Social:Media circus

From HandWiki
Short description: Phrase describing excessive media coverage
News media satellite up-link trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the Prudential Financial headquarters in Newark, New Jersey, in August 2004 following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings in New York City .

Media circus is a colloquial metaphor, or idiom, describing a news event for which the level of media coverage—measured by such factors as the number of reporters at the scene and the amount of material broadcast or published—is perceived to be excessive or out of proportion to the event being covered. Coverage that is sensationalistic can add to the perception the event is the subject of a media circus. The term is meant to critique the coverage of the event by comparing it to the spectacle and pageantry of a circus. Usage of the term in this sense became common in the 1970s.[1][2] It can also be called a media feeding frenzy or just media frenzy, especially when the media coverage itself is covered.

History

Tonya Harding arriving at Portland International Airport after the 1994 Winter Olympics

Although the idea is older, the term media circus began to appear around the mid-1970s. An early example is from the 1976 book by author Lynn Haney, in which she writes about a romance in which the athlete Chris Evert was involved: "Their courtship, after all, had been a 'media circus.'"[3] A few years later The Washington Post had a similar courtship example in which it reported, "Princess Grace herself is still traumatized by the memory of her own media-circus wedding to Prince Rainier in 1956."[4]

Media circuses make up the central plot device in the 1951 movie Ace in the Hole about a self-interested reporter who, covering a mine disaster, allows a man to die trapped underground. It cynically examines the relationship between the media and the news they report. The movie was subsequently re-issued as The Big Carnival, with "carnival" referring to what we now call a "circus". In the film, the disaster attracts campers including a real circus. The movie was based on real-life Floyd Collins who in 1925 was trapped in a Kentucky cave drawing so much media attention that it became the third largest media event between the two World Wars (the other two being Lindbergh's solo flight and the Lindbergh kidnapping).[5]

Examples

Events described as a media circus include:

Aruba

  • The disappearance, and assumed death, of Natalee Holloway (2005–)[6]

Australia

  • The Azaria Chamberlain disappearance of 2-month-old baby in outback Australia (1980)[7]
  • The Beaconsfield Mine collapse (2006)[8]
  • 2009 Violence against Indians in Australia controversy[9]
  • Schapelle Corby Drug smuggler (2014)[10][11]

Brazil

  • The murder of Isabella Nardoni (2008)[12]

Canada

  • Conrad Black, business magnate of newspapers, convicted of fraud, embezzlement and corporate destruction, imprisoned in Florida (2007)[13]
  • Toronto mayor Rob Ford's life, including his usage of drugs, alcohol and involvement with organized crime (2013)[14][15][16]
  • Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka (serial killers) (1987–1990)[17]
  • Omar Khadr (detained as a minor at Guantanamo Bay in 2001, transferred to Canada in 2012, released in May 2015)[18]
  • Luka Magnotta Rocco, who murdered a man in 2012 before fleeing to Germany where he was arrested.
  • Fatal traffic accident of the Neville-Lake children (2015)[19][20][21][22]

Chile

Colombia

  • The Death of Luis Andres Colmenares (2010)[26]

Indonesia

  • Miss Universe Indonesia 2023 sexual abuse scandal (2023)[27]

Italy

  • Murder of Maurizio Gucci, by hitmen ordered by ex-wife Patrizia Reggiani (1995)
  • Amanda Knox (convicted of the murder of Meredith Kercher; her conviction was subsequently overturned) (2015)[28]

Malaysia

  • Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)[29][30]

Peru

  • Joran van der Sloot and the death of Stephany Flores Ramirez (2010)[31]

Philippines

  • Assassination of a Spanish landowner by a Filipino laborer in Negros in 1890, which was covered by Spain -owned newspapers in Manila in the year's first half.[32]
  • Cabading killings (1961), a case wherein a father killed his family and his son-in-law before killing himself.[33]
  • Murder of Lucila Lalu (1967)[33][34]
  • In the 1990s, there were reports on an alleged notorious killer in Negros Oriental targeting women, although these accounts were never confirmed.[35]
  • Vizconde massacre (1991)[36]
  • Pepsi Number Fever 349 incident (1992)[37]
  • Murders of Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez (1993)[33][38][39][40]
  • Manila Film Festival scandal (1994)[41]
  • Execution of Flor Contemplacion (1995)[42]
  • Chiong murder case (1997)[43][44]
  • Murder of Nida Blanca (2001)[33][34]
  • Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz (2004)[42]
  • PhilSports Stadium stampede (2006)[45]
  • Manila hostage crisis (2010)[45][46][47]
  • Vhong Navarro assault incident (2014)[48]

Romania

  • Disappearance and alleged murder of Elodia Ghinescu, especially on OTV, which aired a couple hundred episodes on the matter (2007)[49][50][51][52]

South Africa

  • Oscar Pistorius on trial for death of his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp (2013–2014)[53][54]

South Korea

  • Suicide and funeral of K-pop star and Shinee member Kim Jong-hyun (2017)[55][56]

Thailand

  • Tham Luang cave rescue (2018)[57]

Ukraine

  • Mykola Melnychenko's involvement in the Cassette Scandal (1999–2000)[58][59]

United Kingdom

United States

Cameras and reporters in front of the Strauss-Kahn apartment on May 26, 2011
  • The 1924 murder trials of Beulah Annan, Belva Gærtner, and several other female suspects in Chicago, adapted into the Chicago franchise by a newspaper reporter[68]
  • The 1932 kidnapping of toddler Charles Lindbergh Jr. Journalist H. L. Mencken described the incident as "the biggest story since the Resurrection".[69]
  • The early 1930s string of public enemies, ranging from mafia leaders such as Al Capone to smaller-time gangsters, most enduringly famously Bonnie and Clyde[70]
  • The 1954 trial of Sam Sheppard. The U.S. Supreme Court held "massive, pervasive, and prejudicial publicity" prevented him from receiving a fair trial[71]
  • The 1965 littering trial against singer Arlo Guthrie and Richard Robbins, deliberately turned into a local media circus by arresting officer William Obanhein to deter others from repeating their actions[72]
  • Coverage of the investigation and trial of the 1969 murders of Sharon Tate and four others by the Manson family[73]
  • David Gelman, Peter Greenberg, et al. in Newsweek on January 31, 1977: "Brooklyn born photographer and film producer Lawrence Schiller managed to make himself the sole journalist to witness the execution of Gary Gilmore in Utah....In the Gilmore affair, he was like a ringmaster in what became a media circus, with sophisticated newsmen scrambling for what he had to offer"[74]
  • The rescue of baby Jessica McClure (1987)[75]
  • The Central Park jogger case (1989)[76]
  • The O. J. Simpson murder case (1994–1995)[53][54]
  • The Blizzard of '96 (1996), "...this storm ...so hyped by the media in the same way that the O. J. Simpson murder case became hyped as the "Trial of the century"[77]
  • The Clinton–Lewinsky scandal (1998)[78][79][80]
  • The Elián González custody conflict (2000)[81]
  • The Summer of the Shark (2001)[82][83][84]
  • The trial of Scott Peterson for the murder of his wife Laci Peterson (2004), "The circus became even more raucous when Peterson went on trial for murder in 2004"[85]
  • The trial of Martha Stewart (2004), "The stone-faced Stewart never broke stride as she cut a path through the media circus"[86]
  • The disappearance of Stacy Peterson (2007)[87]
  • The alleged teenage "pregnancy pact" at Gloucester High School (2008)[88]
  • The Casey Anthony murder trial (2011), "Once again, it was relentless media coverage that in large part fed the fascination with the case", Ford observed[89][90][91][92]
  • The killing of Trayvon Martin (2012), "Here is where the media circus takes a decidedly ugly turn", Eric Deggans wrote[93]
  • The murder of Travis Alexander (2013), where Jodi Arias was found guilty of first-degree murder[94][95][96][97][98][99]
  • The Killing of Cecil the lion (2015)[100]
  • Opposition to and protests against the nomination of Brett Kavanaugh and the proceedings of his Confirmation Hearings (2018)[101]
  • The murder of George Floyd and the protests that followed (2020)[102]
  • The Killing of Gabby Petito (2021)[103]
  • The Casey White prison escape (2022)
  • Will Smith slapping Chris Rock (2022)[104][105]
  • The Johnny Depp v Amber Heard trial (2022)[106]
  • The 2022 University of Idaho killings (2022)[107]
  • The various scandals surrounding George Santos (2022–2023)[108][109]
  • The trial of Alex Murdaugh (2023)[110]
  • Indictment of Donald Trump (2023)[111]

See also


References

  1. ↑ "Gilmore case turning into a circus for media". Milwaukee Journal. 1976-12-03. "The worldwide attention that condemned killer Gary Gilmore is receiving has turned his case into a media circus Utah residents are saying" 
  2. ↑ Miller, Gene (1976-12-08). "Only in America - the Gary Gilmore Circus has everything but dancing bears". The Evening Independent. "There is most appallingly, an only-in-America spectacle wherein a quest for justice becomes an extravaganza for the fast buck. Come, come, come to the circus." 
  3. ↑ Lynn Haney (1976). Chris Evert, the Young Champion.
  4. ↑ Washington Post B1, June 29, 1978. This is the oldest quote the Oxford English Dictionary has listed, although obviously there are older occurrences.
  5. ↑ Brucker, R. and Murray, R. Trapped! the Story of Floyd Collins, University Press of Kentucky, 1983.
  6. ↑ "When is enough Natalee Holloway madness enough?". Caribbean Net News. 2005-08-23. http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/08/23/enough.shtml. 
  7. ↑ "Vindication at Last for a Woman Scorned by Australia's News Outlets". The New York Times. Nov 16, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/us/vindication-at-last-for-a-woman-scorned-by-australias-news-media.html. 
  8. ↑ "Media circus comes digging for gold". Sydney Morning Herald. May 4, 2006. http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/media-circus-comes-digging-for-gold/2006/05/03/1146335804552.html&cid=0. 
  9. ↑ "An Indian Boy and a Media Circus". 8 July 2012. http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/today/an-indian-boy-and-a-media-circus. 
  10. ↑ "Schapelle Corby: Drug claims, media circus and the family saga that gripped a nation". ABC News. 2014-02-07. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-07/schapelle-corby-backgrounder/5218074. 
  11. ↑ Geraldine Nordfeldt. "Australia's Schapelle Corby phenomenon". http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/australia-schapelle-corby-phenomenon-20142131312291167.html. 
  12. ↑ "Brazil: Making a child murder into a media show · Global Voices". Global Voices. 2008-04-24. http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2008/04/24/brasil-making-a-child-murder-into-a-media-show/. 
  13. ↑ Langton, James (2007-03-11). "Circus comes to town for Conrad Black's trial" (in en-GB). Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1545178/Circus-comes-to-town-for-Conrad-Blacks-trial.html. 
  14. ↑ "Rob Ford's crack admission creates media frenzy". CBC. November 5, 2013. http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/ford-admission-headlines/. 
  15. ↑ "'Constant circus' around Rob Ford a distraction, councillors say". CBC. May 31, 2013. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/constant-circus-around-rob-ford-a-distraction-councillors-say-1.1302275. 
  16. ↑ "City hall tours relocated amid Ford media circus". CP24. November 14, 2013. http://www.cp24.com/news/ford/ford-under-fire-all-stories/city-hall-tours-relocated-amid-ford-media-circus-1.1544101. 
  17. ↑ WIRED Staff (1994-04-01). "Paul and Karla Hit the Net". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/1994/04/paul-and-karla-hit-the-net/. 
  18. ↑ "Omar Khadr: The case, the compensation and the media". https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2017/08/omar-khadr-case-compensation-media-170805131345055.html. 
  19. ↑ Jeffords, Shawn (September 28, 2015). "Death of three siblings in crash 'worst nightmare': Mom". Ottawa Sun. https://ottawasun.com/2015/09/28/3-siblings-grandfather-killed-in-vaughan-crash. 
  20. ↑ Goodfield, Kayla (February 9, 2021). "Convicted drunk driver Marco Muzzo granted full parole". CP24. https://www.cp24.com/news/convicted-drunk-driver-marco-muzzo-granted-full-parole-1.5301253. 
  21. ↑ "Edward Lake, father of 3 children killed by drunk driver Marco Muzzo in 2015, dies". CBC News. June 21, 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/edward-lake-dies-drunk-driving-marco-muzzo-1.6495779. 
  22. ↑ "City Honours Neville-Lake Fatal Collision With Quiet Area At Brampton Park". insauga.com. July 25, 2019. https://www.insauga.com/photos-city-honours-neville-lake-fatal-collision-with-quiet-area-at-brampton-park/. 
  23. ↑ The Christian Science Monitor (15 October 2010). "As media circus wanes, Chile miners' families turn spotlight on reporters' antics". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/1015/As-media-circus-wanes-Chile-miners-families-turn-spotlight-on-reporters-antics. 
  24. ↑ "BBC News - World News America - The media circus around Chile's trapped miners". 2010-10-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/world_news_america/9082400.stm. 
  25. ↑ Lacey Rose. "The 'Get' Game Gets Going at Chile Miner Media Circus". Forbes. https://blogs.forbes.com/laceyrose/2010/10/12/this-is-just-the-beginning-for-the-chilean-miner-media-circus/?boxes=Homepagechannels. 
  26. ↑ "El caso Colmenares y la fascinación de los medios y del público. ¿Qué tiene de especial? ¿Por qué el circo a su alrededor?" (in es). Caracol Radio. May 4, 2006. http://caracol.com.co/programa/2012/06/06/audios/1339010760_701675.html. 
  27. ↑ "Miss Universe cuts ties with Indonesia chapter after alleged strip searches". Al Jazeera. August 13, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/13/miss-universe-cuts-ties-with-indonesia-chapter-after-alleged-strip-searches. 
  28. ↑ Squires, Nick (September 23, 2011). "Amanda Knox compared to Goebbels by prosecutors". Telegraph (UK) (Perugia). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/8784918/Amanda-Knox-compared-to-Nazi-Joseph-Goebbels.html. ""The trial must be held here, in this courtroom. This lobbying, this media and political circus, this heavy interference, forget all of it," the prosecutor said" 
  29. ↑ Lim, Joyce (March 13, 2014). "Missing MH370: Day 6 and media circus in Malaysia shows few signs of relenting". The Straits Times. http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/se-asia/story/missing-mh370-day-6-and-media-circus-malaysia-shows-few-signs-relenting-. 
  30. ↑ Italia, Rakshande (March 28, 2014). "Desi Dialogues: Media's coverage of missing Malaysia Airlines flight appalling". Inside Toronto. http://www.insidetoronto.com/opinion-story/4436839-desi-dialogues-media-s-coverage-of-missing-malaysia-airlines-flight-appalling/. 
  31. ↑ "Peru police confirm Van der Sloot's murder confession". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 2010-06-09. http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/peru-police-confirm-van-der-sloots-murder-confession. 
  32. ↑ Royeca, Jon (October 27, 2019). "A Sensational Murder In The Philippines in 1890". Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2019/10/26/a-sensational-murder-in-the-philippines-in-1890. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Cabahug, Eric (October 11, 2020). "Pinoy murders: The worst true crimes in the Philippines". The Philippine Star. https://philstarlife.com/living/132046-pinoy-true-crimes. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 de Guzman, Nicai (February 12, 2020). "The Most Shocking and High-Profile Unsolved Crimes in the Philippines". Esquire Philippines. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/unsolved-mysteries-crime-philippines-a1729-20200212-lfrm. 
  35. ↑ Dagle, Robbin (October 23, 2020). "Pinoy true crime stories that need the docu-series treatment". CNN Philippines. http://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/entertainment/television/2020/10/23/filipino-true-crime-stories.html. 
  36. ↑ Delizo, Michael Joe T. (February 13, 2016). "VACC founder Vizconde dies". Manilla Times. http://www.manilatimes.net/vacc-founder-vizconde-dies/244860/. 
  37. ↑ "Rage, Riots, and Death: Looking Back at the Pepsi 349 Debacle". Esquire Magazine PH. January 17, 2022. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/pepsi-349-number-fever-a00289-20220117-lfrm. 
  38. ↑ "'A plot hatched in hell': Timeline of the Gomez-Sarmenta murder case". ABS-CBN News. August 22, 2019. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/22/19/timeline-the-gomez-sarmenta-murder-case. 
  39. ↑ Narag, Raymund (August 25, 2019). "Commentary: Media sensationalism, bureaucratic ineptitude, and the quest for justice for the common tao". Vera Files. https://verafiles.org/articles/media-sensationalism-bureaucratic-ineptitude-and-quest-justi. 
  40. ↑ "Impending release of convicted rapist-murderer Sanchez sparks outrage". ABS-CBN News. August 21, 2019. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/21/19/impending-release-of-convicted-rapist-murderer-sanchez-sparks-outrage. 
  41. ↑ "Lolit Solis on 1994 Manila Film Fest scam: 'It was a nightmare for me'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 20, 2018. https://entertainment.inquirer.net/305581/lolit-solis-on-1994-manila-film-fest-scam-it-was-a-nightmare-for-me. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "No more media circus this time". The Manila Times. November 3, 2004. https://www.manilatimes.net/2004/11/03/opinion/no-more-media-circus-this-time/681366/. 
  43. ↑ Gabinete, Jojo (July 20, 2018). "Forensic expert, binalikan ang mga pangyayari sa Chiong rape-murder case noong 1997". Philippine Entertainment Portal. https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/22287/forensic-expert-binalikan-ang-mga-pangyayari-sa-chiong-rape-murder-case-noong-1997. 
  44. ↑ "Case Study: The Media and the Trial of Paco Larrañaga (Handout for the documentary "Give Up Tomorrow")". PBS. https://pov-tc.pbs.org/pov/downloads/2012/pov-giveuptomorrow-handout.pdf. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Wilson, Karl (July 1, 2010). "Commentaries: Professional standards during crisis coverage". Asian Center for Journalism, Ateneo de Manila University. https://acfj.ateneo.edu/commentaries-professional-standards-during-crisis-coverage/. 
  46. ↑ Calica, Aurea (August 29, 2010). "'Media not being used as scapegoat'". The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2010/08/29/606809/media-not-being-used-scapegoat. 
  47. ↑ Teodoro, Luis (March 12, 2020). "Vantage Point: What the media need". BusinessWorld. https://www.bworldonline.com/opinion/2020/03/12/283476/what-the-media-need/. 
  48. ↑ "Vhong Navarro recovering from brutal attack". Rappler. January 25, 2014. https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/48834-vhong-navarro-recovering-assault/. 
  49. ↑ "STIRI - Fenomenul "Elodia", dupa doi ani". 4 December 2013. http://stiri.kappa.ro/actualitate/19-08-2009/fenomenul-elodia-dupa-doi-ani-30420.html. 
  50. ↑ MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2009[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}], p. 89
  51. ↑ http://www.cna.ro/IMG/pdf/08.01-09.04.2008.1-DDD_OTV.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  52. ↑ "Fenomenul "Elodia", după doi ani". adevarul.ro. 19 August 2009. http://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/fenomenul-elodia--doi-ani-1_50aca5637c42d5a663878834/index.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Taylor, Adam (March 1, 2014). "The Oscar Pistorius trial: Africa's O.J. Simpson?". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/03/01/the-oscar-pistorius-trial-africas-o-j-simpson/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Hiscock, John (12 April 2014). "Oscar Pistorius and the echoes of OJ Simpson". The Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/oscar-pistorius/10760333/Oscar-Pistorius-and-the-echoes-of-OJ-Simpson.html. 
  55. ↑ Kang, Haeryun (19 December 2017). "We need to talk about suicide reporting". https://www.koreaexpose.com/suicide-reporting-shinee-jonghyun-kpop/. 
  56. ↑ Maslow, Nick (December 21, 2017). "Jonghyun's coffin carried by pop stars at funeral". Entertainment Weekly. https://ew.com/music/2017/12/21/jonghyun-funeral/. 
  57. ↑ Wongcha-um, Panu (2018-07-06). "Throng of volunteers gather to rescue Thai boys trapped in cave". Reuters. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-thailand-accident-cave-rescuers/throng-of-volunteers-gather-to-rescue-thai-boys-trapped-in-cave-idUKKBN1JW0VI. 
  58. ↑ "Media circus follows Melnychenko to Warsaw". Kyiv Post. October 28, 2004. http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/media-circus-follows-melnychenko-to-warsaw-21721.html. 
  59. ↑ Sedova, Yana (December 11, 2005). "Melnychenko returns to Ukraine, testifies in secret to prosecutor". Kyiv Press Bureau LXXIII (50). http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/500501.shtml. 
  60. ↑ "Brightside Mentoring". https://www.brightknowledge.org/law/famous-cases-mclibel. 
  61. ↑ "Master of media circus for Madeleine McCann". The Telegraph. 24 April 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1902515/Master-of-media-circus-for-Madeleine-McCann.html. 
  62. ↑ Knapton, Sarah (March 22, 2009). "Jade Goody dies after cancer battle bringing media circus to end". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/jade-goody/5033144/Jade-Goody-dies-after-cancer-battle-bringing-media-circus-to-end.html. 
  63. ↑ Rodriguez, Linda (July 22, 2011). "No one outside of the media-political circus cares about the phone hacking scandal". http://www.periscopepost.com/2011/07/no-one-outside-of-the-media-political-circus-cares-about-the-phone-hacking-scandal/. 
  64. ↑ "Why did Charlie Gard's court case become a media circus?". 2017-07-24. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/charlie-gard-court-case-ruling-became-media-circus-a7857841.html. 
  65. ↑ Sykes, Tom (2021-02-11). "Meghan Markle Told Her Dad It Was 'Devastating' to Face 'Media Circus' He Created" (in en). The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/meghan-markle-told-her-dad-it-was-devastating-to-face-media-circus-he-created. 
  66. ↑ "Meghan Markle's Mom Doria Ragland Slams Ex Thomas for Getting Involved in Media "Circus"". 2022-12-08. https://www.eonline.com/news/1357553/meghan-markles-mom-doria-ragland-slams-ex-thomas-for-getting-involved-in-media-circus. 
  67. ↑ Dooley, Matthew (2023-01-04). "Meghan and Harry blasted for 'Sussex circus' ahead of Duke media blitz" (in en). https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/1716796/meghan-markle-prince-harry-sussex-circus-duke-interviews-dxus. 
  68. ↑ McConnell, Virginia A.Fatal Fortune: the Death of Chicago's Millionaire Orphan, p. 62 Fatal Fortune: the Death of Chicago's Millionaire Orphan (books.google), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN:0-275-98473-7. p. 62
  69. ↑ Notorious Murders ; CrimeLibrary.com; accessed August 2015
  70. ↑ Bergreen, Laurence (1996). Capone: The Man and the Era. Simon and Schuster. pp. 365–366. ISBN 978-0684824475. 
  71. ↑ "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions." (in en-US). https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/384/333.html. 
  72. ↑ "Youths Ordered to Clean Up Rubbish Mess". Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Massachusetts): p. 25. November 29, 1965. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3747386/alices_restaurant_massacree/. "He (Obanhein) said he hoped their case would be an example to others who are careless about disposal of rubbish." open access
  73. ↑ Goldman, Kim; Robertson, Tatsha (2015-09-22) (in en). Media Circus: A Look at Private Tragedy in the Public Eye. BenBella Books. ISBN 9781941631607. 
  74. ↑ Gelman, David; Greenberg, Peter S. (31 January 1977). "Ringmaster at the circus". Newsweek 89 (5): p. 77. ProQuest 214345558. 
  75. ↑ "How the rescue of Baby Jessica ushered in the era of rolling news". 14 October 2017. http://www.thenational.scot/news/15596299.How_the_rescue_of_Baby_Jessica_ushered_in_the_era_of_rolling_news/. 
  76. ↑ Laura L. Finley (2007), Encyclopedia of Juvenile Violence, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 30, ISBN 9780313336829, https://books.google.com/books?id=PdOlie8UbVMC&pg=PA30 
  77. ↑ (Elizabeth Davis, The Daily Beacon, January 12, 1996).[1]
  78. ↑ "Lewinsky Media Circus Now Commonplace" (in en). The Daily Beast. 2014-05-09. https://www.thedailybeast.com/videos/2014/05/09/lewinsky-media-circus-now-commonplace. 
  79. ↑ "Exclusive: Monica Lewinsky on the Culture of Humiliation" (in en-US). Vanity Fair. 2014-05-28. https://www.vanityfair.com/style/society/2014/06/monica-lewinsky-humiliation-culture. Retrieved 2022-10-30. 
  80. ↑ Betancourt, Bianca (2021-08-25). "See the Cast of 'Impeachment: American Crime Story' vs. Their Real-Life Counterparts" (in en-US). https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/g37387031/impeachment-american-crime-story-cast-vs-real-life/. 
  81. ↑ "Elian moves home to avoid media circus". The Guardian. 25 April 2000. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/26/usa.cuba1. 
  82. ↑ Legon, Jeordan (March 14, 2003). "Survey: 'Shark summer' bred fear, not facts". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/03/13/shark.study/. 
  83. ↑ Roeper, Richard (July 25, 2002). "Media always produce a summer feeding frenzy". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 11. 
  84. ↑ Miller, Suzanne (24 July 2003). "Summer of the shark?". Spiker. http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000006DE7C.htm. 
  85. ↑ "TV docuseries seems to suggest Scott Peterson didn't kill pregnant wife Laci". 2017-08-14. https://apnews.com/d636c7d568b041dead73976c26c6038f. 
  86. ↑ Newsweek, "Martha's Fall," March 15, 2005 "Archived copy". http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4468819/. 
  87. ↑ "Lifetime's 'Untouchable' throws the book at Drew Peterson". Chicago Tribune. January 16, 2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-16/entertainment/chi-drew-peterson-untouchable-movie-review-20120116_1_stacy-peterson-tragic-wives-joseph-hosey. 
  88. ↑ Hinckley, David (January 23, 2010). "Lifetime's 'Pregnancy Pact' treats surge in teen pregnancy with kid gloves". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2010/01/23/2010-01-23_lifetimes_pregnancy_pact_treats_surge_in_teen_pregnancy_with_kid_gloves.html. 
  89. ↑ "Casey Anthony trial turned into media frenzy - Yahoo! News". https://news.yahoo.com/casey-anthony-trial-turned-media-frenzy-031041514.html. 
  90. ↑ "Casey Anthony Trial Media Frenzy Explained". digtriad.com. http://www.digtriad.com/news/article/182093/57/Elon-Professor-Explains-Media-Frenzy-Around-Anthony-Case-. 
  91. ↑ "Casey Anthony trial turned into media frenzy". Reuters. July 6, 2011. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-casey-idUSTRE7650HY20110706. 
  92. ↑ "Casey Anthony trial: Media frenzy at new heights". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/07/06/earlyshow/main20077125.shtml. 
  93. ↑ "Trayvon Martin shooting: Debate over photos escalates". Yahoo! News.
  94. ↑ "Jodi Arias Trial: An Over-The-Top Media-Spectacle". Huffington Post. May 22, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/23/jodi-arias-trial-media-coverage_n_3324549.html. 
  95. ↑ "Jodi Arias Trial: Jurors weigh murder charge amid "real-life soap opera" spectacle". CBS News. May 6, 2013. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-57582996-504083/jodi-arias-trial-jurors-weigh-murder-charge-amid-real-life-soap-opera-spectacle. 
  96. ↑ "Jodi Arias trial attracts watchers from across the nation". Foz News. February 5, 2013. http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/story/20973003/2013/02/05/jodi-arias-trial-media-circus. 
  97. ↑ "In Arias trial, TV cameras never far behind". Yahoo! News. May 22, 2013. https://news.yahoo.com/arias-trial-tv-cameras-never-far-behind-215031135.html. 
  98. ↑ "Is the Jodi Arias Trial the Craziest in America?". Inside Edition. April 11, 2013. http://www.insideedition.com/headlines/6155-is-the-jodi-arias-trial-the-craziest-in-america. 
  99. ↑ Ruelas, Richard (May 12, 2013). "Amid many trials, a frenzy over Jodi Arias". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/12/amid-many-trials-frenzy-over-arias/2152919. 
  100. ↑ Dzirutwe, MacDonald (30 July 2015). "'What lion?' Zimbabweans ask, amid global Cecil circus". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-lion-idUSKCN0Q41VB20150730. 
  101. ↑ "Opinion | Cornered on 'Renate Alumnius,' Kavanaugh shifts blame to 'media circus'" (in en-US). Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2018/09/27/cornered-on-renate-alumnius-kavanaugh-shifts-blame-to-media-circus/. 
  102. ↑ Heaney, Michael T.. "Analysis | The George Floyd protests generated more media coverage than any protest in 50 years" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/06/george-floyd-protests-generated-more-media-coverage-than-any-protest-50-years/. 
  103. ↑ "Wyoming coroner says Gabby Petito's case became a 'media circus' and said others 'involved in domestic violence' should get the same attention". https://www.insider.com/gabby-petito-wyoming-coroner-says-case-became-media-circus-2021-10. 
  104. ↑ Média, Bell. "Will Smith smacks Chris Rock on stage, then wins best actor Oscar" (in en-CA). https://www.iheartradio.ca/cjad/news/will-smith-smacks-chris-rock-on-stage-then-wins-best-actor-oscar-1.17449181. 
  105. ↑ "The Oscars are more about celebrity than cinema - and that's fine" (in en). 2022-03-28. https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/oscars-2022-celebrities-cinema-memes-will-smith-chris-rock-1543053. 
  106. ↑ Benchetrit, Jenna (24 April 2022). "Johnny Depp, Amber Heard libel trial is nothing short of a media circus". CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/depp-heard-media-circus-1.6428583. 
  107. ↑ "Police: 2 other roommates were home during fatal stabbing of 4 U of Idaho students". November 17, 2022. https://www.today.com/news/police-2-roommates-home-murder-4-u-idaho-students-rcna57612. 
  108. ↑ "Stakeouts, a Missing Scarf, and a Dying Dog: Inside the George Santos Media Circus" (in en-US). Vanity Fair. 2023-01-19. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/01/george-santos-media-circus. Retrieved 2023-02-07. 
  109. ↑ Tully-Mcmanus, Katherine (18 January 2023). "Won't you be my neighbor, George Santos?" (in en). https://www.politico.com/newsletters/huddle/2023/01/18/wont-you-be-my-neighbor-george-santos-00078269. 
  110. ↑ Oritz, Erik (January 22, 2023). "Lights, camera, trial: All eyes on Alex Murdaugh as a small South Carolina city prepares for a 'circus'" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/lights-camera-trial-eyes-alex-murdaugh-small-south-carolina-city-prepa-rcna64961. 
  111. ↑ "The Trump Arraignment Media Circus is Underway". 3 April 2023. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/04/trump-arraignment-media. 



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