Software:GigaMesh Software Framework

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Short description: Software framework for processing and analyzing 3D mesh data
GigaMesh Software Framework
Developer(s)since 2021: AG eHumanities & FCGLab, Institut for Computer Science, MLU Halle-Wittenberg
2009-2020 Forensic Computational Geometry Laboratory (FCGL),[1] IWR, Heidelberg University
Stable release
[2] / 15 January 2024; 34 days ago (2024-01-15)
Available in1 languages
List of languages
English
TypeGraphics software

The GigaMesh Software Framework is a free and open-source software for display, editing and visualization of 3D-data typically acquired with structured light or structure from motion.[3]

It provides numerous functions for analysis of archaeological objects like cuneiform tablets, ceramics[4][5] or converted LiDAR data.[6] Typically applications are unwrappings (or rollouts),[7] profile cuts (or cross sections)[8] as well as visualizations of distances and curvature, which can be exported as raster graphics or vector graphics.

The retrieval of text in 3D like damaged cuneiform tablets or weathered medieval headstones[9] using Multi Scale Integral Invariant (MSII)[10] filtering is a core function of the software. Furthermore, small or faint surface details like fingerprints can be visualized.[11][12] The polygonal meshes of the 3D-models can be inspected, cleaned and repaired to provide optimal filtering results. The repaired datasets are suitable for 3D printing and for digital publishing in a dataverse.[13]

The name "GigaMesh" refers to the processing of large 3D-datasets and relates intentionally to the mythical Sumerian king Gilgamesh and his heroic epic described on a set of clay tablets.[10]:115 The central element of the logo is the cuneiform sign 𒆜 (kaskal) meaning street or road junction, which symbolizes the intersection of the humanities and computer science. The surrounding circle refers to the integral invariant computation using a spherical domain. The red color is derived from carmine, the color used by the Heidelberg University, where GigaMesh is developed.[citation needed]

Development and application in research projects

The development began in 2009 and was inspired by the edition project Keilschrifttexte aus Assur literarischen Inhalts (KAL, cuneiform texts with literary content) of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.[11] In parallel it was applied within the Austrian Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for documentation of red-figure pottery.[8] Current projects are funded by the DFG and the BMBF for contextualization and analysis of seals and sealings of the Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel,[14][15] where Thin Plate Splines are used for comparing sealings.[16] Analog to the developments for processing cuneiform tablets there are further approaches for adaption of the combined Computer Vision and Machine Learning methods for other Scripts in 3D. An example is the application within the Text Database and Dictionary of Classic Mayan.[17]

In 2017 GigaMesh was tested by the DAI at an excavation in Guadalupe, near Trujillo, Honduras for immediate visualization of in-situ acquired findings with different 3D-scanners including a comparison with manual drawings.[18] Since then GigaMesh is permanently used by the excavation team,[19] their feedback led to numerous changes to the GUI, improving the user experience (UX). Additionally online tutorials are published having a focus on tasks required to compile excavation reports.

The Scanning for Syria (SfS)[20] project of the Leiden University used GigaMesh in 2018 for 3D reconstruction of molds of tablets lost in ar-Raqqa, Syria based on Micro-CT-scans.[21][22] As a follow-up project the TU Delft acquired further Micro-CT-scans for virtually extracting clay tablets still wrapped into clay envelopes, which are unopened for thousands of years.[23][24] In May 2020 the SfS project won the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage of the Europa Nostra in the category research.[25][26]

A first version (190416) for Windows was released in preparation for presentations about new functions shown at the international CAA 2019.[27]

The command line interface of GigaMesh is well suited to process large amounts of 3D-measurement data within repositories. This was demonstrated with almost 2.000 cuneiform tablets of the Hilprecht Collection of the Jena University, which were processed and digitally published as benchmarkdatabase (HeiCuBeDa)[28] for machine learning as well as database of images including 3D- and meta-data (HeiCu3Da)[29] using CC BY licenses.[30] A baseline for period classification of tablets was established using a Geometric Neural Network being a Convolutional Neural Network typically used for 3D-datasets.[31][32] In 2023, an extension of the dataset was published containing extracted images of cuneiform characters, cuneiform lines and individual annotated cuneiform characters. The annotations are made available together with the renderings with metadata as CSV and a knowledge graph (RDF). These developments were created in the context of the DFG project "Digital Edition of Cuneiform Texts from Haft Tappeh" in Mainz. The acronym MaiCuBeDa is derived from the project location.[33] This provided the first results for the localization of cuneiform characters and their wedges, which show that MSII rendering improves the recognition quality for photos.[34][35]

The Louvre showed GigaMesh based rollouts of an Aryballos from the collection of the KFU Graz representing the use of digital methods for research on pottery of ancient Greece within the CVA project, which had its 100th anniversary in 2019. Renderings of the rollouts were on display in the second half of 2019 in the display case named L’ùre du numùrique et de l’imagerie scientifique (the digital era and scientific imaging).[36]

Version 191219 supports Texture maps common for 3D-data captured using photogrammetry. This allows processing and in particular unwrapping of objects acquired with Structure-from-Motion widely used for documentation of Cultural Heritage and in archaeology.[citation needed]

The Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties in Japan adapted GigaMesh for documentation and rollouts of vessels and published a tutorial,[37] which was used to implement the workflow for ceramics of the Jƍmon period within the Togariishi Museum of Jƍmon Archaeology.[38]

In April 2020 the source code was published on GitLab and the license changed from freeware to the GPL. Version 200529 allows for the first time to apply the MSII filter using the Graphical User Interface to visualize the smallest details like fingerprints.[39] The DFG funded edition of texts from Haft Tepe project[40] is using MSII filtered renderings of tablets in the so-called fat-cross arrangement of side views.[41]

GigaMesh is increasingly being used in areas that have methodological overlap with archaeology, such as geoengineering for the analysis of seashells.[42]

File formats and research data infrastructures

Primarily the Polygon File Format is supported and used to store additional information from the processing. This is not possible with the — additionally supported — Wavefront OBJ due to its specification. It is possible to export meshes in the glTF fileformat. The marking of interpolated points and triangles by filling voids in the triangular grid represents meta-information to be captured e.g. in the context of the National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) in Germany. Other metadata such as inventory numbers, material, and hyperlinks or Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) can be captured. In addition, there is the ability to calculate topological metrics that describe the quality of a 3D measurement dataset.[43]

References

  1. ↑ "FCGL: Forensic Computational Geometry Laboratory". https://fcgl.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/. 
  2. ↑ "Gigamesh". https://gigamesh.eu/downloads/. 
  3. ↑ "An easy intro to 3D models from Structure from Motion (SFM, photogrammetry)". 2019-12-15. https://latex-ninja.com/2019/12/15/an-easy-intro-to-3d-models-from-structure-from-motion-sfm-photogrammetry/. 
  4. ↑ Thaller, Manfred (2014-09-18). "Are the Humanities an Endangered or a Dominant Species in the Digital Ecosystem?". Proceedings of the Third AIUCD Annual Conference on Humanities and Their Methods in the Digital Ecosystem. ACM. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1145/2802612.2802613. ISBN 9781450332958. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2802612.2802613. 
  5. ↑ Pintus, Ruggero; Pal, Kazim; Yang, Ying; Weyrich, Tim; Gobbetti, Enrico; Rushmeier, Holly (2015-08-06). "A Survey of Geometric Analysis in Cultural Heritage" (in en). Computer Graphics Forum 35 (1): 4–31. doi:10.1111/cgf.12668. ISSN 0167-7055. 
  6. ↑ HĂ€mmerle, Martin; Höfle, Bernhard (2017-12-05), "Introduction to LiDAR in Geoarchaeology from a Technological Perspective" (in en), Digital Geoarchaeology, Natural Science in Archaeology, Springer International Publishing, pp. 167–182, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25316-9_11, ISBN 9783319253145 
  7. ↑ Bayer, Paul; Lamm, Susanne (2018), "Mehr als nur Ben Hur – Eine 3D-Abrollung des römischen Silberbecher von GrĂŒnau" (in de), Forum Archaeologiae 87 (VI), ISSN 1605-4636, https://homepage.univie.ac.at/elisabeth.trinkl/forum/forum0618/87circus.htm 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mara, Hubert; Portl, Julia (2013), "Acquisition and Documentation of Vessels using High-Resolution 3D-Scanners", Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Österreich (Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften — VÖAW) Beiheft 1: 25–40, ISBN 978-3-7001-7145-4, http://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576%200x002ec067.pdf, retrieved 2018-08-24 , KBytes: 900
  9. ↑ Kurt F. de Swaaf (2010-06-30), "Gemeißelte Geheimnisse: Forscher entziffern jĂŒdische Grabinschriften" (in de), Spiegel Online, http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/gemeisselte-geheimnisse-forscher-entziffern-juedische-grabinschriften-a-703508.html, retrieved 2018-08-03 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hubert Mara (2012), Multi-Scale Integral Invariants for Robust Character Extraction from Irregular Polygon Mesh Data, Heidelberg: Heidelberg University Library, doi:10.11588/heidok.00013890 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mara, Hubert; Krömker, Susanne; Jakob, Stefan; Breuckmann, Bernd (2010), "GigaMesh and Gilgamesh — 3D Multiscale Integral Invariant Cuneiform Character Extraction", Proceedings of VAST International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (Palais du Louvre, Paris, France: Eurographics Association): 131–138, doi:10.2312/VAST/VAST10/131-138, ISBN 9783905674293, ISSN 1811-864X, http://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/VAST.VAST10.131-138, retrieved 2019-06-23 
  12. ↑ Hubert Mara (2017), Visual Computing for Analysis of Sealings, Script and Fingerprints in 3D, Presentation about Multi Scale Integral Invariant filtering with illustrating images, http://cceh.uni-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Epidoc_Mara_VisCompSeals.pdf, retrieved 2018-08-24 , KBytes: 8700
  13. ↑ heiDATA — IWR Computer Graphics Dataverse in der UniversitĂ€tsbibliothek Heidelberg
  14. ↑ "DFG - GEPRIS - Minoische Siegelglyptik zwischen corpusartiger Erfassung und 3D-Forensik. Eine multidisziplinĂ€re Dokumentation von 900 unpublizierten Siegeln aus dem ArchĂ€ologischen Museum von Heraklion" (in de-DE). http://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/314170379. 
  15. ↑ "ErKon3D — Erschließung und Kontextualisierung von Ă€gĂ€ischen Siegeln und SiegelabdrĂŒcken mit 3D-Forensik" (in de). https://foerderportal.bund.de/foekat/jsp/SucheAction.do?actionMode=view&fkz=01UG1880X.  "ErKon3D short description" (in de). https://portal.wissenschaftliche-sammlungen.de/CollectionActivity/182771. 
  16. ↑ Bogacz, Bartosz; Papadimitriou, Nikolas; Panagiotopoulos, Diamantis; Mara, Hubert (2019), "Recovering and Visualizing Deformation in 3D Aegean Sealings", Proc. of the 14th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Application (VISAPP) (Prague, Czech Republic), http://insticc.org/node/TechnicalProgram/visigrapp/presentationDetails/73858, retrieved 28 March 2019 
  17. ↑ Feldmann, Felix; Bogacz, Bartosz; Prager, Christian; Mara, Hubert (2018), "Histogram of Oriented Gradients for Maya Glyph Retrieval", Proc. of the 16thEurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage (GCH) (Vienna, Austria: The Eurographics Association): 105–111, doi:10.2312/gch.20181346, ISBN 978-3-03868-057-4, ISSN 2312-6124, https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/gch20181346, retrieved 2020-02-03 
  18. ↑ Reindel, Markus; Fux, Peter; Fecher, Franziska (2018), "ArchĂ€ologisches Projekt Guadalupe: Bericht ĂŒber die Feldkampagne 2017" (in de), Jahresberichte (ZĂŒrich, Switzerland: SLSA, Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinische Stiftung fĂŒr archĂ€ologische Forschungen im Ausland) 2017, doi:10.5167/uzh-158145 
  19. ↑ Fecher, Franziska; Reindel, Markus; Fux, Peter; Gubler, Brigitte; Mara, Hubert; Bayer, Paul; Lyons, Mike (2020), Burkhard Vogt und Jörg LinstĂ€dter, ed., "The ceramic finds from Guadalupe, Honduras: Optimizing archaeological documentation with a combination of digital and analog techniques", Journal of Global Archaeology (JOGA) (Bonn, Germany: Deutsches ArchĂ€ologisches Institut, Kommission fĂŒr ArchĂ€ologie AussereuropĂ€ischer Kulturen): § 1–54–§ 1–54, doi:10.34780/joga.v2020i0.1009, ISSN 2701-5572 
  20. ↑ "Website of the Scanning for Syria project at the Leiden University". https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-projects/archaeology/scanning-for-syria. 
  21. ↑ Ngan-Tillard, Dominique (2018-06-05), Scanning for Syria - digital book of cuneiform tablet T98-34, Delft, Netherlands, doi:10.4121/uuid:0bd4470b-a055-4ebd-b419-a900d3163c8a, https://data.4tu.nl/repository/uuid:0bd4470b-a055-4ebd-b419-a900d3163c8a/DATA?download=true, retrieved 2020-02-03  , KBytes: 48600
  22. ↑ Nieuwenhuyse, Olivier; Hiatlih, Khaled; al-Fakhri, Ayham; Haqi, Rasha; Ngan-Tillard, Dominique; Mara, Hubert; Burch Joosten, Katrina (2019), "Focus Raqqa: Schutz fĂŒr das archĂ€ologische Erbe des Museums von ar-Raqqa" (in de), Antike Welt (wbg Philipp von Zabern): 76–83, https://www.wbg-wissenverbindet.de/15271/antike-welt-2/2019, retrieved 2019-12-17 
  23. ↑ Seeing through clay: 4000 year old tablets in hypermodern scanner on YouTube
  24. ↑ Unpacking a Cuneiform Tablet wrapped in a clay envelope on YouTube, cf. doi:10.11588/heidok.00026892
  25. ↑ "Website of the Europa Nostra Award for the Scanning for Syria project". http://www.europeanheritageawards.eu/winners/scanning-for-syria/. 
  26. ↑ "Website of the Scanning for Syria project by the Leiden-Delft-Erasmus Centre for Global Heritage and Development". 7 May 2020. https://www.globalheritage.nl/news/scanning-for-syria-project-among-the-winners-of-2020-european-heritage-awards-europa-nostra. 
  27. ↑ "International Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitive Methods in Archaeology, Krakau, Poland, 2019". https://2019.caaconference.org. 
  28. ↑ Mara, Hubert (2019-06-06), HeiCuBeDa Hilprecht – Heidelberg Cuneiform Benchmark Dataset for the Hilprecht Collection, heiDATA – institutional repository for research data of Heidelberg University, doi:10.11588/data/IE8CCN 
  29. ↑ Mara, Hubert (2019-06-06), HeiCu3Da Hilprecht – Heidelberg Cuneiform 3D Database - Hilprecht Collection, heidICON – Die Heidelberger Objekt- und Multimediadatenbank, doi:10.11588/heidicon.hilprecht 
  30. ↑ Mara, Hubert; Bogacz, Bartosz (2019), "Breaking the Code on Broken Tablets: The Learning Challenge for Annotated Cuneiform Script in Normalized 2D and 3D Datasets", Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR) (Sydney, Australia): 148–153, doi:10.1109/ICDAR.2019.00032, ISBN 978-1-7281-3014-9 
  31. ↑ Bogacz, Bartosz; Mara, Hubert (2020), "Period Classification of 3D Cuneiform Tablets with Geometric Neural Networks", Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Frontiers of Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR) (Dortmund, Germany): 246–251, doi:10.1109/ICFHR2020.2020.00053, ISBN 978-1-7281-9966-5 
  32. ↑ Presentation of the ICFHR paper on Period Classification of 3D Cuneiform Tablets with Geometric Neural Networks on YouTube
  33. ↑ Hubert Mara, Timo Homburg (2023-08-29), MaiCuBeDa Hilprecht – Mainz Cuneiform Benchmark Dataset for the Hilprecht Collection, heiDATA – institutional repository for research data of Heidelberg University, doi:10.11588/data/QSNIQ2 
  34. ↑ Ernst Stötzner, Timo Homburg, Jan Philipp Bullenkamp and Hubert Mara (2023), "R-CNN based PolygonalWedge Detection Learned from Annotated 3D Renderings and Mapped Photographs of Open Data Cuneiform Tablets", Proceedings of the 21th Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage (GCH) (Salento, Italy): 47–56, doi:10.2312/gch.20231157, ISBN 9783038682172, ISSN 2312-6124, https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/gch20231157, retrieved 2023-11-06 
  35. ↑ Stötzner, Ernst; Homburg, Timo; Mara, Hubert (2023), "CNN based Cuneiform Sign Detection Learned from Annotated 3D Renderings and Mapped Photographs with Illumination Augmentation", Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (Paris, France) 
  36. ↑ "IWR Newsroom, Contribution of visualizations to an archaeological Exhibition in the Louvre Museum". 2019-07-13. https://typo.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/newsroom/archive-news-2019/. 
  37. ↑ "æ–‡ćŒ–èȥたćŁș 珏7ć· ç‰č集:æ–‡ćŒ–èȥ研究をé€Čă‚ă‚‹æŠ€èĄ“ă‚’è€ƒăˆă‚‹, Issue 7, June 2019, ISBN 21851972" (in ja). http://www.book61.co.jp/book.php/N79367. 
  38. ↑ Araki Minoru (2020-01-30). "Blog entry about rollouts of Jƍmon period vessels in Nara" (in ja). https://hanamigawa2011.blogspot.com/2020/01/gigamesh.html?m=1.  "Rollout tutorial" (in ja). 2021-09-30. https://hanamigawa2011.blogspot.com/2020/01/gigamesh.html?m=1. 
  39. ↑ MSII Filtering: Cuneiform Characters & Fingerprints on YouTube
  40. ↑ "DFG - GEPRIS - Digitale Edition der Keilschrifttexte aus Haft Tappeh (Iran)" (in de). https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/424957759. 
  41. ↑ Brandes, Tim; Huber, Eva-Maria (2020), Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, ed., "Die Texte aus Haft Tappeh – Beobachtungen zu den Textfunden aus Areal I" (in de), Elamica: Contributions on History and Culture of Elam and Its Neighbouring Regions (Hildesheim, Germany: Franzbecker) (10): 9–42, ISBN 978-3881208802 
  42. ↑ Zhao, Yumeng; Deng, Bozhi; Cortes, Douglas D.; Dai, Sheng (2023), "Morphological Advantages of Angelwing Shells in Mechanical Boring", Acta Geotechnica (Springer), doi:10.1007/s11440-023-01962-w 
  43. ↑ Homburg, Timo; Cramer, Anja; Raddatz, Laura; Mara, Hubert (2021), "Metadata Schema and Ontology for Capturing and Processing of 3D Cultural Heritage Objects", Heritage Science (Springer) 9 (91), doi:10.1186/s40494-021-00561-w 

External links

  • GigaMesh.eu - website of the GigaMesh Software Frameworks including tutorials, publications and downloads
  • ResearchGate - additional project website and blog
  • Cuneur - Keilschrift beschriften an annotation tool for cuneiform tablets represented by renderings, images stacks and photographs



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