[FOOTNOTEWade188810-15-74] Wade 1888, pp. 10-15.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200683-84-75] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 83-84.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali2006119-76] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200684-77] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200686-78] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200687-79] 79.0 ^79.1 ^79.2 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 87.

[80] Zakharyin, Boris (2015). "Indo-Aryan Ergativity and its Analogues in Languages of Central and Western Eurasia", The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp.66.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200689-90-81] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 89-90.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200691-92-82] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 91-92.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200693-83] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 93.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200694-84] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 94.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200694-95-85] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 94-95.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200696-97-86] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 96-97.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200696-99-87] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 96-99.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali2006100-101-88] Koul & Wali 2006, pp. 100-101.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali2006103-89] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 103.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali2006105-90] 90.0 ^90.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 105.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali2006107-91] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali2006108-92] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 108.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200653-93] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200652-94] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 52.

[95] Koshur 2002, pp.79.

[FOOTNOTEWade188819-96] Wade 1888, p. 19.

[FOOTNOTEWade188820-97] 97.0 ^97.1 Wade 1888, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200659-98] Koul & Wali 2006, p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEWade188821-99] Wade 1888, p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEKoulWali200664-100] 100.0 ^100.1 Koul & Wali 2006, p. 64.

[101] Toushikhani S. k, Koul J. lal. Kashir Dictionary Vol 1. http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510168.

[102] Eggeling, Hans Julius (1911). "Sanskrit". in Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–183.

[103] Grierson, George Abraham (1911). "Kashmiri". in Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 689–693. "Sanskrit has been actively studied for many centuries, and the Kashmiri vocabulary, and even its grammar, are now largely Indian. So much is this the case that, for convenience’ sake, it is now frequently classed as belonging to the north-western group of languages, instead of as belonging to the Piśāca family as its origin demands. It cannot be said that either classification is wrong.".

[Gorekar2002-104] 104.0 ^104.1 Gorekar, Niẓāmuddīn Es (2002) (in en). Indo-Islamic Relations. KnowledgeCity Books. p. 67. "The Kashmiri language was in the beginning greatly influenced by the Sanskrit language, but with the coming of the Muslims and monarchs like Zainu'l-Abedin it began to accept the influence of Persian which was the language of the rulers."

[105] (in en) Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. "Kashmiri vocabulary can be broadly categorized into Kashmiri/Dardic, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi/Urdu, Persian, and Arabic origins."

[ref48bubag-106] John D. Bengtson, Harold Crane Fleming (2008), In hot pursuit of language in prehistory: essays in the four fields of anthropology, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN 978-90-272-3252-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C, "... However, Gujarati as well as a Dardic language like Kashmiri still preserve the root alternation between subject and non-subject forms (but they replaced the derivative of the Sanskrit subject form ahám by new forms) ..."

[ref16muduc-107] Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (6 April 2010), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Elsevier, 2008, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC, "... Kashmiri occupies a special position in the Dardic group, being probably the only dardic language that has a written literature dating back to the early 13th century ..."

[Kasref-108] Krishna, Gopi (1967). Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man. Boston: Shambhala. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-57062-280-9. https://www.scribd.com/doc/7577310/KUNDALINI-the-evolutionary-energy-in-man. Retrieved 9 September 2017.

[109] "Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kashmiri Language". https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ksh.pdf.

[110] "Lal Vakh in Sharada script". https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lalvakh.png.

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Kashmiri
Template:Uninastaliq कॉशुर 𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀
The word "Koshur" in Perso-Arabic script (contemporary, official status), Sharada script (ancient, liturgical) and Devanagari
Native to	India and Pakistan
Region	Kashmir (Kashmir division and parts of Chenab valley, Jammu and Kashmir,^[1] parts of northern Azad Kashmir)
Ethnicity	Kashmiris
Native speakers	7.1 million (2011)e26
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Eastern Dardic Kashmiric Kashmiri
Dialects	Kishtwari, Poguli^[2]^[3]
Writing system	Official: Perso-Arabic script (contemporary)^[4] Others: Devanagari^[4] (informally used by some sections within the Kashmiri Pandit community after 1990),^[5]^[6]^[7] Sharada script (ancient/liturgical)^[4]
Official status
Official language in	India Jammu and Kashmir^[8]^[9]
Language codes
ISO 639-1	`ks`
ISO 639-1	`kas`
ISO 639-3	`kas`
Glottolog	`kash1277`^[10]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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Social:Kashmiri language

Geographic distribution and status

Phonology

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Perso-Arabic script

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Sharada script

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Perso-Arabic script

Sharada script

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