Help:IPA/Russian
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Short description: Wikipedia key to pronunciation
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Russian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Russian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or its value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ru}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʂ, ts, ʐ/ are always hard.
See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
| Consonants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| b |  бок; апде́йт[1]
|
boot | bʲ | бе́лый
|
beautiful | |
| d | дать; футбо́л[1]
|
do | dʲ | де́ло; ходьба́; жени́тьба[1]
|
dew (UK) | |
| f | фо́рма; Audio file "Ru-выставка.ogg" not found;[1] Audio file "Ru-боров.ogg" not found[2]
|
fool | fʲ | Audio file "Ru-финал.ogg" not found; верфь; кровь[2]
|
few | |
| ɡ | год[3][4]; анекдо́т[1]
|
goo | ɡʲ | геро́й
|
argue | |
| N/A | j | есть [je-]; ёж [jɵ-]; юг [ju-]; я [ja]; майо́р[5]
|
yes, York, you, yard, boy | |||
| k | кость; бе́гство[1]; флаг[2]
|
scar | kʲ | кино́; секью́рити
|
skew | |
| l | луна́[6]
|
pill | lʲ | лес; боль
|
lean | |
| m | мы́ло
|
moot | mʲ | мя́со; семь
|
mute | |
| n | Audio file "Ru-нос.ogg" not found | noon | nʲ | Audio file "Ru-нёс.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-день.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-кончик.ogg" not found[7] | newt (for some dialects) | |
| p | Audio file "Ru-под.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-рыбка.ogg" not found[1]; Audio file "Ru-зуб.ogg" not found[2] | span | pʲ | Audio file "Ru-пепел.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-цепь.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-зыбь.ogg" not found[2] | spew | |
| r | Audio file "Ru-раз.ogg" not found | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | rʲ | Audio file "Ru-ряд.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-зверь.ogg" not found | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | |
| s | Audio file "Ru-собака.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-сказка.ogg" not found[1]; Audio file "Ru-глаз.ogg" not found[2] | soup | sʲ | Audio file "Ru-синий.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-здесь.ogg" not found; есть; Audio file "Ru-грызть.ogg" not found[1]
|
assume (for some dialects) | |
| ʂ | Audio file "Ru-широкий.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-книжка.ogg" not found[1]; Audio file "Ru-муж.ogg" not found[2]; Audio file "Ru-что (што).ogg" not found[8] | rush | ɕː | Audio file "Ru-щека.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-считать.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-мужчина.ogg" not found[9][10] | wish sheep | |
| t | Audio file "Ru-то.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-водка.ogg" not found;[1] Audio file "Ru-лёд.ogg" not found[2] | stand | tʲ | Audio file "Ru-тень.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-дитя.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-путь.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-грудь.ogg" not found[2] | stew (UK; for some dialects) | |
| ts[11] | Audio file "Ru-цена.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-нравиться.ogg" not found[10] | cats | tɕ[11] | Audio file "Ru-чай.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-течь.ogg" not found[10] | chip | |
| v | Audio file "Ru-вы.ogg" not found; его́[4]; афга́н[1] | voodoo | vʲ | Audio file "Ru-весь.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-вьюга.ogg" not found | view | |
| x | Audio file "Ru-ход.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-бог.ogg" not found[3][10] | loch (Scottish) | xʲ | Audio file "Ru-хитрый.ogg" not found; Хью́стон; Audio file "Ru-лёгкий.ogg" not found[1][3][10] | huge (for some dialects) | |
| z | Audio file "Ru-зуб.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-сбор.ogg" not found[1] | zoo | zʲ | Audio file "Ru-зима.ogg" not found; резьба́; Audio file "Ru-жизнь.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-просьба.ogg" not found[1] | presume (for some dialects) | |
| ʐ | Audio file "Ru-жест.ogg" not found; волшба́[1] | rouge | ʑː | Audio file "Ru-позже.ogg" not found[12] | prestige genre | |
| Stressed vowels | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| a | Audio file "Ru-трава.ogg" not found | father | æ | Audio file "Ru-пять.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-часть.ogg" not found[13] | pat (US) | |
| ɛ | Audio file "Ru-жест.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-этот.ogg" not found | met | e | Audio file "Ru-пень.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-этика.ogg" not found[13] | mace | |
| ɨ | Audio file "Ru-ты.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-шишка.ogg" not found; с и́грами | roses (for some dialects) | i | Audio file "Ru-линия.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-или.ogg" not found | meet | |
| o | Audio file "Ru-облако.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-шёпот.ogg" not found | chore | ɵ | Audio file "Ru-тётя.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-плечо.ogg" not found[13] | foot | |
| u | Audio file "Ru-пуля.ogg" not found | boot | ʉ | Audio file "Ru-чуть.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-люди.ogg" not found[13] | choose | |
| Unstressed vowels | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| ɐ | Audio file "Ru-облака.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-какой.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-соображать.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-тропа.ogg" not found[14] | bud | N/A | |||
| ə | Audio file "Ru-кожа.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-облако.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-сердце.ogg" not found | about | ə | Audio file "Ru-воля.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-сегодня.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-куча.ogg" not found[15] | lasagna | |
| ɨ | Audio file "Ru-дышать.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-жена.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-воды.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-этап.ogg" not found; к Ива́ну | roses (for some dialects) | ɪ | Audio file "Ru-лиса.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-четыре.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-тяжёлый.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-девять.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-часы.ogg" not found[16] | bit | |
| ʊ | Audio file "Ru-мужчина.ogg" not found | put | ʉ | Audio file "Ru-чудесный.ogg" not found; Audio file "Ru-любить.ogg" not found[13] | youth | |
| ɛ | тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] | met | N/A | |||
| o | Audio file "Ru-радио.ogg" not found; поэте́сса[17] | chore | ɵ | ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[18] | foot | |
| Suprasegmental | ||||||
| IPA | Example | Explanation | ||||
| ˈ | Audio file "Ru-четыре.ogg" not found [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] | Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
| ː | Audio file "Ru-сзади.ogg" not found [ˈzːadʲɪ][1] | Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant | ||||
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Audio file "Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg" not found and Audio file "Ru-бог.ogg" not found, and in the interjections Audio file "Ru-ага.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-ого.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg" not found, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (Audio file "Ru-сегодня.ogg" not found, Audio file "Ru-сегодняшний.ogg" not found, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
- ↑ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
- ↑ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
- ↑ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ↑ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: Audio file "Ru-плацдарм.ogg" not found, начди́в, Audio file "Ru-дочь бы.ogg" not found, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- ↑ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
- ↑ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
- ↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
- ↑ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- ↑ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.
References
- Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=yOGzAyN3V88C&pg=PA59
- Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=A9rrVMQ-PxsC
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&pg=PA28
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395, https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf
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