Help:IPA/Russian

Short description: Wikipedia key to pronunciation

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Russian on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Russian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or its value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ru}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʂ, ts, ʐ/ are always hard.

See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants
Hard			Soft
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	бок; апде́йт^[1]	boot	bʲ	бе́лый	beautiful
d	дать; футбо́л^[1]	do	dʲ	де́ло; ходьба́; жени́тьба^[1]	dew (UK)
f	фо́рма; вы́ставка;^[1] бо́ров^[2]	fool	fʲ	фина́л; верфь; кровь^[2]	few
ɡ	год^[3]^[4]; анекдо́т^[1]	goo	ɡʲ	геро́й	argue
N/A			j	есть [je-]; ёж [jɵ-]; юг [ju-]; я [ja]; майо́р^[5]	yes, York, you, yard, boy
k	кость; бе́гство^[1]; флаг^[2]	scar	kʲ	кино́; секью́рити	skew
l	луна́^[6]	pill	lʲ	лес; боль	lean
m	мы́ло	moot	mʲ	мя́со; семь	mute
n	нос	noon	nʲ	нёс; день; ко́нчик^[7]	newt (for some dialects)
p	под; ры́бка^[1]; зуб^[2]	span	pʲ	пе́пел; цепь; зыбь^[2]	spew
r	раз	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish	rʲ	ряд; зверь	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish
s	соба́ка; ска́зка^[1]; глаз^[2]	soup	sʲ	си́ний; здесь; есть; грызть^[1]	assume (for some dialects)
ʂ	широ́кий; кни́жка^[1]; муж^[2]; что^[8]	rush	ɕː	щека́; счита́ть; мужчи́на^[9]^[10]	wish sheep
t	то; во́дка;^[1] лёд^[2]	stand	tʲ	тень; дитя́; путь; грудь^[2]	stew (UK; for some dialects)
ts^[11]	цена́; нра́виться^[10]	cats	tɕ^[11]	чай; течь^[10]	chip
v	вы; его́^[4]; афга́н^[1]	voodoo	vʲ	весь; вью́га	view
x	ход; Бог^[3]^[10]	loch (Scottish)	xʲ	хи́трый; Хью́стон; лёгкий^[1]^[3]^[10]	huge (for some dialects)
z	зуб; сбор^[1]	zoo	zʲ	зима́; резьба́; жизнь; про́сьба^[1]	presume (for some dialects)
ʐ	жест; волшба́^[1]	rouge	ʑː	по́зже^[12]	prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft]			[+soft]
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	трава́	father	æ	пять; ча́сть^[13]	pat (US)
ɛ	жест; э́тот	met	e	пень; э́тика^[13]	mace
ɨ	ты; ши́шка; с и́грами	roses (for some dialects)	i	ли́ния; и́ли	meet
o	о́блако; шёпот	chore	ɵ	тётя; плечо́^[13]	foot
u	пу́ля	boot	ʉ	Audio file "Ru-чуть.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-люди.ogg" not found^[13]	choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft]			[+soft]
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
ɐ	Audio file "Ru-облака.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-какой.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-соображать.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-тропа.ogg" not found^[14]	bud	N/A
ə	Audio file "Ru-кожа.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-облако.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-сердце.ogg" not found	about	ə	Audio file "Ru-воля.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-сегодня.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-куча.ogg" not found^[15]	lasagna
ɨ	Audio file "Ru-дышать.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-жена.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-воды.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-этап.ogg" not found; к Ива́ну	roses (for some dialects)	ɪ	Audio file "Ru-лиса.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-четыре.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-тяжёлый.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-девять.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-часы.ogg" not found^[16]	bit
ʊ	Audio file "Ru-мужчина.ogg" not found	put	ʉ	Audio file "Ru-чудесный.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-любить.ogg" not found^[13]	youth
ɛ	тетра́эдр; поэте́сса^[17]	met	N/A
o	Audio file "Ru-радио.ogg" not found; поэте́сса^[17]	chore	ɵ	ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст^[18]	foot
Suprasegmental
IPA	Example		Explanation
ˈ	Audio file "Ru-четыре.ogg" not found [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]		Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː	Audio file "Ru-сзади.ogg" not found [ˈzːadʲɪ]^[1]		Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

Notes

↑ ^{Jump up to: 1.00} ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
↑ ^{Jump up to: 2.0} ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
↑ ^{Jump up to: 3.0} ^3.1 ^3.2 ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Audio file "Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg" not found and Audio file "Ru-бог.ogg" not found, and in the interjections Audio file "Ru-ага.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-ого.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg" not found, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
↑ ^{Jump up to: 4.0} ^4.1 Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (Audio file "Ru-сегодня.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-сегодняшний.ogg" not found, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
↑ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
↑ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
↑ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
↑ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
↑ ^{Jump up to: 10.0} ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: Audio file "Ru-плацдарм.ogg" not found, начди́в, Audio file "Ru-дочь бы.ogg" not found, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
↑ ^{Jump up to: 11.0} ^11.1 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
↑ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
↑ ^{Jump up to: 13.0} ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
↑ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
↑ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.
↑ ^{Jump up to: 17.0} ^17.1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
↑ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.

References

Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=yOGzAyN3V88C&pg=PA59
Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=A9rrVMQ-PxsC
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA28
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395, https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf

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[voice-1] {Jump up to: 1.00} ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).

[devoice-2] {Jump up to: 2.0} ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).

[g2-3] {Jump up to: 3.0} ^3.1 ^3.2 ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Audio file "Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg" not found and Audio file "Ru-бог.ogg" not found, and in the interjections Audio file "Ru-ага.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-ого.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg" not found, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.

[g-4] {Jump up to: 4.0} ^4.1 Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (Audio file "Ru-сегодня.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-сегодняшний.ogg" not found, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).

[5] The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.

[6] /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).

[7] Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.

[8] Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.

[щ-9] ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.

[dz-10] {Jump up to: 10.0} ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: Audio file "Ru-плацдарм.ogg" not found, начди́в, Audio file "Ru-дочь бы.ogg" not found, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.

[tie-11] {Jump up to: 11.0} ^11.1 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.

[12] Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).

[palatalized_vowel-13] {Jump up to: 13.0} ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.

[14] Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.

[15] Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).

[a-16] Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.

[foreign-17] {Jump up to: 17.0} ^17.1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.

[foreign2-18] Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.

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