Social:Rashism

From HandWiki
Short description: Term describing Russian political ideology
A combination of the Saint George's ribbon and the letter Z, both associated with Rashism, which has been compared to the fascist swastika (and called zwastika)[1][2]

Rashism (Russian: рашизм, romanized: rashizm, pronounced [rɐˈʂɨzm]; a portmanteau of "Russia" and "fascism";[3][4] Ukrainian: рашизм[4]), also known as Ruscism, Russism (Russian: русизм),[5] or Russian fascism (Russian: русский фашизм), is a term used by a number of scholars, politicians and publicists to describe the political ideology and social practices of the Russian authorities during the rule of Vladimir Putin. It is also used to refer to the ideology of Russian military expansionism,[6][7][1][8] and has been used as a label to describe an undemocratic system and nationality cult mixed with ultranationalism and a cult of personality.[9][10] That transformation was described as based on the ideas of the "special civilizational mission" of the Russians, such as Moscow as the third Rome and expansionism,[11][12][13] which manifests itself in anti-Westernism and supports regaining Imperial lands by conquest.[14][15][16] The term "Rashist" is also widely used by the Ukrainian officials and media to more generally identify members of the Russian Armed Forces[17] and supporters of Russian military aggression against Ukraine.[18]

The term can be traced back to 1995, when it was used in the context of the First Chechen War, but it became more internationally known and more widely described after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Etymology and terminology

Rashism and Ruscism are both attempts to transliterate the Ukrainian and Russian term рашизм (rashizm, pronounced [rɐˈʂɨzm]), a multilingual portmanteau of "Russia" and "fascism". According to Timothy D. Snyder, the word is complex, reflecting and referencing pronunciations of words in both English, Ukrainian and Russian.[4] The Washington Post asserts that the English word “racist” contributes to the understood meaning of “rashist.”[19]

History of use

File:Stop Ruscism 2016.webm The term was, in the form Russism (русизм) popularized, described and extensively used in 1995 by President of the unrecognised Chechen state Ichkeria Dzhokhar Dudayev, who saw the military action by Russia in Chechnya as a manifestation of the rising far-right ideology.[20][21][22] According to Dudayev, Ruscism is "a variety of hatred ideology which is based on Great Russian chauvinism, spiritlessness and immorality. It differs from other forms of fascism, racism, and nationalism by a more extreme cruelty, both to man and to nature. It is based on the destruction of everything and everyone, the tactics of scorched earth. Ruscism is a schizophrenic variety of the world domination complex. This is a distinct version of slave psychology, it grows like a parasite on the fabricated history, occupied territories and oppressed peoples."[23]

The term рашизм (Ruscism/Rashism) became increasingly common in informal circles in 2008, during the Russo-Georgian War.[24][25] Its popularity in Ukrainian mass media grew after the annexation of the Ukrainian Crimean peninsula by the Russian Federation,[26] the downing of a Boeing 777 near Donetsk on 17 July 2014, and the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014[27][28] largely due to the Russian-language song "That's, Baby, Ruscism! [Orthodox Fascism!]" by Ukrainian composer and singer-songwriter Boris Sevastyanov (uk).[29]

The Committee of the Verkhovna Rada on Humanitarian and Information Policy supports the initiative of Ukrainian scientists, journalists, political scientists and all civil society to promote and recognize the term "Ruscism" at the national and international levels.[30]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

A destroyed Russian MT-LB with a Z symbol during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Z symbol is widely used by the Russian Armed Forces.
A poster against Ruscism

By 2022 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the terms Rashism and Rashist had come into common usage among military and political elites of Ukraine, as well as by journalists, influencers, bloggers, et al.[31][32][33] For example, Oleksiy Danilov, Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, actively advocates the use of the word in the meaning of Vladimir Putin's fascism to describe Russia's aggression against Ukraine. He also stated that Rashism is much worse than fascism.[34]

Today, I would like to appeal to all journalists to use the word 'Rashism', because this is a new phenomenon in world history that Mr. Putin has made with his country – modern Rashists who are not much different from fascists. I will explain why: because before there was no such opportunity to destroy cities with so many aerial bombs, such equipment, there was no such force. Now absolutely other capacities and they use them as inhuman.
—Oleksiy Danilov.[35]

On 23 April 2022, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that a new concept called "Ruscism" will be in history books:[36][37]

This country will have a word in our history textbooks that no one has invented, which everyone is repeating in Ukraine and in Europe – 'Ruscism'. It's not just random that everyone is saying that this is Ruscism. The word is new, but the actions are the same as they were 80 years ago in Europe. Because for all of these 80 years, if you analyse our continent, there has been no barbarism like this. So Ruscism is a concept that will go into the history books, it will be in Wikipedia, it will be [studied] in classes. And small children around the world will stand up and answer their teachers when they ask when Ruscism began, in what land, and who won the fight for freedom against this terrible concept.[37]

Ideological history

Ivan Ilyin

Timothy D. Snyder believes that the ideology of Putin and his regime was influenced by Russian nationalist philosopher Ivan Ilyin (1883–1954).[10][38][39][40][41] A number of Ilyin's works advocated fascism.[38] Ilyin has been quoted by President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and is considered by some observers to be a major ideological inspiration for Putin.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48] Putin was personally involved in moving Ilyin's remains back to Russia, and in 2009 consecrated his grave.[49]

According to Snyder, Ilyin "provided a metaphysical and moral justification for political totalitarianism" in the form of a fascist state, and that today "his ideas have been revived and celebrated by Vladimir Putin".[50]

Ilyin's book, Our Tasks was in 2013 recommended as essential reading for state officials by the Russian government, while What Dismemberment of Russia Would Mean for the World is said to have been "read and reread" by Putin according to The Economist.[51]

Aleksandr Dugin

In 1997, Russian thinker widely known for fascistic views[52][53] Aleksandr Dugin in his book The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, which had a significant impact on Russia's military, police and foreign policy elites, argued that Ukraine should be annexed by Russia because "Ukraine as a state has no geopolitical meaning", "no particular cultural import or universal significance, no geographic uniqueness, no ethnic exclusiveness", "[its] certain territorial ambitions represen[t] an enormous danger for all of Eurasia and, without resolving the Ukrainian problem, it is in general senseless to speak about continental politics". Ukraine should not be allowed to remain independent, unless it is "sanitary cordon", which would be "inadmissible".[54] The book may have been influential in Vladimir Putin's foreign policy, which eventually led to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[55] Also in 1997, Dugin hailed what he saw as the arrival of a "genuine, true, radically revolutionary and consistent, fascist fascism" in Russia, in an article titled "Fascism – Borderless and Red"; previously in 1992, he had in another article defended "fascism" as not having anything to do with "the racist and chauvinist aspects of National Socialism", stating in contrast that "Russian fascism is a combination of natural national conservatism with a passionate desire for true changes."[56] Another of Dugin's books, The Fourth Political Theory, published in 2009, has been cited as an inspiration for Russian policy in events such as the war in Donbas,[57] and for the contemporary European far-right in general.[58]

Although there is a dispute on the extent of the personal relationship between Dugin and Putin, Dugin's influence exists broadly in Russian military and security circles.[59] He became a lecturer at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia in the 1990s, and his Foundations of Geopolitics has become part of the curriculum there, as well as in several other military/police academies and institutions of higher learning. According to John B. Dunlop of the Hoover Institution, "[t]here has perhaps not been another book published in Russia during the post-communist period that has exerted an influence on Russian military, police, and foreign policy elites comparable to that of [...] Foundations of Geopolitics."[59]

Timofey Sergeitsev

According to Euractiv, Russian political operative Timofey Sergeitsev is "one of the ideologists of modern Russian fascism".[60]

During the large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, when the victims of the massacres in Kyiv Oblast became known,[61][62] the website of the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti published an article by Sergeitsev titled "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine", which was perceived to justify a Ukrainian genocide. It calls for repression, de-Ukrainization, de-Europeanization, and ethnocide of the Ukrainians.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69] According to Oxford expert on Russian affairs Samuel Ramani, the article "represents mainstream Kremlin thinking".[70] The head of the Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Edgars Rinkēvičs called the article "ordinary fascism".[71] Timothy D. Snyder described it as a "genocide handbook", and as "one of the most openly genocidal documents I have ever seen".[72]

Similar rhetoric appeared in 26 February op-ed by Peter Akopov in RIA Novosti titled "The Coming of Russia and of the New World", which praised Putin for a timely "solution of the Ukrainian question". It was un-published after three hours.[63]

In Russia

A mosaic in the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces blending Eastern Orthodox iconography with Soviet military symbolism

According to the Economist, Vladimir Putin began to draw on post-Soviet fascist thinking in response to waning popularity.[51] In 2007, the first post-Soviet Prime Minister of Russia, Yegor Gaidar, warned about the rise of post-imperial nostalgia, stating that "Russia is going through a dangerous phase", and making a reference to history by stating "[w]e should not succumb to the magic of numbers but the fact that there was a 15-year gap between the collapse of the German Empire and Adolf Hitler's rise to power and 15 years between the collapse of the USSR and Russia in 2006–07 makes one think".[51] In 2014 Boris Nemtsov criticized what he perceived as a turn towards "cultivating and rewarding the lowest instincts in people, provoking hatred and fighting" by the Russian regime, stating in his final interview – hours before his murder – that "Russia is rapidly turning into a fascist state. We already have propaganda modelled after Nazi Germany. We also have a nucleus of assault brigades ... That’s just the beginning."[51] Alexander Yakovlev, architect of democratic reforms under Mikhail Gorbachev, made statements about the connection between the security services and fascism, stating "[t]he danger of fascism in Russia is real because since 1917 we have become used to living in a criminal world with a criminal state in charge. Banditry, sanctified by ideology—this wording suits both communists and fascists."[51]

Several scholars have posited that Russia has transformed into a fascist state, or that fascism best describes the Russian political system, especially following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In 2017, Russian academician Vladislav Inozemtsev considered that Russia is an early-stage fascist state, thus claiming the current Russian political regime as fascist.[73] Tomasz Kamusella, a Polish scholar on nationalism and ethnicity, and Allister Heath, a journalist at The Daily Telegraph, describe the current authoritarian Russian political regime as Putin's fascism.[74][75] Maria Snegovaya[who?] believes that Russia as led by Putin is a fascist regime.[76]

In March 2022, Yale historian Odd Arne Westad said that Putin's words about Ukraine resembled, which Harvard journalist James F. Smith summarized, "some of the colonial racial arguments of imperial powers of the past, ideas from the late 19th and early 20th century".[77]

In April 2022, Larysa Yakubova from the Institute of History of Ukraine in her article "The Anatomy of Ruscism" stated that Russia has never reflected on the tragedies of totalitarianism and did not decommunize its Soviet totalitarian heritage unlike Ukraine. According to her, that was the major reason for the formation and rapid development of Ruscism in modern Russia both among political and intellectual/cultural elites. She also noted that Ruscism, in the form of a threat to the world order and peace, will remain until there is a global condemnation of Soviet communist ideology and its heir Ruscism.[78]

On 24 April 2022, Timothy D. Snyder published an article in The New York Times Magazine where he described the history, premises and linguistic peculiarities of the term "Ruscism".[4] According to Snyder, the term "is a useful conceptualization of Putin's worldview", writing that "we have tended to overlook the central example of fascism's revival, which is the Putin regime in the Russian Federation".[4] On the wider regime, Snyder writes that "[p]rominent Russian fascists are given access to mass media during wars, including this one. Members of the Russian elite, above all Putin himself, rely increasingly on fascist concepts", and states that "Putin's very justification of the war in Ukraine [...] represents a Christian form of fascism."[4]

Snyder followed this article in May with an essay titled "We Should Say It. Russia Is Fascist".[10] According to Snyder, "[m]any hesitate to see today's Russia as fascist because Joseph Stalin 's Soviet Union defined itself as antifascist", stating that the key to understanding Russia today is "Stalin's flexibility about fascism": "Because Soviet anti-fascism just meant defining an enemy, it offered fascism a backdoor through which to return to Russia [...] Fascists calling other people 'fascists' is fascism taken to its illogical extreme as a cult of unreason. [...] [It is] the essential Putinist practice".[10] Based on this, Snyder refers Putin's regime as schizo-fascism.[79][10]

In July 2022, Japanese-American political scientist Francis Fukuyama stated that Putin's regime in Russia more than anything resembles to that of Nazi Germany whose only ideogy is extreme nationalism, but it is at the same time "less institutionalised and revolves only around one man Vladimir Putin".[80]

Characteristics

The greatest extent of the Soviet Empire (Soviet Union proper plus satellite states).
The Russian Empire in 1867, including Alaska.
One element of Rashism is irredentism, revanchism and a desire to restore Russia to a perceived "former glory". Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2005 called the dissolution of the Soviet Union "a genuine tragedy" for the Russian people, as "tens of millions of our fellow citizens and countrymen found themselves beyond the fringes of Russian territory", and as "the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century".[81]
A 2007 photo of a shirtless Putin fishing in Tuva published on the official Russian President website.

In 2017, Yuliia Strebkova (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute) indicated that Rashism in combination with Ukrainophobia constitutes the ethno-national vector of the more broad Russian neo-imperial ideological doctrine of "Russian world".[82]

In 2018, Borys Demyanenko (Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi State Pedagogical University) in his paper "'Ruscism' as a quasi-ideology of the post-Soviet imperial revenge" defined Ruscism as a misanthropic ideology and an eclectic mixture of imperial neocolonialism, great-power chauvinism, nostalgia for the Soviet past, and religious traditionalism. Demyanenko considers that in internal domestic policy, Ruscism manifests itself in a violation of human rights alongside with a freedom of thought, persecution of dissidents, propaganda, ignoring of democratic procedures. While in foreign policy, Ruscism demonstrates itself in a violation of international law, imposing its own version of historical truth, the justification of occupation and annexation of the territories of other states.[83]

Political scientist Stanislav Belkovsky argues that Rashism is disguised as anti-fascism, but has a fascist face and essence.[84] Political scientist Ruslan Kliuchnyk notes that the Russian elite considers itself entitled to build its own "sovereign democracy" without reference to Western standards, but taking into account Russia's traditions of state-building. Administrative resources in Russia are one of the means of preserving the democratic facade, which hides the mechanism of absolute manipulation of the will of citizens.[85] Russian political scientist Andrey Piontkovsky argues that the ideology of Rashism is in many ways similar to Nazism, with the speeches of President Vladimir Putin reflecting similar ideas to those of Adolf Hitler.[86][87]

According to Alexander J. Motyl, an American historian and political scientist, Russian fascism has the following characteristics:[88]

  • An undemocratic political system, different from both traditional authoritarianism and totalitarianism;
  • Statism and hypernationalism;
  • A hypermasculine cult of the supreme leader (emphasis on his courage, militancy and physical prowess);
  • General popular support for the regime and its leader.

According to Professor Oleksandr Kostenko, Rashism is an ideology that is "based on illusions and justifies the admissibility of any arbitrariness for the sake of misinterpreted interests of Russian society. In foreign policy, Rashism manifests itself, in particular, in violation of the principles of international law, imposing its version of historical truth on the world solely in favor of Russia, abusing the right of veto in the UN Security Council, and so on. In domestic politics, Rashism is a violation of human rights to freedom of thought, persecution of members of the 'dissent movement', the use of the media to misinform their people, and so on." Oleksandr Kostenko also considers Rashism a manifestation of sociopathy.[89]

Timothy D. Snyder argued in an essay that a "time traveler from the 1930s" would "have no difficulty" identifying the Russian regime in 2022 as fascist, writing:

The symbol Z, the rallies, the propaganda, the war as a cleansing act of violence and the death pits around Ukrainian towns make it all very plain. The war against Ukraine is not only a return to the traditional fascist battleground, but also a return to traditional fascist language and practice. Other people are there to be colonized. Russia is innocent because of its ancient past. The existence of Ukraine is an international conspiracy. War is the answer.[10]

Boris Kagarlitsky notes that unlike "the classical fascism", Putin's regime is "Fascism in the era of Postmodernism", "when a coherent worldview is replaced by a haphazard pasting together of ideas, scraps of concepts and randomly assembled images", "the product of the... degradation of late Soviet society combined with the degradation of late capitalism": "using totalitarian ideology and rhetoric, the system is unable to build a workable totalitarian machine that corresponds to these principles".[90]

According to Ilya Budraitskis, Russia has evolved from a “managed democracy” with limited personal freedoms to a new form of a society that requires unequivocal acceptance of the Ukraine invasion and treats any sign of deviation as treason. "Russian society, after thirty years of post-Soviet authoritarianism and neoliberal market reforms, has consistently been reduced to a state of silent victimhood, a malleable material from which a full-fledged fascist regime can be built. External aggression, based on the complete dehumanisation of the enemy [...] , was the decisive moment in the "move" made from above."[91]

Russian sociologist Grigory Yudin states that the social atomization of Soviet society during the "Era of Stagnation" and later neoliberal reforms and economic globalization (which helped Putin to establish an authoritarian regime and turned Russia into "a radical version of modern neoliberal capitalism") have lead to Russian society becoming extremely depolitized and atomized, on February 24th it was mobilized. According to him, it is accurate to the historical Fascist regimes, which also used to demobilize and atomize the societies, and then used the atomization to mobilize them. He also says that the image of general popular support for Putin is false and that it's being used by Putin to threat the elites and the people: the elites fear that 'the people' will support repressions against them, while individuals of the atomized society fear that if they express their disagreement, they will alone confront the non-existent "people masses".[92][93]

Reactions

In Russia

In 2014, Russian actor Ivan Okhlobystin, who holds pro-Putin views, publicly called himself a "Rashist" and made a tattoo "as a sign that I'm a Rashist, I'll live as a Rashist and I'll die as a Rashist".[94] In 2015, he released a series of wristwatches with Chi Rho and the text "I am Rashist" ("Russian: Я рашист") on the clock face, written with a Gothic font, and with "Not only Krymnash (ru) - everything's ours!" on the back.[95]

Russian economist Yakov Mirkin said that the term "Rashism" is incorrect because it equates the entire Russian nation with "the ideology that brings trouble". He noted that as Nazism has never been called "Germanism" and Italian fascism has never been called "Italism", Putin's ideology should be called "as you wish", with "the most cruel nicknames", but not "Rashism".[96]

Artyom Yefimov wrote in Signal (email-based media created by Meduza) that although the word "Rashism" was created in Ukraine as an emotional cliché, it may become a real term, as history knows examples of pejoratives being turned into real terms (e.g. Tory and Slavophilia); in Ukraine, he writes, it is being used in scientific works since 2014 (although rarely in scientific publications of other countries).[96][97]

Leonid Srochnikov from Socialist Alternative argued the term "post-fascism" and instead suggested the Marxist term "Bonapartism" and compared Putin's regime with Marx's description of the regime of Napoleon III and its relationship with the French bourgeoisie. In his opinion, "Post-fascism" in this case was needed to sidestep the issue of the political history of Putin regime" and its connection with Yeltsin's regime and privatization of 1990s, viewing only the economic of its development.[98]

Official reaction

Russian television presenter Tina Kandelaki, who supported Russia's war against Ukraine,[99][100] criticized Wikipedia's use of the term "Rashism" on her Telegram channel, accusing Wikipedia of "digital fascism" targeting Russian people and calling Russians to stop using it.[101]

Russia's federal censor Roskomnadzor reportedly ordered the English Wikipedia on 18 May 2022 to take down the articles "Rashism" and "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine", asserting that they contain false information about the war the Russian government calls a "special military operation".[102][103]

On 20 May 2022, during the show Evening with Vladimir Solovyov, the host Vladimir Solovyov and his panelists responded with outrage at Timothy D. Snyder's article "We Should Say It. Russia Is Fascist", an article which according to Russian media watchdog Julia Davis has "spread through Russian state media like wildfire". Solovyov attacked Snyder by calling him a "pseudo-professor of a pseudo-university [...] He is simply a liar", and, addressing Americans, stating: "Let me tell you a secret: first of all, your signs are idiotic in their nature. Secondly, looking at your listed indications, how are they any different from the election campaign of Donald Trump?"[104]

Outside Russia

Latvian journalist Bens Latkovskis of Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze has criticized the equation of Russism to fascism as terminologically inaccurate, stating that the main difference between the two ideologies is one that actually places them on almost opposite sides of the political spectrum. He argues that, unlike fascism that sought to create a new anthropological order and required mass social involvement, Russism is counter-revolutionary, strictly opposed to any social reforms and social mobilization and aims at the depoliticization of society, which it sees as a threat to its existence.[105]

See also

  • Anti-American sentiment in Russia
  • Black Hundreds
  • Chekism
  • Eurasianism
  • Nashism
  • Propaganda in Russia
  • Putler
  • Racism in Russia
  • Russian imperialism
  • Russian irredentism
  • Russian nationalism
  • Russification
  • Russian war crimes
  • Vatnik (slang)
  • Victory Cult


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Marayev, Vladlen; Guz, Julia (30 March 2022). "Rashism or why russians are the new Nazi". VoxUkraine. https://voxukraine.org/en/rashism-or-why-russians-are-the-new-nazi. 
  2. ↑ Varnytskyy, Viktor (23 March 2022) (in uk). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/putin-hitler-napad-na-ukrayinu/31765500.html. 
  3. ↑ Mishchenko, Mykhailo (1 March 2022). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in uk). https://uain.press/articles/rashizm-i-fashizm-znajdit-dvi-vidminnosti-1551222. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Snyder, Timothy D. (23 April 2022). "The War in Ukraine Has Unleashed a New Word". The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/22/magazine/ruscism-ukraine-russia-war.html. Retrieved 23 April 2022. 
  5. ↑ (in ru). REGNUM News Agency. 6 February 2012. https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1496002.html. 
  6. ↑ Samoilenko, Sergei A.; Keohane, Jennifer; Icks, Martijn; Shiraev, Eric (2019). Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management. Routledge International Handbooks. Taylor & Francis. p. 367. ISBN 978-1-351-36832-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=PIrCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT367. Retrieved 28 April 2022. "Ukrainian press has been presenting .... the term Rashism, which conflates Russia and fascism" 
  7. ↑ Gaufman, Elizaveta (2016). Security Threats and Public Perception: Digital Russia and the Ukraine Crisis. New Security Challenges. Springer International Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-3-319-43201-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=WaZlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107. Retrieved 28 April 2022. "Pro-Ukrainian commentators have also used the word 'Rashism'" 
  8. ↑ Mohammed, Zahraa Jasim; Challoob, Mahmood Ghazi (2021). (in ru)Journal of the College of Languages (43): 186–207. doi:10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.43.0186. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/217613. Retrieved 22 April 2022. 
  9. ↑ "Jak raszyzm rozlewał się na zachód Europy" (in pl). Rzeczpospolita. 22 April 2022. https://www.rp.pl/plus-minus/art36120701-jak-raszyzm-rozlewal-sie-na-zachod-europy. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Snyder, Timothy (19 May 2022). "We Should Say It. Russia Is Fascist.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/19/opinion/russia-fascism-ukraine-putin.html. 
  11. ↑ Gregor, A. James (March 1998). "Fascism and the New Russian Nationalism". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1016/S0967-067X(97)00025-1. 
  12. ↑ Motyl, Alexander J. (2015-04-23). "Is Putin's Russia Fascist?". Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/is-putin-s-russia-fascist/. 
  13. ↑ Stanley, Jason (26 February 2022). "The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/vladimir-putin-ukraine-attack-antisemitism-denazify. 
  14. ↑ Kalisz, Stanisław (26 April 2022). "Raszyzm, czyli "byt kształtuje świadomość" – a może już na odwrót? Portret" (in pl). https://europrojekty.eu/2022/04/26/raszyzm-czyli-byt-ksztaltuje-swiadomosc-a-moze-juz-na-odwrot-portret/. 
  15. ↑ Gotowalska, Żaneta (30 April 2022). "Raszyzm w natarciu. "Zbłąkanych" Ukraińców nawrócić, resztę wyeliminować" (in pl). https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/raszyzm-w-natarciu-zblakanych-ukraincow-nawrocic-reszte-wyeliminowac-6763793289190176a. 
  16. ↑ "Rashism or why russians are the new Nazi". VoxUkraine. 30 March 2022. https://voxukraine.org/en/rashism-or-why-russians-are-the-new-nazi/. 
  17. ↑ Mirovalev, Mansur (3 May 2022). "'Orcs' and 'Rashists': Ukraine's new language of war". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/3/orcs-and-rashists-ukraines-new-language-of-war. 
  18. ↑ (in uk). Ukrinform. 8 March 2022. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/3424149-ideologia-rasizmu-mae-buti-zasudzena-svitom-ak-nacizm-i-fasizm-istorik.html. 
  19. ↑ Taylor, Adam (2022-09-01). "With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/. 
  20. ↑ Roxburgh, Angus (9 December 1995). "I warned my people the Russians would use planes and tanks against us, but that we would triumph because of the spirit of our nation". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/1995/dec/09/chechnya. 
  21. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). 19 March 2014. http://argumentua.com/tsitaty/rusizm-shizofrenicheskaya-forma-manii-mirovogo-gospodstva. 
  22. ↑ Джохар Дудаев: О "РУСИЗМЕ", 1995 г. "ВЗГЛЯД". [Dzhokhar Dudayev: On "RUSCISM", 1995, "VZGLYAD".] (in русский). Event occurs at 2:40 – via YouTube.
  23. ↑ (in ru). Chechenpress. 11 March 2014. http://chechenews.com/1-12398/. 
  24. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). 30 June 2014. https://www.bagnet.org/news/world/241741. 
  25. ↑ Kovalenko, Iryna (21 July 2014). (in uk)Expres. https://expres.online/archive/main/2014/07/21/110111-rosiya-rashysty-hto-stoyit-spynoyu-putina. 
  26. ↑ Tykha, Lina (9 March 2014). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). https://k-z.com.ua/myr/29882-rashizm-ne-projdet-ili-trudno-byt-chelovekom. 
  27. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). 18 July 2014. https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/56781-tomenko-nazval-borbu-s-rashizmom-novyim-sereznyim-mirovyim-ispyitaniem.htm. 
  28. ↑ Babich, Mykola (18 July 2014) (in ru). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. https://www.unian.net/politics/941466-ostanovit-rashizm-novyiy-urok-dlya-mira.html. 
  29. ↑ Sevastyanov, Boris (29 August 2014). Это, Детка, Рашизм! [That's, Baby, Ruscism!] (in русский). Retrieved 25 May 2022 – via Deezer.
  30. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in uk). Verkhovna Rada. 2022-05-12. https://www.rada.gov.ua/news/razom/222804.html. 
  31. ↑ Kushneryk, Tetyana (2022-03-14) (in uk). Glavkom. https://glavcom.ua/country/incidents/rashisti-gotuyutsya-vidnoviti-nastup-u-napryamku-kijeva-yak-minula-doba-na-fronti-829475.html. 
  32. ↑ Orlova, Violetta (13 March 2022) (in uk). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. https://www.unian.ua/lite/stars/rashisti-budut-vignani-z-nashoji-zemli-igor-kondratyuk-pidtrimav-zsu-11742103.html. 
  33. ↑ (in uk)Defense Express. 11 March 2022. https://defence-ua.com/news/rashisti_vlashtuvali_bombarduvannja_teritoriji_bilorusi-6381.html. 
  34. ↑ (in uk). Rada TV. 24 Kanal. 11 March 2022. https://24tv.ua/rashizm-nove-yavishhe-voni-vzhe-perevershili-fashistiv-danilov_n1902145. 
  35. ↑ Martynova, Lyudmyla (11 March 2022) (in uk). Ukrainian News Agency. https://ukranews.com/ua/news/840703-danilov-za-vykorystannya-slova-rashyzm-dlya-vyznachennya-agresiyi-rosiyi-proty-ukrayiny. 
  36. ↑ Khmelnytska, Vira (23 April 2022) (in uk). Television Service of News. https://tsn.ua/ato/rashizm-ce-ponyattya-yake-bude-v-istorichnih-knizhkah-v-umovnih-vikipediyah-zalishitsya-na-urokah-zelenskiy-2044717.html. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Kizilov, Yevhen (23 April 2022). "Zelenskyy: The word "Ruscism" will enter history textbooks all over the world". Ukrayinska Pravda. https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/04/23/7341654/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Snyder, Timothy (20 September 2016). "How a Russian Fascist Is Meddling in America's Election". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/21/opinion/how-a-russian-fascist-is-meddling-in-americas-election.html. 
  39. ↑ Nikiforuk, Andrew (25 February 2022). "Meet the Face of Global Fascism". https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2022/02/25/Meet-The-Face-Global-Fascism/. 
  40. ↑ "Understand Putin by understanding his favourite thinkers". The Economist. 5 April 2018. https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2018/04/05/understand-putin-by-understanding-his-favourite-thinkers. 
  41. ↑ "Timothy Snyder: "God Is a Russian"". Russian, East European, & Eurasian Studies (MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies). 5 April 2018. https://reees.macmillan.yale.edu/news/timothy-snyder-god-russian. 
  42. ↑ Robinson, Paul (28 March 2012). "Putin's Philosophy". The American Conservative. https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/putins-philosophy/. Retrieved 27 February 2022. 
  43. ↑ Smirnova, Julia (17 December 2014). "Putin übernimmt Ängste seines Lieblingsphilosophen" (in de). Die Welt. https://www.welt.de/kultur/article135404575/Putin-uebernimmt-Aengste-seines-Lieblingsphilosophen.html. 
  44. ↑ Eltchaninoff, Michel (2018). Inside the Mind of Vladimir Putin. London: C. Hurst & Co.. ISBN 978-1-84904-933-7. 
  45. ↑ Barbashin, Anton; Thoburn, Hannah (20 September 2015). "Putin's Philosopher". Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2015-09-20/putins-philosopher. Retrieved 27 February 2022. 
  46. ↑ Laruelle, Marlene (19 April 2018). "In search of Putin's philosopher". https://ridl.io/en/in-search-of-putins-philosopher/. 
  47. ↑ Gaulhofer, Karl (3 March 2022). "Woher Putin sich sein Weltbild holt" (in de). Die Presse. https://www.diepresse.com/6106534/woher-putin-sich-sein-weltbild-holt. 
  48. ↑ Marquardt, Udo (14 March 2022). Putins Mastermind: Iwan Iljin. Scala (in Deutsch). WDR 5. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  49. ↑ Brooks, David (3 March 2014). "Putin Can't Stop". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/opinion/brooks-putin-cant-stop.html. 
  50. ↑ Snyder, Timothy (16 March 2018). "Ivan Ilyin, Putin's Philosopher of Russian Fascism". The New York Review of Books. https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/03/16/ivan-ilyin-putins-philosopher-of-russian-fascism/. Retrieved 19 May 2022. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 "Vladimir Putin is in thrall to a distinctive brand of Russian fascism". The Economist. 28 July 2022. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/07/28/vladimir-putin-is-in-thrall-to-a-distinctive-brand-of-russian-fascism. 
  52. ↑ Shinkarenko, Oleh (24 June 2014). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). http://www.kolonker.com/articles/?id=149. 
  53. ↑ Jauvert, Vincent (30 April 2014). "Le Raspoutine de Poutine" (in fr). Le Nouvel Observateur. http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/ukraine-la-revolte/20140503.OBS6009/le-raspoutine-de-poutine.html. Retrieved 30 June 2014. 
  54. ↑ Dunlop, John B. (Winter 2004). "Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics". Demokratizatsiya 12 (1): 41. https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_12_1/John%20Dunlop%20Aleksandr%20Dugin%27s%20Foundations%20of%20Geopolitics.pdf. Retrieved 25 May 2022. 
  55. ↑ McCandless Farmer, Brit (12 April 2022). "Aleksandr Dugin: The far-right theorist behind Putin's plan". 60 Minutes (CBS News). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/aleksandr-dugin-russia-ukraine-vladimir-putin-60-minutes-2022-04-12/. 
  56. ↑ Umland, Andreas (15 April 2008). "Will United Russia become a fascist party?". Hürriyet Daily News. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/will-united-russia-become-a-fascist-party.aspx?pageID=438&n=will-united-russia-become-a-fascist-party-2008-04-15. 
  57. ↑ Saunders, Doug (22 March 2014). "Has Putin bought into these dangerous ideas?". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/has-putin-bought-into-these-dangerous-ideas/article17610287/. 
  58. ↑ "Golden Dawn and Russian neo-Nazism". 15 April 2014. http://www.grreporter.info/en/golden_dawn_and_russian_neonazism/11007?page=3. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Young, Cathy (27 April 2022). "The Bizarre Russian Prophet Rumored to Have Putin's Ear". https://www.thebulwark.com/aleksandr-dugin-putin-brain-russian-prophet-bizarre/. 
  60. ↑ Rukomeda, Roman (6 April 2022). "The whole world can observe the clash of civilization and anticivilization". https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/opinion/the-whole-world-can-observe-the-clash-of-civilization-and-anticivilization/. 
  61. ↑ Berezhanskyy, Ihor (4 April 2022) (in uk). Television Service of News. https://tsn.ua/ato/buchanska-rizanina-rosiyska-armiya-zvirstvuvala-v-peredmisti-kiyeva-kadri-zhahu-skolihnuli-uves-svit-2028031.html. 
  62. ↑ (in uk). Espreso TV. https://espreso.tv/buchanska-rizanina-tse-zlochin-proti-lyudyanosti-yakiy-ne-matime-terminu-davnosti-diplomat. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Kovalev, Alexey (9 April 2022). "Russia's Ukraine Propaganda Has Turned Fully Genocidal". Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/09/russia-putin-propaganda-ukraine-war-crimes-atrocities/. Retrieved 26 May 2022. 
  64. ↑ Sadzhenytsya, Ihor (4 April 2022) (in uk). 24 Kanal. https://24tv.ua/kremlivskiy-zmi-viyshla-stattya-de-vidkrito-obruntovuyetsya-neobhidnist_n1936412. 
  65. ↑ (in uk). Ukrinform. 4 April 2022. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3448528-ce-zakliki-do-genocidu-ombudsmen-poasnila-so-oznacae-statta-v-ria-novosti.html. 
  66. ↑ (in uk)Fakty (ICTV). 4 April 2022. https://fakty.com.ua/ua/ukraine/20220404-rosiya-cherez-derzhavni-zmi-vypravdovuye-etnoczyd-ukrayincziv-denisova/. 
  67. ↑ Rebryna, Vadym (4 April 2022). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in uk). https://news.liga.net/ua/politics/news/rossiyskoe-gosudarstvennoe-agentstvo-otkryto-prizyvalo-k-genotsidu-ukraintsev. 
  68. ↑ Berezhanskyy, Ihor (4 April 2022) (in uk). Television Service of News. https://tsn.ua/ato/mi-razom-mayemo-zupiniti-tih-hto-hoche-genocidu-v-yevropi-zelenskiy-zvernuvsya-do-parlamentu-rumuniyi-2028841.html. 
  69. ↑ Myronov, Kyrylo (4 April 2022). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in uk). https://www.online.ua/news/843737-v-op-vidreaguvali-na-stattyu-kremlivskogo-zmi-z-planami-po-znishchennyu-ukrayini/. 
  70. ↑ Nazaryan, Alexander (5 April 2022). "'Genocide masterplan': Experts alarmed after Kremlin intellectual calls for 'cleansed' Ukraine". https://news.yahoo.com/genocide-masterplan-experts-alarmed-after-kremlin-intellectual-calls-for-cleansed-ukraine-182354392.html. 
  71. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in uk). 5 April 2022. https://censor.net/ua/news/3331434/zvychayinyyi_fashyzm_glava_mzs_latviyi_schodo_statti_scho_rosiya_maye_zrobyty_z_ukrayinoyu. 
  72. ↑ Snyder, Timothy (8 April 2022). "Russia's genocide handbook". https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook. 
  73. ↑ Inozemtsev, Vladislav (23 January 2017). "Putin's Russia: A Moderate Fascist State". The American Interest 12 (4). https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/23/putins-russia-a-moderate-fascist-state/. Retrieved 26 April 2022.  [1]
  74. ↑ Kamusella, Tomasz (6 March 2022). "Putin's Fascism". https://wachtyrz.eu/putins-fascism/. 
  75. ↑ Heath, Allister (9 March 2022). "Putin's monstrous new fascism has destroyed the globalised world order". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/03/09/putins-monstrous-new-fascism-has-destroyed-globalised-world/. 
  76. ↑ Snegovaya, Maria (Spring 2017). "Is it Time to Drop the F-Bomb on Russia?: Why Putin Is Almost a Fascist". World Policy Journal 34 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1215/07402775-3903736. https://isnblog.ethz.ch/politics/is-it-time-to-drop-the-f-bomb-on-russia-why-putin-is-almost-a-fascist. Retrieved 26 February 2022. 
  77. ↑ Smith, James F. (8 March 2022). "Are we entering another Cold War? Probably not—but it could be even worse". Harvard Kennedy School. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policy-topics/international-relations-security/are-we-entering-another-cold-war. 
  78. ↑ Yakubova, Larysa (6 April 2022). "An Anatomy of Ruscism". The Ukrainian Week. https://tyzhden.ua/World/254683. Retrieved 26 April 2022. 
  79. ↑ Connelly, John (7 December 2018). "Public Thinker: Timothy Snyder on Russia and "Dark Globalization"". https://www.publicbooks.org/public-thinker-timothy-snyder-on-russia-and-dark-globalization/. 
  80. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche (in en-GB), Francis Fukuyama: Russia now 'resembles Nazi Germany' | DW | 20.07.2022, https://www.dw.com/en/francis-fukuyama-russia-now-resembles-nazi-germany/av-62538492, retrieved 2022-07-23 
  81. ↑ "Putin: Soviet collapse a 'genuine tragedy'". Associated Press. NBC News. 25 April 2005. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7632057. 
  82. ↑ Strebkova, Yuliia (2017). (in uk)Almanac of Ukrainian Studies 20: 103–108. ISSN 2520-2626. https://ukralmanac.univ.kiev.ua/index.php/ua/article/view/224/208. Retrieved 2022-04-21. 
  83. ↑ Demyanenko, Borys (2018). (in uk)Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona 8 (8): 35–40. ISSN 2312-8933. http://journals.uran.ua/spup/article/view/163763. Retrieved 25 May 2022. 
  84. ↑ Sytnik, Marharyta (23 March 2014) (in ru). Television Service of News. https://tsn.ua/ru/svit/putin-budet-zahvatyvat-novye-territorii-chtoby-prolozhit-put-k-balkanam-eksperty-356507.html. 
  85. ↑ Klyuchnyk, Ruslan (9 July 2012). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in uk). West Analytic Group. http://zgroup.com.ua/article.php?articleid=5201. 
  86. ↑ Що переможе: здоровий глузд чи імперські амбіції? Андрій Піонтковський. [Which will win: common sense or imperial ambitions? Andrey Piontkovsky.] (in українська). ATR. 11 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022 – via YouTube.
  87. ↑ "Путинский режим — постмодернистский фашизм" ["Putin's regime is postmodern fascism"] (in русский). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2022 – via YouTube.
  88. ↑ Motyl, Oleksandr (8 March 2022). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in uk). https://localhistory.org.ua/texts/kolonki/viini-tvoriat-natsiyi-a-narodni-viini-tvoriat-neperemozhni-natsiyi/. 
  89. ↑ Kostenko, Oleksandr (18 March 2014). (in uk)The Day (48). http://www.day.kiev.ua/uk/article/kultura/chomu-mi-stali-vorogami. 
  90. ↑ Kagarlitsky, Boris (27 April 2022). "Fascism in the Era of Postmodernism". https://russiandissent.substack.com/p/fascism-in-the-era-of-postmodernism. 
  91. ↑ "From Managed Democracy to Fascism". 23 April 2022. https://www.tempestmag.org/2022/04/from-managed-democracy-to-fascism/. 
  92. ↑ Olaf Scolz in der Moskauer Metro - деkoder, reprinted from Neue Zürcher Zeitung
  93. ↑ Анатомия гражданской пассивности (Григорий Юдин, Борис Кагарлицкий)
  94. ↑ "Иван Охлобыстин: Жить и умереть рашистом" (in ru). 2014-10-05. https://www.metronews.ru/kolumnisty/reviews/ivan-ohlobystin-zhit-i-umeret-rashistom-1154449/. 
  95. ↑ "По заказу Охлобыстина сделали часы "Я рашист", доступные на заказ" (in ru). 2015-04-10. https://medialeaks.ru/1004ms_ohlo/. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Yefimov, Artyom. "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). https://us10.campaign-archive.com/?u=ff4a009ba1f59d865f0301f85&id=d2835dcfef. 
  97. ↑ "Outside of 'Wikipedia', in real scientific articles, the word 'Rashism' comes across almost exclusively in Ukrainian publications — and also since 2014"; the author cites results from Google Scholar
  98. ↑ ""Невойна» и «пост-фашизм"". https://socialist.news/russia/bonapartism/post-fascism. 
  99. ↑ Roshchyna, Olena (25 February 2022). (in uk)Ukrayinska Pravda. https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/25/7325945/. 
  100. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). 18 March 2022. https://meduza.io/feature/2022/03/19/po-prikolu-poshli-ne-vseriez. 
  101. ↑ Dmitriyeva, Anna (2022-04-21). "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). https://medialeaks.ru/2104aad-str-tina-wiki/. 
  102. ↑ "The Real Russia. Today. Meduza interviews the mother of the first Russian soldier charged with a war crime in Ukraine, and leaked records expose the politics of Putin's eldest daughter". 2022-05-18. https://meduza.io/en/brief/2022/05/19/the-real-russia-today. 
  103. ↑ Russian Wikipedia [@ru_wikipedia]. "Роскомнадзор добрался до английской Википедии. Сегодня пришли уведомления по статьям «2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine» и «Rashism». Претензии те же: недостоверная информация о потерях, атаках на гражданское население, целях и форме «спецоперации»" (in ru). https://twitter.com/ru_wikipedia/status/1526911628687687681.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  104. ↑ Davis, Julia (23 May 2022). "Kremlin TV Betrays Darling Trump in Crazed Defense of Putin's War". The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/russian-state-television-betrays-donald-trump-in-crazed-defense-of-putins-war-in-ukraine. 
  105. ↑ Latkovskis, Bens (26 May 2022). "Timothy Snyder and Alvis Hermanis are wrong. Russism is not fascism". Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze. https://neatkariga.com/opinions/381999-timothy-snyder-and-alvis-hermanis-are-wrong-russism-is-not-fascism. 

Further reading

External links




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