Social:List of populists

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The following is a list of populist parties, leaders and movements.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.


Africa

Burundi

  • Pierre Nkurunziza[1]

Cameroon

Egypt

  • Gamal Abdel Nasser[3]
  • Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[1]

Equatorial Guinea

  • Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[2]

Gabon

  • Ali Bongo Ondimba[1]

The Gambia

  • Yahya Jammeh[2]

Kenya

  • Raila Odinga[4]

Liberia

Libya

Rwanda

South Africa

Sudan

  • Omar al-Bashir[2]

Tanzania

  • John Magufuli[1]

Tunisia

Uganda

Zambia

  • Michael Sata[9]

Zimbabwe

Americas

Argentina

  • Carlos Menem (1989-1999)[9]
  • Néstor Kirchner (2003-2010)[9]
  • Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015)[9]

Bolivia

  • Evo Morales (2006-2019)[9]

Brazil

  • Fernando Collor de Mello (1990-1992)[9]
  • Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945)
  • Lula da Silva (2003-2011, 2023-present)
  • Jair Bolsonaro (2018-present)

Canada

  • Preston Manning (1997-2000)[14]
  • Niki Ashton (2008–present)[15]
  • Maxime Bernier (2018–present)[16]
  • Doug Ford (2018–present)[17]
  • Kevin O'Leary[18]
  • Pierre Poilievre (2022–present)[19]

Chile

Colombia

  • Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010)[31][32]
  • Rodolfo Hernández Suárez[33]

Cuba

  • Fidel Castro (1959-2008)[34]

Ecuador

  • Abdalá Bucaram (1996-1997)[9]
  • Lucio Gutiérrez (2003-2005)[9]
  • Rafael Correa (2007-2017)[9]
  • Abdalá Bucaram Jr. (2009-2014)[9]

El Salvador

Guatemala

  • Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity[39]

Honduras

Mexico

  • Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Nicaragua

  • Daniel Ortega (1979-1990) (2007–present)[40]

Paraguay

  • Fernando Lugo (2008-2012)[9]

Peru

  • Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000)[41][9]
  • Pedro Castillo[42]
  • Keiko Fujimori[42]
  • Rafael López Aliaga[43]

United States

  • Edwin Edwards (1964-1996)[44]
  • Mike Gravel (1969-1981)[45]
  • Ronald Reagan (1967-1989)[46][47]
  • Ron Paul (1976-1977, 1979–1985, 1997–2013)[48]
  • Pat Buchanan (1985-2000)[49]
  • David Duke (1989-1992)[50]
  • Jesse Jackson (1991-1997)[51]
  • Bernie Sanders (1991–present)
  • Roy Moore (1992–present)[52]
  • Joe Arpaio (1993–2017)[53]
  • Reform Party (1995–present)
  • Jim Jordan (1995–present)
  • Greg Abbott (1996–present)[54]
  • Dennis Kucinich (1997-2013)[55]
  • Steve King (1997-2021)
  • Andy Harris (1999–present)
  • Andy Biggs (2001–present)
  • Ted Cruz (2003–present)[56][57]
  • Tim Ryan[58]
  • Louie Gohmert (2005–present)
  • John Fetterman (2006–present)[59][60]
  • Sarah Palin (2006–present)
  • Tea Party movement
  • Matt Gaetz (2010–present)
  • Paul Gosar (2011–present)
  • Ron Johnson (2011–present)[61]
  • J. D. Vance (2016–present)
  • Allen West (2011–present)
  • Tulsi Gabbard (2013–present)[62]
  • Scott Perry (2013–present)
  • Kelli Ward (2013–2023)[63]
  • Elizabeth Warren (2013–present)[64]
  • Donald Trump, 45th President (2015–present)[65][9]
  • Amanda Chase (2016–present)[66]
  • Jamaal Bowman (2020–present)[67]
  • Mary Miller (2020-present)[68][69]
  • Cori Bush (2020–present)[67]
  • Andrew Yang[70]
  • Ralph Nader[71]
  • Occupy movement[72]

Venezuela

  • Rafael Caldera (1994-1999)[9]
  • Hugo Chávez (1999-2013)[73][9]
  • Nicolás Maduro (2013–present)[9]

Asia

Bangladesh

  • Sheikh Hasina[9]

Mainland China

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

Iran

Israel

  • Benjamin Netanyahu[9]

Japan

Malaysia

Myanmar

  • National League for Democracy[96]

Pakistan

  • Benazir Bhutto[97]
  • Imran Khan and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf[98]

Philippines

  • Rodrigo Duterte[99]
  • Joseph Estrada[9]
  • Bongbong Marcos

Sri Lanka

  • Mahinda Rajapaksa[9]

Taiwan

Thailand

  • Thaksin Shinawatra[9]
  • Yingluck Shinawatra[9]

Turkey

Europe

Austria

  • Freedom Party of Austria[106]
  • Communist Party of Austria

Belarus

  • Alexander Lukashenko[9]

Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • Milorad Dodik
  • Alliance of Independent Social Democrats

Bulgaria

  • Attack[106]
  • Revival
  • Boyko Borisov[9]
  • GERB
  • Bulgarian Socialist Party[108]
  • Reload Bulgaria[106]
  • National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria[106]
  • National Movement for Stability and Progress[106]
  • There is Such a People

Croatia

  • Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja[106]
  • Croatian Party of Rights[106]
  • Croatian Party of Rights 1861[106]
  • Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević[106]
  • Croatian Peasant Party[106]
  • Croatian Democratic Peasant Party[106]
  • Human Shield[109]

Czechia

  • Freedom and Direct Democracy[110]
  • Tomio Okamura
  • Andrej Babiš[9]
  • ANO 2011
  • Miloš Zeman[9]
  • Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia[111]
  • Law, Respect, Expertise
  • Přísaha

Denmark

Estonia

France

Finland

  • Finns Party[120][106]
  • Left Alliance
  • Radical People's Party (1944-1950s)

Åland Islands

  • Ålandic Democracy

Georgia

  • Alliance of Patriots of Georgia[121]
  • Mikheil Saakashvili[9]

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

  • Pirate Party[125]
  • People's Party
  • Centre Party

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

  • Labour Party

Luxembourg

  • Alternative Democratic Reform Party[106]
  • The Left

Moldova

  • Șor Party

Montenegro

  • Milo Đukanović
  • Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
  • New Serb Democracy
  • Movement for Changes
  • Democratic People's Party
  • True Montenegro

Netherlands

North Macedonia

  • Nikola Gruevski[9]

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Serbia

Spain

Slovakia

Slovenia

  • Slovenian Democratic Party[106]

Sweden

Switzerland

Ukraine

  • Communist Party of Ukraine[174]
  • Svoboda
  • Radical Party of Oleh Liashko
  • Volodymyr Zelensky[175]

United Kingdom

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Kazeem, Yomi (9 November 2016). "Africa's populists and strongmen are some of the first to welcome a Trump presidency" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/832598/election-2016-africas-populists-and-strongmen-are-some-of-the-first-to-welcome-a-trump-presidency/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Jideonwo, Chude (30 May 2016). "We've seen Donald Trump's type of populism in Africa, it always ends in tears" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/695291/weve-seen-donald-trumps-type-of-populism-in-africa-it-always-ends-in-tears/. Retrieved 10 October 2020. 
  3. ↑ "Egypt's former president Nasser still a divisive figure, 50 years after his death" (in en). France 24. 28 September 2020. https://www.france24.com/en/20200928-egypt-s-nasser-still-a-divisive-figure-50-years-after-his-death. Retrieved 10 October 2020. 
  4. ↑ Rice, Xan (2 January 2008). "Profile: Raila Odinga, Kenyan opposition leader" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/02/kenya.marktran. Retrieved 10 October 2020. 
  5. ↑ "State of play in Liberia: Half-time whistle goes on George Weah's presidency" (in en). 22 January 2021. https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20210122-state-of-play-in-liberia-half-time-whistle-goes-on-george-weah-s-presidency. Retrieved 9 August 2022. 
  6. ↑ "Muammar al-Qaddafi Biography, Death, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muammar-al-Qaddafi. Retrieved 10 October 2020. 
  7. ↑ "ANC holds onto power in South Africa as other parties increase vote share" (in en). 2019-05-11. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/anc-holds-onto-power-in-south-africa-as-other-parties-increase-vote-share/articleshow/69278436.cms. 
  8. ↑ Pillay, Verashni (11 May 2019). "South Africa is the latest country to see a democratic swing to populism over liberal politics" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/1617273/south-election-eff-rise-leaves-democratic-alliance-down/. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 Kyle, Jordan; Gultchin, Limor (November 2018) (in en). Populists in Power Around the World. https://institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/populists-power-around-world. Retrieved 2019-12-05. 
  10. ↑ Saleh, Heba (24 August 2021). "Tunisia's populist president extends suspension of parliament". https://www.ft.com/content/fcc30c14-807d-4ffe-b8a3-e5f275efc307. 
  11. ↑ Ben Mahfoudh, Haykel (25 September 2019). "The democratic dilemma of the early Tunisian presidential elections". https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-democratic-dilemma-of-the-early-tunisian-presidential-elections/. 
  12. ↑ Vokes, Derek R. Peterson, Richard (30 June 2019). "A recently discovered trove of photos shows life in Uganda during Idi Amin's troubled reign" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/1655715/ugandas-idi-amin-rare-photos-capture-life-but-not-horrors/. 
  13. ↑ Gumede, William (8 October 2018). "Zim's left populism and the lessons for SA • Voices360" (in en-ZA). https://www.voices360.com/politics/zims-left-populism-and-the-lessons-for-sa. Retrieved 28 September 2020. 
  14. ↑ "Populism in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia". https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/populism#. 
  15. ↑ Rousseau, Rob (19 September 2017). "Meet Niki Ashton, the Bernie Sanders of Canada" (in en). https://www.pastemagazine.com/politics/progressivism/meet-niki-ashton-the-bernie-sanders-of-canada/. 
  16. ↑ Levinson-King, Robin (2019-09-23). "Could populism ever take off in Canada?" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49719947. 
  17. ↑ "Canada's Trump: populist Doug Ford stuns with Ontario election win" (in en). 2018-06-08. https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2149824/canadas-trump-doug-ford-populist-brother-crack. 
  18. ↑ Hussain, Samira (22 February 2017). "Kevin O'Leary: Canada's Donald Trump?". https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39010813. 
  19. ↑ Kestler-D'Amours, Julian (11 September 2022). "Pierre Poilievre: Populist takes helm of Canada's Conservatives". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/11/canadas-conservative-party-bets-on-populist-career-politician. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "'La Gente' sí, los corruptos no". 10 December 2021. https://interferencia.cl/articulos/la-gente-si-los-corruptos-no. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Mander, Benedict (4 January 2021). "Chile populists challenge elite as voters seek new direction". https://www.ft.com/content/a6275216-bce4-4a5a-a582-3a99a6042732. 
  22. ↑ Libertad y Desarrollo (10 September 2021). "2021 ENTRANDO A LA RECTA FINAL ELECTORAL". https://lyd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TP-1512-ELECTORAL.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "Poder Bianchi: El padre, el hijo y los votos del sur". 28 November 2021. https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-domingo/noticia/poder-bianchi-el-padre-el-hijo-y-los-votos-del-sur/GE6DP4GS2RE47I5NCH4NH67X5Q/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "El populismo posmoderno: El Partido de la Gente, ¿independiente de qué?, reflexiones en torno al periodo y la correlación de fuerzas en el escenario actual". 1 June 2021. https://www.revistadefrente.cl/el-populismo-posmoderno-el-partido-de-la-gente-independiente-de-que-reflexiones-en-torno-al-periodo-y-la-correlacion-de-fuerzas-en-el-escenario-actual/. 
  25. ↑ "José Antonio Kast, el conservador que promete restablecer el orden en Chile". 16 December 2021. https://www.dw.com/es/jos%C3%A9-antonio-kast-el-conservador-que-promete-restablecer-el-orden-en-chile/a-60146320. 
  26. ↑ "El dilema de la extraviada oposición ante la performance populista de Pamela Jiles". 16 April 2021. https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2021/04/16/el-dilema-de-la-extraviada-oposicion-ante-la-performance-populista-de-pamela-jiles/. 
  27. ↑ Ojeda y Poblete (2017): El Populismo de Izquierda como práctica política: potencialidades y límites . Revista Trama de debate teórico-político.
  28. ↑ Revista FPP (2017): Ese extraño animal llamado populismo. Revista Frente Para el Progreso.
  29. ↑ Gómez, P. (2017): Pistas para entender si el populismo amenaza a Chile. Plataforma de análisis político-liberal.
  30. ↑ "La Lista del Pueblo, atrapada en su populismo". 2 August 2021. https://www.pauta.cl/la-acera-de-los-tontos/la-lista-del-pueblo-atrapada-en-su-populismo. 
  31. ↑ Fierro c, Marta I. (2014). "Álvaro uribe vélez: populismo y neopopulismo". Análisis Político 27 (81): 127–147. doi:10.15446/anpol.v27n81.45770. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/anpol/article/view/45770/60359. 
  32. ↑ "La estrategia populista en la política exterior de Álvaro Uribe". https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5592871&orden=0&info=link. 
  33. ↑ "Populist Hernández to face leftwinger Petro in Colombia election run-off". Financial Times. 2022-05-30. https://www.ft.com/content/8c7abbb0-4362-4d63-967a-55c436164c11. 
  34. ↑ "The Castro Touch Modern Latin America". https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-4-cuba/moments-in-cuban-history/the-castro-touch-populism-and-ambiguity/. Retrieved 10 October 2020. 
  35. ↑ Ulloa, Félix (February 11, 2010). "Mauricio Funes: His Way" (in en-US). https://americasquarterly.org/article/mauricio-funes-his-way/. 
  36. ↑ Webber, Jude (4 February 2019). "Nayib Bukele wins El Salvador presidential election". https://www.ft.com/content/3c97f12a-2839-11e9-a5ab-ff8ef2b976c7. Retrieved 10 February 2020. 
  37. ↑ "A charismatic populist aims for el Salvador's presidency". The Economist. 2 February 2019. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/02/02/a-charismatic-populist-aims-for-el-salvadors-presidency. 
  38. ↑ "El Salvador's Bukele gets greenlight to run for re-election". 4 September 2021. https://ticotimes.net/2021/09/04/el-salvadors-bukele-gets-greenlight-to-run-for-re-election. 
  39. ↑ "URNG rechaza la ilegítima elección de Maldonado Aguirre – URNG". Urng-maiz.org.gt. 15 May 2015. https://www.urng-maiz.org.gt/2015/05/urng-rechaza-la-ilegitima-eleccion-de-maldonado-aguirre/. Retrieved 2022-07-18. 
  40. ↑ Stewart, Ian (January 2019). "Right-Wing Populist Jair Bolsonaro Sworn In As President Of Brazil". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/01/01/681429911/right-wing-populist-jair-bolsonaro-sworn-in-as-president-of-brazil. Retrieved 30 October 2019. 
  41. ↑ Bush, Janet. "Peru's Asian Populist". Prospect Magazine. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/perusasianpopulist-peru-fujimori. Retrieved 30 October 2019. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Garcia Cano, Regina. "2 polarizing populists vie in Peru's presidential runoff". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/peruvian-voters-face-choice-between-2-polarizing-populists/2021/06/06/40cc34c0-c67c-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html. 
  43. ↑ Bridges, Tyler. "Edwin Edwards, Louisiana populist who served 4 terms as governor and 8 years in prison, dies at 93" (in en). https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/article_6c91c6a0-2bf2-11e9-b57a-0f28036ae840.html. 
  44. ↑ "Mike Gravel Is the Anti–Joe Biden". https://jacobinmag.com/2019/06/mike-gravel-interview-2020-presidential-election. Retrieved 10 October 2020. 
  45. ↑ "Trump’s Populism Is Not Reagan’s Populism" (in en-US). 2018-04-04. https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/04/donald-trumpr-ronald-reagan-populism-different/. 
  46. ↑ "Why Populism in America is a Double-Edged Sword" (in en). 2019-02-07. https://www.history.com/news/why-populism-in-america-is-a-double-edged-sword. 
  47. ↑ Wyler, Grace. "Here's How Ron Paul Became A Revolution". https://www.businessinsider.com/ron-paul-became-a-revolution-2012-5. Retrieved 28 September 2020. 
  48. ↑ Stark, Steven (1 February 1996). "Right-Wing Populist". https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/02/right-wing-populist/306027/. Retrieved 10 October 2020. 
  49. ↑ West, Paul. "David Duke takes aim at presidency La. legislator unveils GOP primary bid". https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-12-05-1991339014-story.html. Retrieved 9 October 2020. 
  50. ↑ Boyte, Harry C. (5 April 1988). "Jackson's Populist Message Is a Hit, but Party Misses It". https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-04-05-me-428-story.html. Retrieved 9 October 2020. 
  51. ↑ Lowndes, Joseph. "Roy Moore lost, but his brand of right-wing white populism still dominates the GOP". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/13/roy-moore-lost-the-battle-but-hes-winning-the-war/. Retrieved 9 October 2020. 
  52. ↑ Gabriel, Jon. "With a Martha McSally win, populist anger may (finally) be dead in Arizona" (in en-US). https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/2018/08/29/martha-mcsally-kelli-ward-joe-arpaio-arizona-trump-populism-dead/1137209002/. 
  53. ↑ "DeSantis and Abbott take the lead in battle to inherit Trump's mantle" (in en). 2021-06-18. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/politics/desantis-abbott-trump-republican-future. 
  54. ↑ Schladen, Marty. "Populist Dennis Kucinich, running for governor as Democrat, has bashed Obama, defended Trump" (in en). https://www.dispatch.com/news/20180405/populist-dennis-kucinich-running-for-governor-as-democrat-has-bashed-obama-defended-trump. Retrieved 9 October 2020. 
  55. ↑ Joel Stein (2021-02-21). "Ted Cruz wants to be a populist. But he can't get it right.". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/20/ted-cruz-wants-be-populist-he-cant-get-it-right/. [please check these dates]
  56. ↑ "Ted Cruz Embraces Economic Populism" (in en). Time. https://time.com/4283539/ted-cruz-interview-economic-populism-working-class/. Retrieved 2021-08-24. 
  57. ↑ Taylor, Jessica (4 April 2019). "Ohio Rep. Tim Ryan Joins 2020 Race With A Populist Pitch To Blue-Collar Voters" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/04/04/709909614/ohio-rep-tim-ryan-joins-2020-race-with-a-populist-pitch-to-blue-collar-voters. 
  58. ↑ "John Fetterman wants Democrats to stop wasting time and eliminate the filibuster". https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2021/09/10/politics/john-fetterman-filibuster-senate-race/index.html. 
  59. ↑ "We Found the Coolest Populist in America, and He's Running for U.S. Senate". https://inthesetimes.com/article/john-fetterman-braddock-mayor-the-coolest-populist-in-america-senate-run. 
  60. ↑ Schneider, Christian (25 March 2021). "Ron Johnson Is the Same as He Ever Was". https://thedispatch.com/p/ron-johnson-is-the-same-as-he-ever. 
  61. ↑ Sganga, Nicole (29 January 2020). "Tulsi Gabbard appeals to Trump voters. That may be an obstacle". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tulsi-gabbard-appeals-to-trump-voters-that-may-be-an-obstacle/. Retrieved 20 September 2020. 
  62. ↑ "Study Explores Populist Radical Right Politics In 2018 Arizona Senate Race" (in en). 2020-07-21. https://kjzz.org/content/1602736/study-explores-populist-radical-right-politics-2018-arizona-senate-race. 
  63. ↑ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (16 August 2019). "Elizabeth Warren Sells Populism to Professionals" (in en-us). The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/elizabeth-warrens-populism-for-professionals. Retrieved 20 September 2020. 
  64. ↑ Beland, Daniel. "Donald Trump's populism preys upon collective anxieties". The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/donald-trumps-populism-preys-upon-collective-anxieties-107559. Retrieved 30 October 2019. 
  65. ↑ Laura Vozzella (2021-02-02). "Legislator censured after praising Capitol rioters files suit against Virginia Senate". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/amanda-chase-lawsuit-senate/2021/02/01/b2bcd3e0-64c6-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html. [please check these dates]
  66. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "The Squad just got bigger" (in en). 2020-11-04. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/squad-aoc-ilhan-omar-us-house-2020-election-b1577443.html. 
  67. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/28/us/politics/mary-miller-rodney-davis-il.html
  68. ↑ https://mshahlaw.com/the-populism-that-wasnt-how-h-r-840-ignores-the-benefits-of-eb-5/
  69. ↑ Fraiman, Michael (10 September 2019). "Don't count out Andrew Yang, the populist technocrat who wants to be president - Macleans.ca". Maclean's. https://www.macleans.ca/politics/dont-count-out-andrew-yang-the-populist-technocrat-who-wants-to-be-president/. Retrieved 20 September 2020. 
  70. ↑ Janofsky, Michael (10 January 2004). "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Nader Says a Run Would Benefit Democrats (Published 2004)". https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/10/us/the-2004-campaign-the-independent-nader-says-a-run-would-benefit-democrats.html. Retrieved 9 October 2020. 
  71. ↑ Thompson, Derek (4 October 2011). "'Occupy Wall Street': What Should a Populist Movement Ask of Washington?". https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/occupy-wall-street-what-should-a-populist-movement-ask-of-washington/246143/. Retrieved 20 October 2020. 
  72. ↑ Hawkins, Paul (2003). "Populism in Venezuela: the rise of Chavismo". Third World Quarterly 24 (6): 1137–1160. doi:10.1080/01436590310001630107. 
  73. ↑ Babones, Salvatore. "Xi Jinping: Communist China's First Populist President" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/salvatorebabones/2017/10/20/populism-chinese-style-xi-jinping-cements-his-status-as-chinas-first-populist-president/. Retrieved 20 September 2020. 
  74. ↑ Buckley, Chris; Wong, Alan (26 October 2014). "Pro-Democracy Movement's Vote in Hong Kong Abruptly Called Off". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/world/asia/pro-democracy-movements-vote-in-hong-kong-abruptly-called-off.html. 
  75. ↑ "社會民主連線 League of Social Democrats". 3 January 2014. http://www.lsd.org.hk/index.php/aboutus. Retrieved 20 October 2020. 
  76. ↑ "People Power". http://www.peoplepower.hk/tc/. 
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  177. ↑ Mouffe, Chantal (October 2019). "Centrist politics will not defeat Boris Johnson's rightwing populism". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/01/centrist-politics-boris-johnson-rightwing-populism. 
  178. ↑ "How Populism Is Splitting Europe". https://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-populism/. 
  179. ↑ 180.0 180.1 180.2 McLoughlin, Liam (2021). "Progressive Populism Has Transformed Australia Before — It Could Do It Again". Jacobin Magazine. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/04/australia-queensland-greens-alp-left-populism. 
  180. ↑ "The rise of populist politics in Australia". BBC. 1 March 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-39111317. 
  181. ↑ "The rise of populist politics in Australia". BBC. 1 March 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-39111317. 
  182. ↑ "Clive Palmer: Craig Kelly will make a fine leader". 23 August 2021. https://www.unitedaustraliaparty.org.au/clive-palmer-craig-kelly-will-make-a-fine-leader/. 
  183. ↑ "Craig Kelly appointed leader of the United Australia Party". 23 August 2021. https://www.unitedaustraliaparty.org.au/craig-kelly-appointed-leader-of-the-united-australia-party/. 
  184. ↑ "Australia's Turnbull Digs In as Rival Dutton Seeks Leadership". Bloomberg. 22 August 2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2018-08-23/australia-waits-to-see-who-will-lead-country-as-turnbull-reels-jl6ibqux. 
  185. ↑ "Australia has rejected angry populism, so why is Dutton clinging onto it". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 April 2023. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australia-has-rejected-angry-populism-so-why-is-dutton-clinging-onto-it-20230414-p5d0mq.html. 
  186. ↑ Mondon, Aurélien (2013). "The Mainstreaming of the Extreme Right in France and Australia". Routledge. "If ... Abbott failed to satisfy the electorate he has assuaged with his right-wing populism, a return to more traditionally extreme politics could be a real possibility" 
  187. ↑ Economou, Nick (22 June 2018). "Clive Palmer has a Trump-style slogan, but is no sure bet to return to parliament". The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/clive-palmer-has-a-trump-style-slogan-but-is-no-sure-bet-to-return-to-parliament-98544. 
  188. ↑ Crellin, Zac (22 February 2022). "Clive Palmer's lower-house ticket is stacked with anti-vaxxers and an Elvis impersonator". The New Daily. https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/politics/australian-politics/federal-election-2022/2022/02/22/clive-palmer-lower-house-anti-vax/. 
  189. ↑ Economou, Nick (22 June 2018). "Clive Palmer has a Trump-style slogan, but is no sure bet to return to parliament". The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/clive-palmer-has-a-trump-style-slogan-but-is-no-sure-bet-to-return-to-parliament-98544. 
  190. ↑ Crellin, Zac (22 February 2022). "Clive Palmer's lower-house ticket is stacked with anti-vaxxers and an Elvis impersonator". The New Daily. https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/politics/australian-politics/federal-election-2022/2022/02/22/clive-palmer-lower-house-anti-vax/. 
  191. ↑ "The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?". The Conversation. 28 August 2013. http://theconversation.com/the-mice-that-may-yet-roar-who-are-the-minor-right-wing-parties-17305. 
  192. ↑ Raue, Tom (29 May 2018). "Is there a future for the left in the Greens?". https://overland.org.au/2018/05/is-there-a-future-for-the-left-in-the-greens/. 
  193. ↑ Szego, Julie (February 15, 2022). "'No.1' rally cry sounds awfully familiar". https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/guy-s-no-1-rally-cry-sounds-awfully-familiar-20220215-p59wgu.html. 
  194. ↑ "Guy faces challenge to find the middle ground". The Age. 7 September 2022. https://www.theage.com.au/national/guy-faces-challenge-to-find-the-middle-ground-20210907-p58pfg.html. 
  195. ↑ Wilson, Cam (November 18, 2022). "Victorian Liberals are dogwhistling to conspiracy theorists to win votes. It’s not working". https://www.crikey.com.au/2022/11/18/victorian-liberals-matthew-guy-conspiracy-freedom-movement/. 
  196. ↑ "'Populist' Newman government hiding behind facade: Tony Fitzgerald". 11 September 2014. https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/populist-newman-government-hiding-behind-facade-tony-fitzgerald-20140910-10f6r5.html. 
  197. ↑ "Death of a Populist". 24 April 2005. https://www.theage.com.au/national/death-of-a-populist-20050424-ge01be.html. 
  198. ↑ McLean, Gavin (15 June 2015). "Robert Muldoon Biography". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/robert-muldoon. 
  199. ↑ Moore, John (11 November 2016). "Political Roundup: Could anti-Establishment politics hit New Zealand?" (in en-NZ). The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11746493. 
  200. ↑ "At the 2023 election New Zealand will face the starkest choice between left and right in decades" (in en-GB). The Guardian. 17 November 2022. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/18/at-the-2023-election-new-zealand-will-face-the-starkest-choice-between-left-and-right-in-decades. 
  201. ↑ "Refusing to rule out working with Brian Tamaki, Luxon gives NZ’s populist right a ‘sniff of credibility’" (in en-nz). 26 August 2022. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/on-the-inside/473596/refusing-to-rule-out-working-with-brian-tamaki-luxon-gives-nz-s-populist-right-a-sniff-of-credibility. 
  202. ↑ Clifford, Joe: Breaking the Binary: The New Zealand National Party and Strategic Populism for Elite Ends, New Zealand Sociology 2022, Issue 37, No. 2, 26–37



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