Social:Ter Sami
| Ter Sami | |
|---|---|
| saa´mekiil / са̄мькӣлл | |
| Native to | Russia |
Native speakers | 2 (2010)[1] |
| Latin script (historical), Cyrillic script (current) [2] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sj |
| Glottolog | ters1235[3] |
 Ter Sámi is number 9 on the map. | |
Ter Sami is the easternmost of the Sámi languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a moribund language; in 2004, only ten speakers were left. By 2010, the number of speakers had decreased to two.[1]
History
In the end of the 19th century, there were six Ter Sámi villages in the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula, with a total population of approximately 450. In 2004, there were approximately 100 ethnic Ter Sámi of whom two elderly persons speak the language; the rest have shifted their language to Russian.[4]
The rapid decline in the number of speakers was caused by Soviet collectivisation, during which its use was prohibited in schools and homes[citation needed] in the 1930s, and the largest Ter Sámi village, Yokanga, was declared "perspectiveless" and its inhabitants were forced to move to the Gremikha military base.[4]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | |||
| Affricate | t͡s d͡z | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | ||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | x | h | |
| Nasal | m | n̥ n | ŋ | |||
| Approximant (Lateral) |
j | |||||
| l̥ l | ||||||
| Trill | r̥ r |
- All consonants except for /j/ may be palatalized [ʲ].
- Consonants /t, d/ can also sound as half-palatalized.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
| Mid | ɛ | o | ||||
| Open | a | aː | ɔ | |||
- After palatalized consonants, /ɛ/ is realized as [e].[5]
Documentation
There are no educational materials or facilities in Ter Sámi, and the language has no standardized orthography. The language is incompletely studied and documented; text specimens, audio recordings as well as dictionaries for linguistic purposes exist,[6][7]
The earliest known documentation of Sámi languages is a short Ter Sámi vocabulary collected by the British explorer Stephen Burrough in 1557; the vocabulary was published by Richard Hakluyt.[8]
Writing system
A spelling system for Ter Sámi using the Latin alphabet and based on Skolt Sámi was developed in the 1930s. After the Second World War, this was replaced or created by a system using the Cyrillic alphabet, and based on Kildin Sámi.[9]
Example of words in Ter saami[10]
выэййвэ = head
ныкчым = tongue
кидт = hand
лоннҍт = bird
чадце = water
ке̄ддҍкэ = stone
аббьрэ = rain
толл = fire
Grammar[11]
Ter saami has 8 cases, Nominative, Genetive, Accusative, Essive, Inessive-Lative, Dative-Illative, Abessive and Cominative.
| case | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom | - | change of the main part of word |
| Gen | change of the main part of word | change of the main part of word |
| Acc | change of the main part of word | t |
| Essive | n | n |
| Inessive | s't | n |
| Dative | a, i | t |
| Abessive | ta | ta |
| Cominative | n | k'em, g'em |
Examples of the Genetive
(in the UPA script)
abre' paл = raining cloud
pɛci̮ pal'čemi̮š = slaughter of deer
taja oлmi̮j = German inhabitant
tara parnɛ = Russian boys
Plurals
In the Nominative case the base word changes when a plural is made.
| Word | Meaning | Plural | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| mi̮rr | forest | mi̮r | forests |
| k'iлл | language | k'iл | languages |
| šiɛn'n' | swamp | šiɛn' | swamps |
| tast | star | taast | stars |
The word "ku", meaning: who, which in the cases.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ku | kogg |
| Genetive | konn | kojt |
| Accusative | konn | kojt |
| Essive | kon'n'in | kojn |
| Inessive | kon'n'es't | kojn |
| Dative | kon'n'i | kojt |
| Abessive | konta | kojta |
| Cominative | kon'in | kojgujm |
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sámi Languages Disappearing Barents Observer
- ↑ "Ter Sámi alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tersami.htm.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Ter Saami". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ters1235.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tiuraniemi Olli: "Anatoli Zaharov on maapallon ainoa turjansaamea puhuva mies", Kide 6 / 2004.
- ↑ Tereškin, Sergej N. (2002). Jokan'gskij dialekt Saamskogo Jazyka. Sankt Petersburg: Rossijskij Gosudarstvennyj pedagogičeskij Universitet imeni.
- ↑ Itkonen T. I.: "Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja", Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne, 1958.
- ↑ Itkonen T. I.: "Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja", 1931.Memoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 60
- ↑ Aikio Samuli: "Olbmot ovdal min - Sámiid historjá 1700-logu rádjái". Girjegiisá: Kárášjohka, 1992.
- ↑ "Ter Sami alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tersami.htm.
- ↑ "Tersamisk - Allkunne" (in no). https://www.allkunne.no/framside/sprak/sprak-i-verda/tersamisk/7/84127/.
- ↑ Tereškin, Sergej (2002). . Йоганьгский диалект саамского языка. Saint Petersburg.
External links
- Ter saami dictionary
- Die Struktur der Nominalphrase im Tersaamischen (in German)
- Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja (dictionary in German, contains Ter Saami)
- Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja (texts in Kola Saami languages, includes Ter Saami)
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