Software:Mortal Kombat

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Short description: Video game series and franchise
Mortal Kombat
Mortal Kombat Logo.svg
Official franchise logo
Genre(s)Fighting
Action-adventure
Developer(s)
Midway Games
Publisher(s)
Creator(s)
  • Ed Boon
  • John Tobias
Platform(s)
First releaseMortal Kombat
October 8, 1992
Latest releaseMortal Kombat 11
April 23, 2019

Mortal Kombat is an American media franchise centered on a series of video games, originally developed by Midway Games in 1992. The development of the first game was originally based on an idea that Ed Boon and John Tobias had of making a video game starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, but as that idea fell through, a fantasy-themed fighting game was created instead, nonetheless paying homage to him with nut-cracking movie star character Johnny Cage, whose initials and personal style echo Van Damme's. Mortal Kombat was the first ever fighting game to introduce a secret fighter, reached if the player fulfilled a set of requirements.

The original game has spawned many sequels and spin-offs consisting of several action-adventure games, as well as a comic book series and a card game. Film producer Lawrence Kasanoff licensed the rights to the game in the early 1990s and produced the first hit movie ever made from a video game. Lawrence also produced the second movie, animated TV series, live-action TV series films, the first one million platinum-selling album and a live-action tour. Mortal Kombat has become the most successful fighting franchise in the history of video games and one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

The series has a reputation for high levels of graphic violence, including, most notably, its Fatalities (finishing moves allowing the player to finish off their defeated opponent). Controversies surrounding Mortal Kombat, in part, led to the creation of the ESRB video game rating system. Early games in this series were also noted for their realistic digitized sprites and an extensive use of palette swapping to create new characters. Following Midway's bankruptcy, the Mortal Kombat development team was acquired by Warner Bros. Entertainment and turned into NetherRealm Studios.

Gameplay

Further information: Software:Fighting game
Mortal Kombat II arcade cabinet's control board

The original three games and their updates, Mortal Kombat (1992), Mortal Kombat II (1993), Mortal Kombat 3 (1995), Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 (1995), and Mortal Kombat Trilogy (1996), were styled in a 2D fighting fashion. The first two of them were played in the arcades with a joystick and five buttons: high punch, low punch, high kick, low kick, and block. Mortal Kombat 3 and its updates added a sixth "run" button.[1] Characters in the early Mortal Kombat games play virtually identically to one another, with the only major differences being their special moves.[2] Through the 1990s, the developer and publisher Midway Games would keep their single styled fighting moves with four attack buttons for a different array of punches, kicks and blocks. Mortal Kombat was the first Mortal Kombat game which the character could move 3D like. Mortal Kombat 4 also tried to introduce the 3D system but it wasn't worked properly due to old system mechanics. Also the combination of the moves changed from the old Mortal Kombat games and this was done by differentiating characters' normal moves and even giving them multiple fighting styles. Beginning in Deadly Alliance and until Mortal Kombat, the characters would have three fighting styles per character: two unarmed styles, and one weapon style.[3] Few exceptions to this arose in Mortal Kombat, such as monstrous boss characters like Moloch and Onaga who would have only one fighting style.[4] While most of the styles used in the series are based on real martial arts, some are entirely fictitious.[5] Goro's fighting styles, for example, are designed to take advantage of the fact that he has four arms. For Armageddon, fighting styles were reduced to a maximum of two per character (generally one hand-to-hand combat style and one weapon style) due to the sheer number of playable characters.[4] Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe dropped the multiple fighting style trend altogether in favor of giving each character a much wider variety of special moves,[6] but some characters still use multiple fighting styles.[7] 2011's Mortal Kombat returned to a single 2D fighting plane although characters are rendered in 3D;[8] unlike previous MK games, each of the controller's four attack buttons corresponds to one of the character's limbs, the buttons thus becoming front punch, back punch, front kick and back kick (front and back indicating the limb closer to and farther from the opponent, respectively).

Mortal Kombat: Deception and Mortal Kombat: Armageddon feature "Konquest", a free-roaming action-adventure mode that significantly expanded on the single-player experience. Both games also include distinct minigame modes such as "Chess Kombat", an action-strategy game similar to Archon. Two other bonus minigames, "Puzzle Kombat" inspired by Puzzle Fighter and "Motor Kombat" inspired by Mario Kart, feature super deformed versions of Mortal Kombat characters.[1] The games also contain various unlockable content and hidden "cheats".[9]

Finishing moves

Main page: Software:Fatality (Mortal Kombat)
Kung Lao's "Razor's Edge" Fatality being performed on Mileena in 2011's Mortal Kombat. NetherRealm Studios' Ed Boon described it as possibly the most painful-looking finishing move in the series yet[10]
I think [Mortal Kombat] represents the difference in philosophy. [....] So in Street Fighter when you're playing it's the moment to moment gameplay that should be the best, whether you win or lose doesn't really matter. Whereas in Mortal Kombat the fighting and playing is just a pathway to get to the result – it's the Fatality you want to see and you almost want to skip the fighting bit and get to the Fatality because that is the result.[11]

—Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono

The defining and best-known feature of the Mortal Kombat series is its finishing move system called Fatality. An original idea behind it was to give gamers a free hit at the end of the fight.[12] The basic Fatalities are finishing moves that allow the victorious characters to end a match in a special way by murdering their defeated, defenseless opponents in a gruesome manner, usually in the predefined ways exclusive for the given character. The only exception from this is Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, which instead features the Kreate-A-Fatality, allowing the players to perform their own Fatalities by conducting a series of violent moves chosen from a pool that is common for all characters.[1][13]

Other finishing moves in the various Mortal Kombat games include Animalities (introduced in Mortal Kombat 3) turning a victor into an animal to violently finish off the opponent;[14] Brutality (introduced in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3) which is bashing an opponent into pieces with a long combo of hits; and Stage Fatalities/Death Traps (introduced in the original Mortal Kombat Pit Stage where the victor can uppercut their opponent off of the platform into a bed of spikes below, and later made more difficult in Mortal Kombat II by requiring specific and different button sequences to be pressed) utilizing parts of certain stages to execute a lethal finishing move (such as a pool of acid). Mortal Kombat: Deception added the Hara-Kiri, a self-Fatality allowing the losers to engage in a suicidal finishing move (enabling a possible race between both players to see if the winning player can finish off the losing player before the losing character can kill himself or herself first).[12][15]

There are also some non-violent finishing moves in the series. Friendship moves, introduced in Mortal Kombat II resulting in displays of friendship towards the enemy instead of slaughter,[16] were made as a comical response to the attention the series gathered due to its violent content.[12] Also introduced in MKII was the Babality, which turns the opponent into a baby and is humorous in the same vein.[16] Mortal Kombat 3 marked the first appearance of the Mercy, where the victor restores a minimal amount of the opponent's health bar and the fight then resumes; the player must perform a Mercy to be able to perform an Animality.[14]

Plot

Characters

Cosplayers of Kitana, Reptile, and Sonya Blade at Dragon Con 2012

Through its iterations, the series has featured scores of player characters, some of them becoming mainstays, such as Baraka, Cassie Cage, Cyrax, Ermac, Goro,Erron Black,Jade, Jax Briggs, Johnny Cage, Kabal, Kano, Kenshi, Kitana, Kung Lao, Liu Kang, Mileena, Motaro, Nightwolf, Noob Saibot, Quan Chi, Raiden, Rain, Reptile, Sektor, Shang Tsung, Shao Kahn, Sheeva, Shinnok, Sindel, Smoke, Sonya Blade, Scorpion, Skarlet, Stryker, and Sub-Zero. Among them are Earth's humans and cyborgs, good and evil deities, and denizens of Outworld and other realms.

Furthermore, starting with MK vs DCU, which featured several DC Universe heroes and villains, all subsequent games have included guest characters such as Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street, Kratos from God of War, Jason Voorhees from Friday the 13th, the Xenomorph Alien from Alien, Leatherface from Texas Chainsaw Massacre, the Predator from Predator, the T-800 Terminator model from Terminator, RoboCop, Spawn from Image Comics and the Joker from DC Comics, who was previously in MK vs DCU.

Storyline

The series takes place in a fictional universe consisting of eighteen surviving realms which, according to in-game backstories, were created by the Elder Gods. The Mortal Kombat: Deception manual described six of the realms as: "Earthrealm, home to such legendary heroes as Liu Kang, Kung Lao, Sonya Blade, Johnny Cage, and Jax Briggs, and also under the protection of the Thunder God Raiden; Netherrealm, the fiery depths of which are inhospitable to all but the most vile, a realm of demons and shadowy warriors such as Quan Chi and Noob Saibot; Outworld, a realm of constant strife which Emperor Shao Kahn claims as his own; Seido, the Realm of Order, whose inhabitants prize structure and order above all else; the Realm of Chaos, whose inhabitants do not abide by any rules whatsoever, and where constant turmoil and change are worshiped; and Edenia, which is known for its beauty, artistic expression, and the longevity of its inhabitants."[17][18] The Elder Gods decreed that the denizens of one realm could only conquer another realm by defeating the defending realm's greatest warriors in ten consecutive Mortal Kombat tournaments.

The first Mortal Kombat game takes place in Earthrealm (Earth) where seven different warriors with their own reasons for entering participated in the tournament with the prize being the continued freedom of their realm under threaten of a takeover by Outworld. Among the established warriors were Liu Kang, Johnny Cage, and Sonya Blade. With the help of the thunder god Raiden, the Earthrealm warriors were victorious and Liu Kang became the new champion of Mortal Kombat.[19] In Mortal Kombat II, unable to deal with his minion Shang Tsung's failure, Outworld Emperor Shao Kahn lures the Earthrealm warriors to Outworld, where Liu Kang eventually defeats Shao Kahn. By the time of Mortal Kombat 3, Shao Kahn merged Edenia with his empire and revived its former queen Sindel in Earthrealm, combining it with Outworld as well. He attempts to invade Earthrealm, but is ultimately defeated by Liu Kang once more. After the Kahn's defeat, Edenia was freed from his grasp and returned to a peaceful realm, ruled by Princess Kitana. The following game, Mortal Kombat 4, features the fallen elder god Shinnok attempting to conquer the realms and kill Raiden. However, he is also defeated by Liu Kang.

In Mortal Kombat, the evil sorcerers Quan Chi and Shang Tsung join forces to conquer the realms. By Mortal Kombat, after several fights, the sorcerers emerge victorious; having killed most of Earthrealm's warriors until Raiden steps forth to oppose them. The Dragon King Onaga, who had been freed by the warrior Reptile at the end of Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance,[20] had deceived Shujinko into searching for six pieces of Kamidogu,[18] the source of Onaga's power. Onaga confronted the alliance of Raiden, Shang Tsung, and Quan Chi to obtain Quan Chi's amulet,[21] the final piece of his power. Only a few warriors remained to combat the Dragon King and his forces. Shujinko eventually triumphed over Onaga and removed his threat from the realms.[22]

In Mortal Kombat, the titular catastrophe begins. Centuries before the first Mortal Kombat, Queen Delia foretold the realms would be destroyed because the power of all of the realms' warriors would rise to such greatness that it would overwhelm and destabilize the realms, triggering a destructive chain of events. King Argus had his sons, Taven and Daegon put into incubation and so one day they can be awakened to save the realms from Armageddon by defeating a firespawn known as Blaze. In the end however, Shao Kahn is the one who defeats Blaze, causing Armageddon.[23]

The crossover Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe does not share continuity with the other games. After the simultaneous defeats of both Shao Kahn and the alien warlord Darkseid in the DC Universe causes both villains to fuse into the entity "Dark Kahn", both the Mortal Kombat and DC Universes begin to merge. This brings the warriors and heroes into conflicts after suffering bouts of uncontrollable rage. The heroes and villains of both universes repeatedly battle each other, believing each other to be responsible for the catastrophe, until only Raiden and Superman remain. The two confront Dark Kahn and team up to defeat their common foe. After Dark Kahn's defeat, the two realms defuse, with Shao Kahn and Darkseid trapped in each other's universes to face eternal imprisonment.

In the 2011 Mortal Kombat reboot, the battle of Armageddon culminated in only two survivors: Shao Kahn and Raiden. On the verge of death by the former's hand, the latter sent visions to his past self in a last ditch attempt to prevent this outcome. Upon receiving the visions, the past Raiden attempts to alter the timeline to avert Armageddon amidst the tenth Mortal Kombat tournament. While he succeeds in preventing Shao Kahn's victory with help from the Elder Gods, he is forced to kill Liu Kang in self-defense and loses most of his allies to Queen Sindel; leaving Earthrealm vulnerable to Shinnok and Quan Chi's machinations.

Mortal Kombat X sees Shinnok and Quan Chi enacting their plan, leading an army of undead revenants of those that were killed in Shao Kahn's invasion of Earthrealm. A team of warriors led by Raiden, Johnny Cage, Kenshi Takahashi, and Sonya Blade oppose them, and in the ensuing battle, Shinnok is imprisoned within his amulet and various warriors are resurrected and freed from his control, though Quan Chi escapes. Twenty-five years later, the sorcerer resurfaces alongside the insectoid D'Vorah to facilitate Shinnok's return. A vengeful Scorpion kills Quan Chi, but fails to stop him from freeing Shinnok. To combat him, Cassie Cage leads a team composed of the next generation of Earthrealm's heroes in defeating him. With Shinnok and Quan Chi defeated, Liu Kang and Kitana's revenants assume control of the Netherrealm while Raiden taps into Shinnok's amulet.

Mortal Kombat 11 sees the architect of time and Shinnok's Mother, Kronika, working to restart the timeline following her son's defeat and Raiden's tampering with her work. In doing so, she brings past versions of the realm's heroes to the present, aligning herself with some while the rest work to defeat her. After nearly killing Liu Kang a second time, Raiden discovers Kronika has manipulated them into fighting across multiple timelines as she fears their combined power. Despite her interference and attacks by her minions, Raiden gives Liu Kang his power, turning him into a fire god so he can defeat Kronika and start history anew.

Development

Release timeline
1992Mortal Kombat
1993Mortal Kombat II
1994
1995Mortal Kombat 3
Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3
1996Mortal Kombat Trilogy
1997Mortal Kombat Mythologies
Mortal Kombat 4
1998
1999Mortal Kombat Gold
2000Mortal Kombat
2001Mortal Kombat Advance
2002Mortal Kombat
2003Mortal Kombat: Tournament Edition
2004Mortal Kombat
2005Mortal Kombat
2006Mortal Kombat
Mortal Kombat: Unchained
2007Ultimate Mortal Kombat
2008Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe
2009
2010
2011Mortal Kombat (2011)
Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection
2012Mortal Kombat: Komplete Edition
2013
2014
2015Mortal Kombat X
2016Mortal Kombat XL
2017
2018
2019Mortal Kombat 11
2020Mortal Kombat 11: Aftermath

Origins

Mortal Kombat started development in 1991 with only four people: Ed Boon (programming), John Tobias (art and story), John Vogel (graphics), and Dan Forden (sound design).[24][25] According to Mortal Kombat actors Richard Divizio and Daniel Pesina, the first game actually began as a ninja-themed project by John Tobias (a young new employee of Midway Games at the time) and them as well as Carlos Pesina, however their pitch to Tobias' boss Ed Boon was rejected by the entire management of Midway.[26] Midway was then abortively approached to create a video game adaptation of the then-upcoming 1992 film Universal Soldier, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme,[27] and Tobias imagined a fighting game featuring a digitized version of Van Damme.[28] Intending to make a game "a lot more hard edge, a little bit more serious, a little bit more like Enter the Dragon or Bloodsport" than contemporary cartoonish fighting games,[29] Tobias and Boon decided to continue their project even after the deal to use the Bloodsport license fell through.[30] The first of Mortal Kombat characters,[26] Johnny Cage (Daniel Pesina), became "a spoof on the whole Van Damme situation."[27] Divizio credits himself with convincing Tobias to go back to the original idea and trying again.[26]

It was the success of Capcom's Street Fighter II that finally convinced Midway Games to let the team produce their own arcade fighting game (the genre chosen by Tobias for his game as to let him use as large digitized sprites as possible[31]), but there was not much influence by Street Fighter II on the actual project. According to Tobias, who cited 1984's Karate Champ as an actual inspiration,[32] they even intentionally worked on making a game different than Capcom's title in every way.[31] Besides the digitized characters that differentiated it from its contemporaries' hand-drawn ones, one stark difference was in the very high amount of blood and violence. Capcom's senior director of communications later compared Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat by asking if the interviewer preferred the "precision and depth" of Street Fighter or the "gore and comedy" of Mortal Kombat and also stated that the Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat rivalry was considered similar to the Coke and Pepsi rivalry in the 1990s.[33]

Mortal Kombat didn't rely on just good looks and gore for its success. Although the intense gore was a great way to attract attention, Mortal Kombat offered another side – an often-overlooked side – that kept people coming back for more: its storyline, including the uniquely different kind of gameplay as far as the fighting system within itself.[34]

—GameSpot

John Tobias said that his inspirations for the game's story and characters came from Chinese mythology and some of the stories and rumored events about the Shaolin monks.[27] Regarding the film Big Trouble in Little China, Tobias wrote that although this movie "kind of Americanized my obsession for supernatural kung fu films from China, it was not my biggest influence. My biggest influences came from Tsui Hark films -- Zu Warriors & The Swordsman. We had to get them from bootleggers in Chicago's Chinatown."[35] In 1995, he said about their general process of designing characters for the series: "First we figure out the type, like she or he and will she/he be big or small. Then we'll get the theme of the characters, like ninja or robot. Then we'll design the costume, and while doing that we create the storyline and how s/he fits into the universe. Then we'll find an actor that kinda resembles our character."[36] Tobias' writing and artistic input on the series ended around 2000[31] following the release of Mortal Kombat 4. In 2012, he said: "I knew exactly what I was going to do with a future story. A few years ago I [wrote] a sort of sequel to the first MK film and an advancement to the game's mythological roots."[37]

The title Mortal Kombat was the idea of pinball designer Steve Ritchie,[38] a variation of the original name that had been simply Mortal Combat.[32] Since then, the series often intentionally misspells the letter "K" in place of "C" for various words containing the hard C sound. According to Boon, during the MK games' development they usually spell the words correctly and only "korrect it" when one of the developers points out they should do it.[39]

Graphics

The characters of the original Mortal Kombat and its initial sequels were created using digitized sprites mostly based on filmed actors, as opposed to hand-drawn graphics.[40] Early Mortal Kombat games were known for their extensive use of palette swapping, a practice of recoloring certain sprites to make them appear as different characters, which was used for the ninja characters. In fact, many of the most popular characters have originated as simple palette swaps.[41] In the first game, the male ninja fighters were essentially the same character; only the colors of their attire, fighting stance, and special techniques mark a difference.[41] Later games added further ninjas based on the same model, as well as several female ninja color swap characters initially also using just one base model. All of them gradually became very different characters in the following installments of the series. Eventually, Mortal Kombat 4 brought the series into 3D, replacing the digitized fighters of previous games with polygon models animated using motion capture technology.[42]

Hidden content

It made the claims that this game might be influencing real life behavior seem fairly absurd, but all of the secrets and hidden nuances of the title helped to bolster its notoriety. While the first game featured one hidden character, the green ninja Reptile, Mortal Kombat II had three. Before long, there would be rumors swirling about "Nudalities," "Animalities," all manner of secret characters, and even hidden games.[1]

—IGN

Mortal Kombat included secret characters, secret games, and other Easter eggs. Popular characters Reptile and Jade were originally introduced as hidden enemies, becoming playable after returning in subsequent games. There is also a hidden game of Pong in Mortal Kombat II,[43] and Mortal Kombat 3 includes a hidden game of Galaga.[14] Many extras in the series have only been accessible through very challenging, demanding, and sometimes coincidental requirements. The Sega Mega Drive/Genesis versions contain a unique finisher, named "Fergality".[44] The Sega CD version also contained an additional code (known as the "Dad's Code"), which changed the names of the fighters to that of characters from the classic BBC comedy series Dad's Army.[45]

Some Easter eggs originated from in-jokes between members of the development team. One example is "Toasty", which found its way into the game in the form of a small image of sound designer Dan Forden, who would appear in the corner of the screen during gameplay (after performing an uppercut) and yell the phrase "Toasty!", originating from him saying "you're toast".[46] This egg was also the key to unlocking the hidden character Smoke when it happened in the Portal stage in Mortal Kombat II.[43] In Mortal Kombat 4, Forden would say "Toasty! 3D!" after Scorpion did his burn Fatality, a reference to the fact that it is the first 3D game of the series.[47] "Toasty!" is also found in Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, appearing randomly after the character pulls off a chain of hits, though the picture of Forden was removed for that title,[48] but brought back for the 2011 Mortal Kombat game. Yet another private joke was the hidden character Noob Saibot, who has appeared in various versions of the game starting with Mortal Kombat II. The character's name derived from two of the series' creators' surnames, Ed Boon and John Tobias, spelled backwards.[49] In addition, a counter for ERMACS on the game's audits screen (ERMACS being short for error macros), was interpreted by some players as a reference to a hidden character in the original Mortal Kombat. The development team decided to turn the rumor into reality, introducing Ermac in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 as an unlockable secret character.[50][51] The character Mokap, introduced in Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance, is a tribute to Carlos Pesina, who played Raiden in MK and MKII and has served as a motion capture actor for subsequent titles in the series.[52]

Media

Video games

Overview over titles and versions in the Mortal Kombat series
Title Release Original platform Ports Notes
Mortal Kombat 1992 Arcade Various The original Mortal Kombat game.
Mortal Kombat II 1993 Arcade Various Second main game. Sequel to Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat 3 1995 Arcade Various Third main game. Sequel to Mortal Kombat II.
Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 1995 Arcade Various An update to Mortal Kombat 3.
Mortal Kombat Trilogy 1996 PS1, N64, Saturn Windows, Game.com, R-Zone A game based on the MK3 engine, incorporating all the characters in the series up to that point.
Mortal Kombat Mythologies 1997 PS1, N64 N/A First of three spin-off games. An action-adventure game starring Sub-Zero. Prequel to the first Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat 4 1997 Arcade PS1, N64, Windows Fourth main game. Sequel to Mortal Kombat 3. Last game to appear in arcades.
Mortal Kombat Gold 1999 Dreamcast N/A An update to Mortal Kombat 4, made for consoles only.
Mortal Kombat 2000 PS1 N/A Second of three spin-off games. An action-adventure spin-off starring Jax. Prequel to the first Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat Advance 2001 GBA N/A A port of Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3.
Mortal Kombat 2002 PS2, GCN, Xbox GBA (2003) Fifth main game. Sequel to Mortal Kombat 4.
Mortal Kombat: Tournament Edition 2003 GBA N/A An update to Deadly Alliance.
Mortal Kombat 2004 PS2, GCN, Xbox N/A Sixth main game. Sequel to Deadly Alliance.
Mortal Kombat 2005 PS2, Xbox N/A Third of three spin-off games. An action-adventure spin-off starring Liu Kang and Kung Lao, set in an alternate timeline between Mortal Kombat and Mortal Kombat II.
Mortal Kombat 2006 PS2, Xbox Wii (2007) Seventh main game. Sequel to Deception, and the final title of the original main series.
Mortal Kombat: Unchained 2006 PSP N/A A port of Deception.
Ultimate Mortal Kombat 2007 NDS N/A Another port of Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3.
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe 2008 PS3, Xbox 360 N/A Eighth main game. A non-canonical crossover title set in an alternate timeline between Mortal Kombat II and Mortal Kombat 3.
Mortal Kombat (2011) 2011 PS3, Xbox 360 Vita (2012) Ninth main game. Reboot story combining plots from the original Mortal Kombat, Mortal Kombat II, and Mortal Kombat 3.
Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection 2011 PS3, Xbox 360 Windows (2012) Compilation of Mortal Kombat, Mortal Kombat II and Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 ports.
Mortal Kombat X 2015 PS4, Xbox One[53] Windows, Android, iOS Tenth main game. Sequel to 2011's Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat 11 2019 PS4, Xbox One[54] Windows, Switch Eleventh main game. Sequel to Mortal Kombat X.

Main series

The original Mortal Kombat game was released by Midway and Williams for arcade during October 1992, having since been ported to several console and home computer systems by Probe Software and released by Acclaim Entertainment.[55] The sequel, Mortal Kombat II, was released for arcades in 1993, featuring an increased roster and improved graphics and gameplay, then ported to the numerous home systems in 1993-1995 by Probe Entertainment and Sculptured Software, released again by Acclaim; it was re-released in 2007 for the PlayStation 3.[56] Mortal Kombat 3 followed in 1995 in both arcade and home versions.[57] MK3 got two updates which expanded the number of characters and other features from the game: Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3, published that same year,[58] and Mortal Kombat Trilogy the next year.[59] The following game, Mortal Kombat 4, was released in 1997, and marked the jump of the series to 3D rendered graphics instead of the series' previously staple digitized 2D graphics. Mortal Kombat 4 was ported to the PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Microsoft Windows. Its update titled Mortal Kombat Gold was released exclusively for the Dreamcast in 1999.

While to this point Mortal Kombat games were only titled with their installment number, starting with Mortal Kombat in 2002, the series' naming scheme changed to favor the use of sub-titles instead.[60] It was also at this point that the series started being targeted at consoles only, with Mortal Kombat 4 being the last game in the series to ever be released for the arcades. Deadly Alliance was released initially for the Xbox, PlayStation 2 and GameCube.[61][62][63] Deadly Alliance was also the first Mortal Kombat game to feature fully 3D gameplay, where up to Mortal Kombat 4 the gameplay had stayed in a 2D plane; this trend would continue for the following two games. The next sequel was 2004's Mortal Kombat, released for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube.[64][65][66] Its port for the PlayStation Portable, Mortal Kombat: Unchained, was developed by Just Games Interactive in 2006.[67] Mortal Kombat was published in the same year for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and in 2007 for the Wii.[68][69][70] In 2008, Midway released the Mortal Kombat Kollection, an anthology of the three then-most recent titles to the main franchise: Mortal Kombat: Deception, Mortal Kombat, and Mortal Kombat: Armageddon.[71]

A ninth game in the series, a reboot titled simply Mortal Kombat, was developed by the former Midway Games, now renamed as NetherRealm Studios.[72] It was first released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011, and was ported to the PlayStation Vita in 2012 and to the Microsoft Windows in 2013. Its first sequel, Mortal Kombat X, was released in 2015 on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. A follow-up, Mortal Kombat 11, was released in 2019 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and Microsoft Windows.

Spin-off games

Besides the fighting games, there are three action-adventure titles that work as spin-offs from the Mortal Kombat storyline. Mortal Kombat Mythologies was released in 1997 for the PlayStation and Nintendo 64;[73][74] its story is focused on the first incarnation character of Sub-Zero and is focused in the timeline before the first Mortal Kombat game. The next action game was Mortal Kombat, released in 2000 for the PlayStation, starring Major Jackson Briggs in his mission to destroy the Black Dragon.[75] Both games were critically panned. Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, developed by Midway Studios Los Angeles, was released in 2005 for the PlayStation 2 and the Xbox, starring Liu Kang and Kung Lao and telling an alternate version of the events between the first and second Mortal Kombat games. A similar game entitled Mortal Kombat: Fire & Ice, which was to star Scorpion and again Sub-Zero, was canceled when the developers of Shaolin Monks "couldn't do it in time and under budget".[76]

Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, a crossover fighting game between the Mortal Kombat franchise and DC Comics, was released in 2008 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[77][78] In 2013, Boon named a crossover game between Mortal Kombat and Street Fighter as his dream crossover game.[79] In 2014, Boon said his team was in touch with Capcom, but no one could resolve the incompatibility problem of Mortal Kombat being much more brutal than Street Fighter.[80] When asked if Street Fighter series would ever do a crossover game with Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono said it would be difficult as Mortal Kombat is a very different game from Street Fighter.[81] Boon has also stated that he would like to do a crossover game between Mortal Kombat and Killer Instinct for Xbox One,[82][83] and wished he could do a Marvel Comics one too, but acknowledged it as unlikely since Marvel was owned by The Walt Disney Company.[84]

Other media

Films

Live-action

Mortal Kombat was adapted into two major motion pictures, Mortal Kombat (1995) and Mortal Kombat: Annihilation (1997), both released by New Line Cinema. The first movie was released on August 18, 1995, grossing $23 million on its first weekend.[85] Mortal Kombat, despite mixed reviews from critics, became a financial success, eventually grossing $70 million in the U.S. (and over $122 million worldwide) and gaining a cult following from fans of the series while jump starting the Hollywood career of its director Paul W. S. Anderson.[86] That momentum did not carry over into John R. Leonetti's Annihilation, however, which suffered from a poor reception by critics and fans alike, grossing only $36 million in the U.S. and $51 million worldwide, compared to the first movie's worldwide intake of $122 million.[87]

In 2010, director Kevin Tancharoen released an eight-minute Mortal Kombat short film, titled Mortal Kombat: Rebirth,[88] made as a proof of concept for Tancharoen's pitch of a reboot movie franchise to Warner Bros. Pictures.[89] Tancharoen later confirmed that while the short is entirely unofficial, it does feature the writing of Oren Uziel, who was rumored to be writing the screenplay for the third Mortal Kombat movie.[90] In September 2011, New Line and Warner Bros. announced that Tancharoen has signed on to direct a new feature-length film from a screenplay written by Uziel,[91] with the intention of aiming for an R rating.[92] Shooting was expected to begin in March 2012 with a budget of well under $100 million (projected at between $40–50 million[93]) and a release date of 2013,[94][95] but was ultimately delayed due to budget constraints. Tancharoen quit the production in October 2013.[96]

In 2015, James Wan signed on to the project to produce a new film of Mortal Kombat,[97] saying he would not rush it.[98] Simon McQuoid was hired as director in November 2016, with Greg Russo to write the script.[99][100] In February 2019, Russo announced the script was complete.[100] Three months later, the film had entered pre-production and would be shot in South Australia later in the year,[101] partly funded via the South Australian Film Corporation.[102] The planned release date is January 15, 2021.[103] In July 2019, Joe Taslim was cast as Sub-Zero,[104] and following month Ludi Lin, Mehcad Brooks, Tadanobu Asano, Sisi Stringer, Jessica McNamee and Josh Lawson were cast as Liu Kang, Jax, Raiden, Mileena, Sonya Blade and Kano, respectively.[105][106] Later in the month, it was announced that Chin Han was cast as Shang Tsung, Hiroyuki Sanada was cast as Scorpion,[107] and Lewis Tan was cast in an undisclosed role.[108] Jackie Chan Stunt Team member Max Huang was announced to play Kung Lao in the film on September 15, 2019, when it was announced that shooting has begun on the film.[109] Filming wrapped on December 13, 2019.[110]

Animated

An animated prequel to 1995's Mortal Kombat film, titled Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins, was released direct-to-video in the same year as the live-action movie.[111] In 2020, a standalone animated film, Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge, was released on digital and direct-to-video.[112]

Comics

A number of Mortal Kombat comic books were based on the video game series, including the official Mortal Kombat and Mortal Kombat II comic, books created by Tobias and advertised in the attract modes on early versions of the first two games. In 1994, Malibu Comics launched a licensed Mortal Kombat comic book series, spawning two six-issue series (Blood and Thunder and Battlewave), along with several miniseries and one-shot special issues dedicated to specific characters, until its publication ended in August 1995. Two more comics were also made as tie-ins for Mortal Kombat 4 and Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe,[113] and a new miniseries titled Blood Ties was published prior to the release of Mortal Kombat X in 2015.

Novels

Jeff Rovin penned a novelization of the first Mortal Kombat game, which was published in 1995 in order to coincide with the release of the movie, though the novel did not follow the movie plot.[114] Novelizations of both Mortal Kombat movies were written by Martin Delrio and Jerome Preisler.

Music

Mortal Kombat: The Album, a techno album based on the first game, was created for Virgin America by Lords of Acid members Praga Khan and Oliver Adams as The Immortals in 1994.[115] Its iconic theme "Techno Syndrome", incorporating the "Mortal Kombat!" yell first shown in the Mortal Kombat commercial for home systems, was first released in 1993 as a single and was also used as a theme music for the Mortal Kombat film series. Each movie had their own soundtracks (including the hit and award-winning compilation album Mortal Kombat: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), as had the second video game (Mortal Kombat II: Music from the Arcade Game Soundtrack). The 2011 video game saw the release of Mortal Kombat: Songs Inspired by the Warriors, a new soundtrack album featuring electronic music by various artists.

Television

Animated

An animated series titled Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm was released in 1996. It ran for one season.

Live-action

In 1998, Mortal Kombat: Conquest was released. It lasted only one season.[111] In 2010, Warner Premiere ordered a web series inspired by the Rebirth short, titled Mortal Kombat: Legacy and also directed by Kevin Tancharoen.[116] The series' first season was released for free on YouTube starting in April 2011, promoted by Machinima.com,[117] and the second season arrived in 2013.[118]

In 2014, Blue Ribbon Content have been developing a live-action series that was to tie in with Mortal Kombat X for a planned 2016 release, titled Mortal Kombat: Generations. The series, however, was not released.[119][120]

Other media

A stage show titled Mortal Kombat: Live Tour was launched at the end of 1995, expanded to 1996, and featured Mortal Kombat characters in a theatrical display on stage. Brady Games produced the collectible card game Mortal Kombat Kard Game in 1996.[121] Score Entertainment's 2005 collectible card game Epic Battles also used some of the Mortal Kombat characters.

Reception

Aggregate review scores
As of June 18, 2019.
Game GameRankings Metacritic
Mortal Kombat (GEN) 84.17%[122]
(SNES) 83.33%[123]
(SCD) 60.00%[124]
(GB) 42.17%[125] 		–
Mortal Kombat II (SNES) 85.87%[126]
(GEN) 85.62%[127]
(PS3) 68.40%[128]
(GB) 64.50%[129]
(SAT) 57.50%[130] 		(PS3) 72[131]
Mortal Kombat 3 (SNES) 80.23%[132]
(GEN) 76.67%[133]
(PS1) 70.33%[134] 		–
Mortal Kombat Mythologies (PS1) 53.20%[135]
(N64) 44.84%[136] 		–
Mortal Kombat 4 (N64) 76.07%[137]
(PS1) 75.75%[138]
(PC) 72.14%[139]
(DC) 54.97%[140]
(GBC) 46.00%[141] 		–
Mortal Kombat (PS1) 40.23%[142] (PS1) 28[143]
Mortal Kombat (GBA) 84.63%[144]
(Xbox) 82.68%[145]
(PS2) 81.99%[146]
(GC) 81.82%[147] 		(GBA) 81[148]
(Xbox) 81[149]
(GC) 81[150]
(PS2) 79[151]
Mortal Kombat (PS2) 82.00%[152]
(Xbox) 81.31%[153]
(GC) 77.43%[154]
(PSP) 70.88%[155] 		(PS2) 81[156]
(Xbox) 81[157]
(GC) 77[158]
(PSP) 70[159]
Mortal Kombat (Xbox) 80.64%[160]
(PS2) 78.70%[161] 		(Xbox) 78[162]
(PS2) 77[163]
Mortal Kombat (Xbox) 77.39%[164]
(PS2) 75.33%[165]
(Wii) 72.49%[166] 		(Xbox) 77[167]
(PS2) 75[168]
(Wii) 71[169]
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe (PS3) 77.87%[170]
(X360) 74.55%[171] 		(PS3) 76[172]
(X360) 72[173]
Mortal Kombat (2011) (Vita) 87.31%[174]
(PS3) 86.09%[175]
(X360) 85.67%[176] 		(X360) 86[177]
(Vita) 85[177]
(PS3) 84[178]
Mortal Kombat X (XONE) 85.97%[179]
(PS4) 84.18%[180]
(PC) 75.20%[181] 		(XONE) 86[182]
(PS4) 83[183]
(PC) 76[184]
Mortal Kombat 11 - (PS4) 82[185]
(XONE) 86[186]
(PC) 82[187]
(NS) 78[188]

Sales

Mortal Kombat has been one of the most successful fighting game franchises in video game history only trailing Bandai Namco's Tekken and Capcom's Street Fighter. It generated more than $4 billion by the late 1990s[189] and $5 billion in total revenue by 2000.[190] A particularly successful game was Mortal Kombat II, which had unprecedented opening week sales figures never seen before in the video game industry, for the first time beating the box office numbers of summer hit films.[191] The Mortal Kombat games, however, have sold poorly in Japan (Tobias blaming their "very americanized" character design[192]).

Mortal Kombat games have sold more than 6 million units by 1994[193] and 26 million by 2007,[24] and the figure has exceeded 30 million by 2012.[194] NetherRealm Studios' first two Mortal Kombat games have been their best selling games, with Mortal Kombat (2011) at six million units and Mortal Kombat X at 5 million units. As of 2015, following the release of Mortal Kombat X, the franchise had sold over 35 million units.[195]

Ratings, reviews, and awards

The 2008 edition of Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition awarded the Mortal Kombat series with seven world records, including "most successful fighting game series".[196] The franchise holds ten world records in the 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, including the "largest promotional campaign for a fighting video game" (Mortal Kombat 3), "highest grossing film based on a beat ‘em up video game" (Mortal Kombat 1996), and "most successful video game spin-off soundtrack album" (Mortal Kombat: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack).[197]

Numerous publications described it as one of the most important and also most violent series in the history of video games; in 2011, the staff of GameSpy wrote "its place in fighting game history is undeniable".[198] In 2009, GameTrailers ranked Mortal Kombat as the ninth top fighting game franchise[199] as well as the seventh bloodiest series of all time.[200] In 2012, Complex ranked Mortal Kombat as 37th best video game franchise overall, commenting on its "legendary status in video game history".[201] Mortal Kombat as a series was also ranked as the goriest video game ever by CraveOnline in 2009 and by G4tv.com in 2011;[202][203] including it on their list of the goriest games, Cheat Code Central commented that "Mortal Kombat had enough gore to simultaneously offend a nation and change gaming forever."[204]

Legacy and cultural impact

According to IGN, during the 1990s "waves of imitators began to flood the market, filling arcades with a sea of blood from games like Time Killers, Survival Arts, and Guardians of the Hood. Mortal Kombat had ushered in an era of exploitation games, both on consoles and in arcades, all engaging in a battle to see who can cram the most blood and guts onto a low-res screen."[1] Notable Mortal Kombat clones, featuring violent finishing moves and/or digitized sprites, included Bio F.R.E.A.K.S., BloodStorm, Cardinal Syn, Catfight, Eternal Champions, Kasumi Ninja, Killer Instinct, Mace, Primal Rage, Street Fighter: The Movie, Tattoo Assassins, Thrill Kill, Ultra Vortek, Way of the Warrior, and Midway's own War Gods.[205][206] John Tobias commented: "Some of the copycat products back then kind of came and went because, on the surface level, the violence will attract some attention, but if there's not much to the product behind it, you're not going to last very long."[32]

In a 2009 poll by GamePro, 21% of voters chose Mortal Kombat as their favorite fighting game series, ranking it third after Street Fighter and Tekken.[207] In 2012, Capcom's Street Fighter producer Yoshinori Ono said he is getting a lot of requests for Street Fighter vs. Mortal Kombat and understands why people want it, "but it's easier said than done. Having Chun Li getting her spine ripped out, or Ryu's head bouncing off the floor...it doesn't necessarily match."[208] In 2014, martial artist Frankie Edgar opined Mortal Kombat has been far superior to Street Fighter.[209]

The series and its characters are also referenced in the various other works of popular culture, such as in the title of Powerglove's debut album Metal Kombat for the Mortal Man and the Workaholics episode "Model Kombat". According to Complex in 2012, "Years ago, MK became a phenomenon far outside gaming circles alone. Its name has become recognizable enough to be name dropped on sitcoms (Malcolm in the Middle and Married... with Children), found in movies (Christian Slater plays MK4 in Very Bad Things), and used as part of cultural studies (see Justine Cassell and Henry Jenkins' book From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and Computer Games)."[29] It was also featured in the film Doom Generation. The name "Mortal Kombat" was even given to a dangerous illegal recreational drug that was introduced and caused multiple fatalities in early 2014.[210]

In 2012, Tobias said: "If you look at any other pop culture phenomenon—like if you look at the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, for instance—it became popular at the time right around when Mortal Kombat became popular, and it had its highs and lows, and here they are once again talking about a major motion picture. That's because of its place in pop culture. It's always there for someone to pick up, polish off, blow the dust off of it, and re-release it. And Mortal Kombat will always be that way. It'll be around 50 years from now."[32]

Competitive play

Fighting games have been a popular genre among tournaments since the late 90s. Mortal Kombat has its place in some of the world's biggest fighting game tournaments including Evo and Combo Breaker, as well as many local and online tournaments around the world. Since the 2011 Mortal Kombat game was released, the game has been one of the most popular games at these events. Between 2014 and 2017, the game was mostly absent from the tournament scene, due to NetherRealm Studios being focused on their Injustice series as their top priority;[211] Mortal Kombat games returned to Combo Breaker in 2018.[212]

Controversies

The series was subject of a major video game controversy[213] and several court cases, largely related to its extremely violent content, especially in relation to the original game which paved a way for the introduction of the ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) game rating system in 1994 as well as the Australian Classification Board.[30][214][215][216][217] Various games in the series, as well as advertisements for them, have been censored or banned in a number of countries. According to SuperData Research CEO Joost van Dreunen, "Because of the obvious rift between gamers on the one hand and adult society on the other, Mortal Kombat set the tone for what constituted gamer culture."[218]

In Germany , every Mortal Kombat game was banned for ten years from its release until 2015. Mortal Kombat (2011) is also banned in Brazil and South Korea , and has been banned in Australia until February 2013. MK11 is banned in Indonesia, Japan , China and Ukraine .[219][220]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Travis Fahs, The History of Mortal Kombat. Follow its bloody legacy from 1992 to present day., IGN, May 5, 2011
  2. ↑ "1UP Show: Mortal Kombat vs. DCU Impressions". November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707061209/http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/22707. Retrieved April 2, 2010. 
  3. ↑ Dunham, Jeremy (November 19, 2002). "Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance". p. 2,3. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100325053022/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/377/377892p1.html. Retrieved April 4, 2010. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Haynes, Jeff (October 6, 2006). "Mortal Kombat: Armageddon Review". p. 3. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100529025043/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/738/738086p3.html. Retrieved April 4, 2010. 
  5. ↑ Gerstmann, Jeff (November 22, 2002). "Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance Review". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213214/http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/mortalkombatdeadlyalliance/review.html?tag=tabs%3Breviews. Retrieved April 4, 2010. 
  6. ↑ Petit, Carolyn (November 20, 2008). "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Review". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213228/http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/mortalkombat/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review. Retrieved April 4, 2010. 
  7. ↑ Reynolds, Pat (March–April 2009). "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Strategy Guide by Pat Reynolds". Tips & Tricks (Larry Flynt Publications): 6, 21. 
  8. ↑ Webster, Andrew (August 23, 2010). "A gruesome return to form: hands-on with Mortal Kombat". Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100828151425/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2010/08/a-gruesome-return-to-form-hands-on-with-mortal-kombat.ars?comments=1. Retrieved August 28, 2010. 
  9. ↑ Ferry Groenendijk, "All Mortal Kombat 2011 Fatalities Babalities Guide (PS3, Xbox 360"[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}], Video Game Blogger, April 15, 2011.
  10. ↑ Xbox World 360 (January 6, 2011). "The secrets of gaming". Xbox World 360. ComputerAndVideoGames. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121025234511/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/281998/features/the-secrets-of-gaming/. 
  11. ↑ Jim Sterling, Ono: Mortal Kombat represents Western game design , Destructoid, 04.07.2011.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Midway (October 11, 2006). Mortal Kombat Premium Edition. Midway. Level/area: "The History of Fatalities" commentary. 
  13. ↑ Gertsmann, Jeff (October 24, 2008). "Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 Review". Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711071814/https://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/ultimatemortalkombat3/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review. Retrieved January 11, 2009. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "The History of Mortal Kombat - Mortal Kombat 3 (1995)". Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071005211458/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hist_mortalk/p15.html. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 
  15. ↑ Kasavin, Greg (October 4, 2004). "Mortal Kombat: Deception (Xbox) Review". Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090414174415/http://www.gamespot.com/xbox/action/mortalkombatdeception/review.html. Retrieved September 3, 2009. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Mayhew, Malcolm (September 14, 1992). "NEW `MORTAL KOMBAT' IS GORIER THAN 1ST ONE". Deseret News. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140715044918/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/375461/NEW-MORTAL-KOMBAT-IS-GORIER-THAN-1ST-ONE.html?pg=2. Retrieved September 2, 2009. 
  17. ↑ Mortal Kombat Deception Instruction Booklet. Midway Amusement Game, LLC. 2004. p. 15 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Midway (October 4, 2004). Mortal Kombat. Midway. Level/area: Konquehh. 
  19. ↑ Midway (1994). Mortal Kombat 2. Midway. Level/area: Opening sequence. 
  20. ↑ Midway (November 20, 2002). Mortal Kombat. Midway. Level/area: Reptile ending. 
  21. ↑ Midway (October 4, 2004). Mortal Kombat. Midway. Level/area: Opening Sequence. 
  22. ↑ Midway (April 4, 2007). Mortal Kombat. Midway. Level/area: Shujinko Bio. 
  23. ↑ Midway (October 11, 2006). Mortal Kombat. Midway. Level/area: Konquest. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Mortal Kombat: Ed Boon Interview". Official Nintendo Magazine. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071023152817/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/news_060707_mortal.html. Retrieved August 2, 2009. 
  25. ↑ Hryb, Larry (January 18, 2009). "Show #305 : The Maw and Ed Boon". majornelson.com. http://majornelson.com/index.php/2009/01/18/show-305-the-maw-and-ed-boone. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "An Oral History of ‘Mortal Kombat’" (in en-US). 2018-11-26. https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/an-oral-history-of-mortal-kombat. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 GamePro 58 (May 1994), page 28-31.
  28. ↑ Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. London: Guinness World Records. 2008. ISBN 978-1904994213. https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00guin_0. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Reyan Ali, Ed Boon's 12 Biggest Mortal Kombat Memories , Complex.com, September 12, 2012.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "GameMakers Mortal Kombat Episode #313". G4TV. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110806163531/http://www.g4tv.com/gamemakers/episodes/3446/Mortal-Kombat.html. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z7bAEMVRMU
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 "John Tobias, Mortal Kombat co-creator | Interview | The Gameological Society". Gameological.com. October 15, 2012. http://gameological.com/2012/10/interview-mortal-kombat-cocreator-john-tobias/. Retrieved July 23, 2013. 
  33. ↑ Alexander, Leigh (August 21, 2009). "Interview: Capcom 'Would Welcome' Return Of Street Fighter, Mortal Kombat Brand Rivalry". Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711071716/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=2484. Retrieved April 2, 2010. 
  34. ↑ Jeff Greeson and Cliff O'Neill, The History of Mortal Kombat - The Storyline, GameSpot, 2002.
  35. ↑ "John Tobias (@therealsaibot) on Twitter". Twitter.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131025130131/https://twitter.com/therealsaibot. Retrieved July 23, 2013. 
  36. ↑ "Ed Boon and John Tobias - The Men Behind Mortal Kombat". Hyper (Next Pub) 20. June 1995. 
  37. ↑ In Konversation: Mortal Kombat Online vs John Tobias - Part 2, Mortal Kombat Online, January 10, 2012.
  38. ↑ "Episode 123 of KOXM". Official Xbox Magazine. July 2008. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715030437/http://dl.oxmonline.com/oxmp_123_20080710.mp3. Retrieved October 21, 2009. 
  39. ↑ "Mortal Kombat Vs. DC Universe: Ed Boon interview". CraveOnline. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160301011636/http://www.craveonline.com/site/149888-mortal-kombat-vs-dc-universe-ed-boon-interview. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 
  40. ↑ Staff (June 1994). "The Minds Behind Mortal Kombat II". GamePro (59): 117. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Midway (October 11, 2006). Mortal Kombat. Midway. Level/area: Reptile Kombat Card video. 
  42. ↑ Elmer-Dewitt, Philip (June 24, 2001). "The Amazing Video Game Boom". TIME. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093158/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C162405%2C00.html. Retrieved November 30, 2009. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "The History of Mortal Kombat - Mortal Kombat II (1993)". Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071021084624/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hist_mortalk/p14.html. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 
  44. ↑ Jensen, K. Thor (February 11, 2011). "Fergality - The Most Gruesome Finishing Moves Ever". UGO.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110217233754/http://www.ugo.com/games/fergality. Retrieved October 3, 2014. "Here's a bizarre fatality that was just a rumor until very recently. The Sega Genesis port of Mortal Kombat was the version of choice for home consoles due to Nintendo stripping all of the blood out of the SNES version (and replacing it with sweat, eew). But the Genny version also had one very special fatality. With Raiden, entering a complex code would transform your opponent into... Fergus McGovern, one of the game's programmers. A fate worse than death!" 
  45. ↑ "Dad's Army Characters Sega CD Cheat Code from IGN". Uk.ign.com. December 2, 1993. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120324143201/http://uk.ign.com/cheats/games/mortal-kombat-1993-sega-cd-5611. Retrieved July 23, 2013. 
  46. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPehYWsviUk
  47. ↑ "The History of Mortal Kombat - Mortal Kombat 4 (1997)". Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071021084644/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hist_mortalk/p20.html. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 
  48. ↑ "Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks Review". Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130627194133/http://reviews.cnet.com/xbox-games/mortal-kombat-shaolin-monks/4505-9582_7-31447785-2.html. Retrieved November 23, 2009. "In addition, Dan "Toasty" Forden's voice returns once again to utter the famous line at all the right times." 
  49. ↑ "Noob Saibot - Top 11 Mortal Kombat Characters". UGO.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130319060304/http://www.ugo.com/games/mortal-kombat-characters-noob-saibot. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 
  50. ↑ Riddell, Roger (October 15, 2012). "Ed Boon, Mortal Kombat co-creator". The Gameological Society. http://gameological.com/2012/10/interview-mortal-kombat-cocreator-ed-boon/. Retrieved November 25, 2013. 
  51. ↑ "The History of Mortal Kombat - Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 (1995)". Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071021084634/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hist_mortalk/p16.html. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 
  52. ↑ Midway (October 11, 2006). Mortal Kombat. Midway. Level/area: Mokap Kombat Card video. 
  53. ↑ "TRMK Features - Interview Mortal Kombat X Ed Boon E3 2014". Trmk.org. http://www.trmk.org/features/interview_mortal_kombat_x_ed_boon_e3_2014/2/. Retrieved June 27, 2014. 
  54. ↑ Fahey, Mike (2018-12-06). "Mortal Kombat 11 Announced, Launching Globally April 23". https://kotaku.com/mortal-kombat-11-announced-launching-globally-april-23-1830923742. Retrieved 2018-12-06. 
  55. ↑ "Best matches for Mortal Kombat". http://www.gamefaqs.com/search/index.html?game=mortal+kombat&platform=0&s=s. Retrieved April 27, 2010. 
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External links




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