Software:Microsoft Visual C

From HandWiki
Visual C++
Developer(s)Microsoft
Initial releaseFebruary 1993; 31 years ago (1993-02)[1]
Stable release
14.26.28720.3
Written inC++[2]
Operating systemWindows
PlatformIA-32, x86-64 and ARM
Available inEnglish, Chinese (Simplified & Traditional), Czech, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian, Spanish, Turkish
TypeIDE
LicenseTrialware and freeware
Websitedocs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/

Microsoft Visual C++ (often abbreviated to MSVC) is an integrated development environment (IDE) product from Microsoft for the C, C++, and C++/CLI programming languages. MSVC is proprietary software; it was originally a standalone product but later became a part of Visual Studio and made available in both trialware and freeware forms. It features tools for developing and debugging C++ code, especially code written for the Windows API, DirectX and .NET.

Many applications require redistributable Visual C++ runtime library packages to function correctly. These packages are often installed independently of applications, allowing multiple applications to make use of the package while only having to install it once. These Visual C++ redistributable and runtime packages are mostly installed for standard libraries that many applications use.[3]

History

The predecessor to Visual C++ was called Microsoft C/C++. There was also a Microsoft QuickC 2.5 and a Microsoft QuickC for Windows 1.0. The Visual C++ compiler is still known as Microsoft C/C++ and as of the release of Visual C++ 2015 Update 2, is on version 14.0.23918.0.

16-bit versions

  • Microsoft C 1.0, based on Lattice C, was Microsoft's first C product in 1983. It was not K&R C.
  • C 2.0 added large model support.
  • C 3.0 was the first version developed inside Microsoft.[4] This version intended compatibility with K&R and the later ANSI standard. It was being used inside Microsoft (for Windows and Xenix development) in early 1984. It shipped as a product in 1985.
  • C 4.0 added optimizations and CodeView, a source-level debugger.
  • C 5.0 added loop optimizations and ‘huge memory model’ (arrays bigger than 64 KB) support. Microsoft Fortran and the first 32-bit compiler for 80386 were also part of this project.
  • C 5.1 released in 1988 allowed compiling programs for OS/2 1.x.
  • C 6.0 released in 1989. It added the Programmer's Workbench IDE, global flow analysis, a source browser, and a new debugger, and included an optional C++ front end.[5]
  • C/C++ 7.0 was released in 1992. Added built-in support for C++ and MFC (Microsoft Foundation Class Library) 1.0.[6] OS/2 support was dropped.
  • Visual C++ 1.0, which included MFC 2.0, was the first version of ‘Visual’ C++, released in February 1993. It was Cfront 2.1 compliant[7] and available in two editions:[1]
    • Standard: replaced QuickC for Windows.
    • Professional: replaced C/C++ 7.0. Included the ability to build both DOS and Windows applications, an optimizing compiler, a source profiler, and the Windows 3.1 SDK.[7] The Phar Lap 286 DOS Extender Lite was also included.[8]
  • Visual C++ 1.5 was released in December 1993, included MFC 2.5, and added OLE 2.0 and ODBC support to MFC.[9] It was the first version of Visual C++ that came only on CD-ROM.
    • Visual C++ 1.51 and 1.52 were available as part of a subscription service.
    • Visual C++ 1.52b is similar to 1.52, but does not include the Control Development Kit.
    • Visual C++ 1.52c was a patched version of 1.5. It is the last, and arguably most popular, development platform for Microsoft Windows 3.x. It is available through Microsoft Developer Network.

Strictly 32-bit versions

  • Visual C++ 1.0 (original name: Visual C++ 32-bit Edition) was the first version for 32-bit development for the Intel 386 architecture.[10] Although released when 16-bit version 1.5 was available, it did not include support for OLE2 and ODBC. It was also available in a bundle called Visual C++ 16/32-bit Suite, which included Visual C++ 1.5.[11]
  • Visual C++ 2.0, which included MFC 3.0, was the first version to be 32-bit only. In many ways, this version was ahead of its time, since Windows 95, then codenamed "Chicago", was not yet released, and Windows NT had only a small market share. Microsoft included and updated Visual C++ 1.5 as part of the 2.x releases up to 2.1, which included Visual C++ 1.52, and both 16-bit and 32-bit version of the Control Development Kit (CDK) were included. Visual C++ 2.x also supported Win32s development. It is available through Microsoft Developer Network. There was a Visual C++ 2.0 RISC Edition for MIPS and Alpha processors, as well as a cross-platform edition for the Macintosh (68000 instruction set).[12]
    • Visual C++ 2.1 and 2.2 were updates for 2.0 available through subscription.
  • Visual C++ 4.0, released on 1995-12-11,[13] introduced the Developer Studio IDE. Its then-novel tiled layout of non-overlapping panels—navigation panel, combination editor/source level debugger panel, and console output panel[14]—continues through the Visual Studio product line (as of 2013). Visual C++ 4.0 included MFC 4.0, was designed for Windows 95 and Windows NT. To allow support of legacy (Windows 3.x/DOS) projects, 4.0 came bundled with the Visual C++ 1.52 installation CD. Updates available through subscription included Visual C++ 4.1, which came with the Microsoft Game SDK (later released separately as the DirectX SDK), and Visual C++ 4.2. Version number 3.0 was skipped to achieve version number parity between Visual C++ 4.0 and MFC 4.0.[15]
  • Visual C++ 4.2 did not support Windows 3.x (Win32s) development.[16] This was the final version with a cross-platform edition for the Macintosh available and it differed from the 2.x version in that it also allowed compilation for the PowerPC instruction set.
  • Visual C++ 5.0, which included MFC 4.21 and was released 1997-04-28,[13] was a major upgrade from 4.2.[17] Available in four editions: Learning,[18] Professional,[19] Enterprise,[20] and RISC.[21]
  • Visual C++ 6.0 (commonly known as VC6), which included MFC 6.0, was released in 1998.[22][23] The release was somewhat controversial since it did not include an expected update to MFC. Visual C++ 6.0 is still quite popular and often used to maintain legacy projects. There are, however, issues with this version under Windows XP, especially under the debugging mode (for example, the values of static variables do not display). The debugging issues can be solved with a patch called the "Visual C++ 6.0 Processor Pack".[24] Version number: 12.00.8804
  • Visual C++ .NET 2002 (also known as Visual C++ 7.0), which included MFC 7.0, was released in 2002 with support for link time code generation and debugging runtime checks, .NET 1.0, and Visual C# and Managed C++. The new user interface used many of the hot keys and conventions of Visual Basic, which accounted for some of its unpopularity among C++ developers. Version number: 13.00.9466
  • Visual C++ .NET 2003 (also known as Visual C++ 7.1), which included MFC 7.1, was released in 2003 along with .NET 1.1 and was a major upgrade to Visual C++ .NET 2002. It was considered a patch to Visual C++ .NET 2002. Accordingly, the English language upgrade version of Visual Studio .NET 2003 shipped for minimal cost to owners of the English-language version of Visual Studio .NET 2002. This was the last version to support Windows 95 and NT 4.0 as a target. Version number: 13.10.3077
  • eMbedded Visual C++[25] in various versions was used to develop for some versions of the Windows CE operating system. Initially it replaced a development environment consisting of tools added onto Visual C++ 6.0. eMbedded Visual C++ was replaced as a separate development environment by Microsoft Visual Studio 2005.

32-bit and 64-bit versions

  • Visual C++ 2005 (also known as Visual C++ 8.0), which included MFC 8.0, was released in November 2005. This version supports .NET 2.0 and includes a new version of C++ targeted to the .NET framework (C++/CLI) with the purpose of replacing the previous version (Managed C++). Managed C++ for CLI is still available via compiler options, though. It also introduced OpenMP. With Visual C++ 2005, Microsoft also introduced Team Foundation Server. Visual C++ 8.0 has problems compiling MFC AppWizard projects that were created using Visual Studio 6.0, so maintenance of legacy projects can be continued with the original IDE if rewriting is not feasible. Visual C++ 2005 is the last version able to target Windows 98 and Windows Me.[26][27] SP1 version (14.00.50727.762) is also available in Microsoft Windows SDK Update for Windows Vista.
  • Visual C++ 2008 (also known as Visual C++ 9.0) was released in November 2007. This version supports .NET 3.5. Managed C++ for CLI is still available via compiler options. By default, all applications compiled against the Visual C++ 2008 Runtimes (static and dynamic linking) will only work under Windows 2000 and later.[28][29] A feature pack released for VC9, later included in SP1, added support for C++ TR1 library extensions. SP1 version (15.00.30729.01) is also available in Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7.
  • Some versions of Visual C++ supported Itanium 2.
  • Visual C++ 2010 (also known as Visual C++ 10.0) was released on April 12, 2010. It uses a SQL Server Compact database to store information about the source code, including IntelliSense information, for better IntelliSense and code-completion support.[30] However, Visual C++ 2010 does not support Intellisense for C++/CLI.[31] This version adds a C++ parallel computing library called the Parallel Patterns Library, partial support for C++11, significantly improved IntelliSense based on the Edison Design Group front end,[32] and performance improvements to both the compiler and generated code.[33] This version is built on .NET 4.0, but supports compiling to machine code. The partial C++11 support mainly consists of six compiler features:[34] lambdas, rvalue references, auto, decltype, static_assert, and nullptr. C++11 also supports library features (e.g., moving the TR1 components from std::tr1 namespace directly to std namespace). Variadic templates were also considered, but delayed until some future version due to having a lower priority, which stemmed from the fact that, unlike other costly-to-implement features (lambda, rvalue references), variadic templates would benefit only a minority of library writers rather than the majority of compiler end users.[35] By default, all applications compiled against Visual C++ 2010 Runtimes only work on Windows XP SP2 and later. The RTM version (16.00.30319) is also available in Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4 (WinSDK v7.1).[36] SP1 version (16.00.40219) is available as part of Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1 or through the Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Service Pack 1 Compiler Update for the Windows SDK 7.1.[37]
  • Visual C++ 2012 (also known as Visual C++ 11.0) was released on August 15, 2012. It features improved C++11 support, and support for Windows Runtime development.[38]
  • Visual C++ 2013 (also known as Visual C++ 12.0) was released on October 17, 2013. It features further C++11 and C99 support, and introduces a REST SDK.[39]
  • Visual C++ 2017 (also known as Visual C++ 14.1) was released on March 7, 2017.
  • Visual C++ 2019 (also known as Visual C++ 14.2) was released on April 2, 2019.

Internal version numbering

Beginning with Microsoft C 6.0, the predefined macro _MSC_VER indicates the major and minor version numbers of the Visual C++ compiler. The macro's value is an integer literal in which the last two digits indicate the minor version number and the preceding digits indicate the major version number.

From Visual Studio 2017, _MSC_VER is incremented monotonically at every Visual C++ toolset update. Thus, for example, the version of MSVC++ 14.11 that ships with Visual Studio 2017 version 15.3.0 sets _MSC_VER to 1911. Microsoft recommends using the >= operator to test the value of _MSC_VER.

Here are values of _MSC_VER for various versions of the Visual C++ compiler: 

MSC    6.0   _MSC_VER == 600
MSC    7.0   _MSC_VER == 700
MSVC++ 1.0   _MSC_VER == 800
MSVC++ 2.0   _MSC_VER == 900
MSVC++ 4.0   _MSC_VER == 1000 (Developer Studio 4.0)
MSVC++ 4.2   _MSC_VER == 1020 (Developer Studio 4.2)
MSVC++ 5.0   _MSC_VER == 1100 (Visual Studio 97 version 5.0)
MSVC++ 6.0   _MSC_VER == 1200 (Visual Studio 6.0 version 6.0)
MSVC++ 7.0   _MSC_VER == 1300 (Visual Studio .NET 2002 version 7.0)
MSVC++ 7.1   _MSC_VER == 1310 (Visual Studio .NET 2003 version 7.1)
MSVC++ 8.0   _MSC_VER == 1400 (Visual Studio 2005 version 8.0)
MSVC++ 9.0   _MSC_VER == 1500 (Visual Studio 2008 version 9.0)
MSVC++ 10.0  _MSC_VER == 1600 (Visual Studio 2010 version 10.0)
MSVC++ 11.0  _MSC_VER == 1700 (Visual Studio 2012 version 11.0)
MSVC++ 12.0  _MSC_VER == 1800 (Visual Studio 2013 version 12.0)
MSVC++ 14.0  _MSC_VER == 1900 (Visual Studio 2015 version 14.0)
MSVC++ 14.1  _MSC_VER == 1910 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.0)
MSVC++ 14.11 _MSC_VER == 1911 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.3)
MSVC++ 14.12 _MSC_VER == 1912 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.5)
MSVC++ 14.13 _MSC_VER == 1913 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6)
MSVC++ 14.14 _MSC_VER == 1914 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.7)
MSVC++ 14.15 _MSC_VER == 1915 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.8)
MSVC++ 14.16 _MSC_VER == 1916 (Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9)
MSVC++ 14.2  _MSC_VER == 1920 (Visual Studio 2019 Version 16.0)
MSVC++ 14.21 _MSC_VER == 1921 (Visual Studio 2019 Version 16.1)
MSVC++ 14.22 _MSC_VER == 1922 (Visual Studio 2019 Version 16.2)
MSVC++ 14.23 _MSC_VER == 1923 (Visual Studio 2019 Version 16.3)
MSVC++ 14.24 _MSC_VER == 1924 (Visual Studio 2019 Version 16.4)
MSVC++ 14.25 _MSC_VER == 1925 (Visual Studio 2019 Version 16.5)
MSVC++ 14.26 _MSC_VER == 1926 (Visual Studio 2019 Version 16.6)

These version numbers refer to the major version number of the Visual C++ compilers and libraries, as can be seen from the installation directories. It does not refer to the year in the name of the Visual Studio release. A thorough list is available.[40]

Compatibility

ABI

The Visual C++ compiler ABI have historically changed between major compiler releases.[41] This is especially the case for STL containers, where container sizes have varied a lot between compiler releases.[42] Microsoft therefore recommends against using C++ interfaces at module boundaries when one wants to enable client code compiled using a different compiler version. Instead of C++, Microsoft recommends using C[43] or COM[44] interfaces, which are designed to have a stable ABI between compiler releases.

All 14.x MSVC releases have a stable ABI,[45] and binaries built with these versions can be mixed in a forwards-compatible manner, noting the following restrictions:

  • The toolset version used must be equal to or higher than the highest toolset version used to build any linked binaries.
  • The MSVC Redistributable version must be equal to or higher than the toolset version used by any application component.
  • Static libraries or object files compiled with /GL (Whole program optimisation) aren't binary compatible between versions and must use the exact same toolset.

C runtime libraries

Visual C++ ships with different versions of C runtime libraries.[46] This means users can compile their code with any of the available libraries. However, this can cause some problems when using different components (DLLs, EXEs) in the same program. A typical example is a program using different libraries. The user should use the same C Run-Time for all the program's components unless the implications are understood. Microsoft recommends using the multithreaded, dynamic link library (/MD or /MDd compiler option) to avoid possible problems.[46]

C

Although the product originated as an IDE for the C programming language, for many years the compiler's support for that language conformed only to the original edition of the C standard, dating from 1989, but not the C99 revision of the standard. There had been no plans to support C99 even in 2011, more than a decade after its publication.[47]

Visual C++ 2013 finally added support for various C99 features in its C mode (including designated initializers, compound literals, and the _Bool type),[48] though it was still not complete.[49] Visual C++ 2015 further improved the C99 support, with full support of the C99 Standard Library, except for features that require C99 language features not yet supported by the compiler.[50]

Most of the changes from the C11 revision of the standard are still not supported by Visual C++ 2017.[51] For example, generic selections via the _Generic keyword are not supported by the compiler and result in a syntax error.[52]

"Full C11 conformance is on our roadmap, and updating the preprocessor is just the first step in that process. The C11 _Generic feature is not actually part of the preprocessor, so it has not yet been implemented. When implemented I expect the feature to work independent of if the traditional or updated preprocessor logic is used."[53]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Visual C++ adds Windows support". InfoWorld: p. 17. February 22, 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=vjsEAAAAMBAJ. 
  2. ↑ Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0". http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html. 
  3. ↑ "Do I need these Microsoft Visual C++ redistributables?". Ask Leo!. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
  4. ↑ Leibson, Steve (1985-02-01). "Software Reviews: Expert team analyzes 21 C compilers". Computer Language. https://archive.org/details/Computer_Language_Issue_06_1985-02_CL_Publications_US/page/n85/mode/2up?q=microsoft+c+3.0. Retrieved 2020-06-05. 
  5. ↑ Ladd, Scott Robert (August 1, 1990). "Optimizing With Microsoft C 6.0". http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/optimizing-with-microsoft-c-60/184408398. 
  6. ↑ Retrieved from http://support.microsoft.com/kb/196831.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Visual C++ is a strong development tool". InfoWorld: p. 94. June 21, 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=OjsEAAAAMBAJ. 
  8. ↑ "Rival DOS Extenders debut at show". InfoWorld: p. 18. March 1, 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=fzwEAAAAMBAJ. 
  9. ↑ "Visual C++ 1.5 integrates OLE, ODBC". InfoWorld: p. 5. November 8, 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=8ToEAAAAMBAJ. 
  10. ↑ "Microsoft set to prerelease 32-bit Visual C++". InfoWorld: p. 12. July 19, 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=mTsEAAAAMBAJ. 
  11. ↑ "C++ IDEs evolve". InfoWorld: p. 79. April 4, 1994. https://books.google.com/books?id=FTsEAAAAMBAJ. 
  12. ↑ "Microsoft Visual C++ Strategy". http://accu.org/index.php/journals/1771. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Obsolete Products". http://support.microsoft.com/gp/lifeobsoleteproducts. 
  14. ↑ Toth, Viktor (1996). "1". Visual C++ 4.0 unleashed. Indianapolis: SAMS Publishing. ISBN 9780672308741. http://doc.sumy.ua/prog/unleash4/vcu01fi.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2013. 
  15. ↑ "History of Visual Studio (Part 3)". http://blogs.msdn.com/ricom/archive/2009/10/07/my-history-of-visual-studio-part-3.aspx. 
  16. ↑ "Major Changes from Visual C++ 4.0 to 4.2". http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa697418(VS.71).aspx. 
  17. ↑ "Major Changes from Visual C++ 4.2 to 5.0". http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa697419(VS.71).aspx. 
  18. ↑ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Learning Edition". http://www.microsoft.com/products/prodref/199_ov.htm. 
  19. ↑ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Professional Edition". http://www.microsoft.com/products/prodref/197_ov.htm. 
  20. ↑ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 Enterprise Edition". http://www.microsoft.com/products/prodref/198_ov.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0 RISC Edition". http://www.microsoft.com/products/prodref/501_ov.htm. 
  22. ↑ Shields, Nathan P. (June 8, 2018). "Criminal Complaint". United States Department of Justice. p. 128. https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download. "This alone is not a dispositive link, as Visual C++ 6.0, released in 1998, still has proponents mostly because it does not require the installation of Microsoft’s .NET framework in order to run, as later versions of Visual C++ do." 
  23. ↑ "Major Changes from Visual C++ 5.0 to 6.0". http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa729389(VS.71).aspx. 
  24. ↑ This page stresses that Users must also be running Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0, or Windows 2000. Retrieved from http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/aa718349.aspx.
  25. ↑ Douglas Boling :Programming Microsoft Windows CE .NET, Third Edition Microsoft Press; 3rd edition (June 25, 2003) Paperback: 1264 pages ISBN:978-0735618848 - Companion CD with Microsoft eMbedded Visual C++ 4.0 Service Pack 2
  26. ↑ How to: Modify WINVER and _WIN32_WINNT
  27. ↑ Breaking Changes
  28. ↑ Windows Platforms (CRT)
  29. ↑ "Visual C++ 2008 Breaking Changes". http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb531344.aspx?ppud=4. 
  30. ↑ Visual C++ Team Blog. "IntelliSense, part 2: The Future". http://blogs.msdn.com/vcblog/archive/2008/02/29/intellisense-part-2-the-future.aspx. 
  31. ↑ "Why IntelliSense is not supported for C++/CLI in Visual Studio 2010". http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2011/03/03/10136696.aspx. 
  32. ↑ Visual C++ Team Blog. "Rebuilding Intellisense". http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2009/05/27/rebuilding-intellisense.aspx. 
  33. ↑ Visual C++ Team Blog. "Visual C++ Code Generation in Visual Studio 2010". http://blogs.msdn.com/vcblog/archive/2009/11/02/visual-c-code-generation-in-visual-studio-2010.aspx. 
  34. ↑ "C++0x Core Language Features In VC10: The Table". http://blogs.msdn.com/vcblog/archive/2010/04/06/c-0x-core-language-features-in-vc10-the-table.aspx. 
  35. ↑ "Stephan T. Lavavej: Everything you ever wanted to know about nullptr". http://channel9.msdn.com/shows/Going+Deep/Stephan-T-Lavavej-Everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-nullptr/. 
  36. ↑ Microsoft Windows SDK Blog. "Released: Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4". http://blogs.msdn.com/b/windowssdk/archive/2010/05/25/released-windows-sdk-for-windows-7-and-net-framework-4.aspx. 
  37. ↑ FIX: Visual C++ compilers are removed when you upgrade Visual Studio 2010 Professional or Visual Studio 2010 Express to Visual Studio 2010 SP1 if Windows SDK v7.1 is installed
  38. ↑ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2012". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/hh409293(v=vs.110).aspx. 
  39. ↑ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2013". Microsoft Developer Network. Miicrosoft. https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/hh409293(v=vs.120).aspx. 
  40. ↑ "Pre-defined Compiler Macros / Wiki / Compilers". https://sourceforge.net/p/predef/wiki/Compilers/#microsoft-visual-c. 
  41. ↑ Microsoft MSDN: Breaking Changes in Visual C++
  42. ↑ Microsoft MSDN: Containers (Modern C++)
  43. ↑ Microsoft MSDN: Portability At ABI Boundaries (Modern C++)
  44. ↑ Microsoft forum: Binary compatibility across Visual C++ versions
  45. ↑ docs.microsoft.com: C++ binary compatibility between Visual Studio 2015, 2017, and 2019
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 C Run-Time Libraries
  47. ↑ "C99 support". Microsoft Connect. https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/653336/c99-support. 
  48. ↑ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2013". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh409293(v=vs.120).aspx. 
  49. ↑ Pat Brenner (July 19, 2013). "C99 library support in Visual Studio 2013". Visual C++ Team Blog. Microsoft. http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2013/07/19/c99-library-support-in-visual-studio-2013.aspx. 
  50. ↑ "What's New for Visual C++ in Visual Studio 2015". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh409293(v=vs.140).aspx. 
  51. ↑ "Walkthrough: Compile a C program on the command line". Visual C++ Documentation. Microsoft. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/walkthrough-compile-a-c-program-on-the-command-line. 
  52. ↑ "MSVC 2017 does not support _Generic (type generic macros) in C". https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/content/problem/250665/msvc-2017-does-not-support-generic-type-generic-ma.html. 
  53. ↑ Luvsanbat, Bat-Ulzii (July 6, 2018). "MSVC Preprocessor Progress towards Conformance". https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2018/07/06/msvc-preprocessor-progress-towards-conformance/. 

External links




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