Software:Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation

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Short description: Computer program projects to halt the spread of the respiratory disease


Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation takes many forms. It includes mobile apps for contact tracing and notifications about infection risks, vaccine passports, software for enabling – or improving the effectiveness of – lockdowns and social distancing, Web software for the creation of related information services, and research and development software. A common issue is that few apps interoperate, reducing their effectiveness.

Contact tracing

A contact tracing app

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Design

Design decisions relate to issues such as privacy, data-storage and security. Apps are generally not interoperable.[1][2]

Use

Voluntary use by the public was ineffective.[3][4][5] A lack of features and bugs further reduced usefulness.[6]

Some apps include "check-ins" that enable exposure notifications when entering public venues such as fitness centres.[7] One such example is the We-Care project that used anonymity and crowdsourced information about which check-ins are essential, to alert exposed users.[8][9][10]

Digital vaccination certificates

Digital vaccine passports and vaccination certificates use software for verifying vaccination status.[4]

Such certificates were used to regulate access to events, buildings and services such as airplanes, concert venues and health clubs[4] and travel across borders.[11]

Hurdles

Given the uneven distribution of vaccines across jurisdictions, granting privileges based on vaccination status certification means that those with easier vaccine access have unfair access to those privileges.[12] If vaccination status is only verifiable using digital technology, those without that technology may also lose access even if they are vaccinated. Such privileging mechanisms may exacerbate inequality,[13] increase risks of deliberate infections or transmission,[11][14] Public health justifications for restricting behavior based on vaccine status have become less frequent over the course of the pandemic as vaccines do not stop transmission.

Design

Some teams are developing interoperable solutions, but this is not common.[4][15] Governments express concerns over data sovereignty.[16]

WHO established a "working group focused on establishing standards for a common architecture for a digital smart vaccination certificate to support vaccine(s) against COVID-19 and other immunizations".[13][17]

The COVID-19 Credentials Initiative hosted by Linux Foundation Public Health (LFPH) is a global initiative working to develop and deploy privacy-preserving, tamper-evident and verifiable credential certification projects based on the open standard Verifiable Credentials (VCs).[18][19][14]

Laurin Weissinger argued that it is important for such software to be fully free and open source, to clarify concepts and designs, to have it tested by security experts and to describe data that is collected and how it is used to build trust.[20] Jenny Wanger contended that it is essential for such software to be open source.[21] Jay Stanley affirmed this notion and warned that an "architecture that is not good for transparency, privacy, or user control" could set a "bad standard" for future credentialing systems.[22]

Websites

Web dashboards[23][24] are widely used for tracking the status of the pandemic.

The Wikimedia project Scholia provides a graphical interface around data in Wikidata – such as literature about a specific coronavirus protein – to help with research, research-analysis, data interoperability, applications, updates, and data-mining.[25][26]

A group of online archivists used open access PHP- and Linux-based shadow library Sci-Hub to create an archive of over 5000 articles about coronaviruses. Making the archive openly accessible is currently illegal.[27] Sci-Hub provides free full access for most scientific pandemic publications. Multiple scientific publishers created open access portals, including the Cambridge University Press,[28] the Europe branch of the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition,[29] The Lancet,[30] John Wiley and Sons,[31] and Springer Nature.[32]

Medical software

GNU Health

GNU Health patient main screen as of 2013

The open source, Qt-[33][34] and GTK-based GNU Health offer a variety of default features for use during pandemics.[24] It allows parties to pool efforts on a single, integrated program – instead of individual, programs for specific purposes. Existing features include a way for making clinical information available and update it in any health institution via a globally unique "Person Universal ID". It includes lab test templates and functionalities, digital signing and encryption.[35]

Vaccination management

Software helps manage vaccine distribution, including verifying the cold chain, and to record vaccination events.[36]

Screening

In China, Web-technologies were used to direct individuals to appropriate resources. Infrared thermal cameras are used to detect individuals with fever.[37] Machine learning has been used for diagnosis and risk prediction.[37]

Quarantining

Electronic monitoring has been used to manage quarantine adherence.Furthermore, various software designs may threaten civil liberties and infringe on privacy.[37] China informs individuals about whether and how long they must quarantine via a phone app and informs authorities about their compliance.[38]

Genomic data

SARS-CoV-2 mutations graph clades on Nextstrain

Nextstrain is an open source platform for pathogen genomic data such as about viral evolution and was used for research about novel variants.

Vaccine production

Software has been used in leaks and industrial espionage of vaccine-related data.[39] Machine learning has been applied to improve vaccine manufacturing productivity.[40]

Modelling

Software models and simulations for SARS-CoV-2, including spread,[41] functional mechanisms and properties,[42][43][41] efficacy of potential treatments,[43][41] transmission risks, vaccination modelling/monitoring, (computational fluid dynamics, computational epidemiology, computational biology/computational systems biology were developed by governments, universities, and companies.

Modelling software and related software is also used to evaluate impacts on the environment and the economy.

Distributed computing

The folding@home client

The volunteer distributed computing project Folding@home simulates protein folding. It was used for medical research. In March 2020 it became the world's first system to reach one exaFLOPS[44][45][46] and reached approximately 2.43 x86 exaFLOPS by 13 April 2020 – many times faster than Summit, the fastest supercomputer of that time.[47]

That month Rosetta@home joined the effort. Researchers announced that Rosetta@home allowed them to "accurately predict the atomic-scale structure of an important coronavirus protein weeks before it could be measured in the lab."[48]

In May 2020, the OpenPandemics—COVID-19 partnership was launched between Scripps Research and IBM's World Community Grid. The partnership is a distributed computing project that "will automatically run a simulated experiment in the background [of connected home PCs] that will help predict the efficacy of a particular chemical compound as a potential treatment for COVID-19."[49]

Drug repurposing research and drug development

Main pages: COVID-19 drug repurposing research, COVID Moonshot, and COVID-19 drug development#Computer-assisted research

Supercomputers – including Summit and Fugaku – have been used to explore potential treatments by running simulations with data on already-approved medications.[50][51][52][41][43] Two early examples of supercomputer consortia are:

  • The United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, NASA, industry, and nine universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from IBM, combined with cloud computing resources from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, for drug discovery.[53][54] The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium attempted to forecast disease spread, model vaccines, and screen thousands of chemical compounds.[53][54] The Consortium had used 437 petaFLOPS of computing power by May 2020.[55]
  • The C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute, an additional consortium of Microsoft, six universities (including MIT), and the National Center for Supercomputer Applications in Illinois, working under the auspices of artificial intelligence software company C3.ai pooled supercomputer resources toward drug discovery, medical protocol development and public health strategy improvement, as well as awarding grants for similar purposes.[56][57]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Faragher, Ramsey. "We Are Losing Sight Of What Contact Tracing Apps Are For" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/ramseyfaragher/2020/06/16/we-are-losing-sight-of-what-contact-tracing-apps-are-for/. 
  2. ↑ Ranisch, Robert; Nijsingh, Niels; Ballantyne, Angela; van Bergen, Anne; Buyx, Alena; Friedrich, Orsolya; Hendl, Tereza; Marckmann, Georg et al. (21 October 2020). "Digital contact tracing and exposure notification: ethical guidance for trustworthy pandemic management" (in en). Ethics and Information Technology 23 (3): 285–294. doi:10.1007/s10676-020-09566-8. ISSN 1572-8439. PMID 33106749. 
  3. ↑ "Too few Germans using coronavirus pandemic tracing app | DW | 17.09.2020". Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/too-few-germans-using-coronavirus-pandemic-tracing-app/a-54970227. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Vaccine passport apps are here. But the technical challenges are still coming.". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/vaccine-passport-apps-are-here-without-a-common-standard-tech-challenges-are-myriad/. 
  5. ↑ "96% of Canadians who test positive for coronavirus aren't using COVID Alert app properly". https://globalnews.ca/news/7697781/covid-alert-app-data-effectivness/. 
  6. ↑ "Corona-Warn-App 2.0: Check-in per QR-Code startet nach Ostern" (in de). https://t3n.de/news/corona-warn-app-20-check-in-qr-code-1367664/. 
  7. ↑ "Update der Corona-Warn-App: Anonym einchecken per QR-Code" (in de). https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/corona-warn-app-check-in-101.html. 
  8. ↑ "Coronavirus tracing apps prevalent outside the US, fail to gain foothold stateside" (in en-US). July 21, 2020. https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-tracing-apps-prevalent-outside-the-us-fail-to-gain-foothold-stateside/509-225174c3-40d9-4f64-b556-c3c2c3eab50c. 
  9. ↑ "UC Davis Computer Scientists Launch App To Help Slow Spread Of COVID-19" (in en-US). 2020-05-27. https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2020/05/27/uc-davis-app-covid-19-contact-tracing/. 
  10. ↑ "States Ramp Up Contact Tracing Amidst Privacy Concerns - State Net". https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/state-net/news/2020/05/28/States-Ramp-Up-Contact-Tracing-Amidst-Privacy-Concerns.page. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Covid-status certificates could lead to deliberate infections, scientists warn" (in en). The Guardian. 11 April 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/11/covid-status-certificates-could-lead-to-deliberate-infections-scientists-warn. 
  12. ↑ "Government calls for input into Covid-19 vaccine passports" (in en). ComputerWeekly.com. https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252497916/Government-calls-for-input-into-Covid-19-vaccine-passports. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cohen, Joshua. "Covid-19 Vaccine Passports Could Exacerbate Global Inequities" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshuacohen/2021/03/04/vaccine-passports-could-exacerbate-global-inequities/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Yeginsu, Ceylan (14 April 2021). "What Are the Roadblocks to a 'Vaccine Passport'?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/travel/covid-vaccine-passport-excelsior-pass.html. 
  15. ↑ Lerman, Rachel. "Vaccine passport apps are here. But the technical challenges are still coming.". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/02/vaccine-passports-apps-faq/. 
  16. ↑ "Covid-19 Vaccine Passports Are Coming. What Will That Mean?" (in en-us). Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/covid-19-vaccine-passports-are-coming-what-will-that-mean/. Retrieved 11 April 2021. 
  17. ↑ "Smart Vaccination Certificate Working Group" (in en). https://www.who.int/groups/smart-vaccination-certificate-working-group. 
  18. ↑ "COVID-19 Credentials initiative : Home". https://www.covidcreds.org/. 
  19. ↑ February 8, R. Dallon Adams in Innovation on (8 February 2021). "Open source "vaccine passports:" Linux Foundation Public Health talks development, security, and digitally restoring trust" (in en). https://www.techrepublic.com/article/open-source-vaccine-passports-linux-foundation-public-health-talks-development-security-and-digitally-restoring/. 
  20. ↑ "Vaccination passport apps could help society reopen—if they are secure, private and trusted" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2021-03-vaccination-passport-apps-society-reopenif.html. 
  21. ↑ Mzezewa, Tariro (4 February 2021). "Coming Soon: The 'Vaccine Passport'". https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/04/travel/coronavirus-vaccine-passports.html. 
  22. ↑ Elassar, Alaa. "ACLU warns 'a lot can go wrong' with digital vaccine passports". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/03/us/vaccine-passports-aclu-coronavirus/index.html. 
  23. ↑ "NASA COVID-19 Dashboards Give a View of the Virus's Effects from Above | NASA Applied Sciences" (in en). https://appliedsciences.nasa.gov/our-impact/story/nasa-covid-19-dashboards-give-view-viruss-effects-above. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "An introduction to GNU Health Embedded — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software". https://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2020/spring/gnu-health-embedded. 
  25. ↑ Waagmeester, Andra; Willighagen, Egon L.; Su, Andrew I.; Kutmon, Martina; Gayo, Jose Emilio Labra; Fernández-Álvarez, Daniel; Groom, Quentin; Schaap, Peter J. et al. (4 June 2020). "A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata, a case report". bioRxiv: 2020.04.05.026336. doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026336. https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR141188. Retrieved 10 April 2021. 
  26. ↑ Waagmeester, Andra; Willighagen, Egon L.; Su, Andrew I.; Kutmon, Martina; Gayo, Jose Emilio Labra; Fernández-Álvarez, Daniel; Groom, Quentin; Schaap, Peter J. et al. (22 January 2021). "A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata: aligning resources on human coronaviruses". BMC Biology 19 (12): 12. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y. PMID 33482803. 
  27. ↑ Bender, Maddie (2020-02-03). "'It's a Moral Imperative:' Archivists Made a Directory of 5,000 Coronavirus Studies to Bypass Paywalls". https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/z3b3v5/archivists-are-bypassing-paywalls-to-share-studies-about-coronaviruses. 
  28. ↑ "Coronavirus Free Access Collection". Cambridge University Press. 2020. https://www.cambridge.org/core/browse-subjects/medicine/coronavirus-free-access-collection. 
  29. ↑ "The Coronavirus and Open Science: Our reads and Open use cases". Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition Europe. March 2020. https://sparceurope.org/coronaopensciencereadsandusecases. 
  30. ↑ "The Lancet COVID-19 Resource Centre". Elsevier Inc.. April 2020. https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus. 
  31. ↑ "Covid-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak". John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. March 2020. https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 
  32. ↑ "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19". Springer Nature. 2020. https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus. 
  33. ↑ "MyGNUHealth PHR: A technical introduction". https://www.gnuhealthcon.org/2020-online/presentations/MyGNUHealth%20-%20GHCon2020.pdf. 
  34. ↑ "PIM / MyGNUHealth" (in en). https://invent.kde.org/pim/mygnuhealth/. 
  35. ↑ Falcón, Luis (9 April 2020). "Tackling the beast: Using GNU Health to help the fight against the | Joinup" (in en). https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/ehealth/news/tackling-beast-using-gnu-health-help-fight-against. 
  36. ↑ "COVID-19 vaccine rollout may be delayed - with IT system 'failing constantly'" (in en). Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-vaccine-rollout-may-be-delayed-with-it-system-failing-constantly-12164829. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Whitelaw, Sera; Mamas, Mamas A.; Topol, Eric; Spall, Harriette G. C. Van (1 August 2020). "Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response" (in English). The Lancet Digital Health 2 (8): e435–e440. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30142-4. ISSN 2589-7500. PMID 32835201. 
  38. ↑ Smith, Helen-Ann. "The 'green code' app: How China's Zero COVID policy is turning cities, parks, restaurants and shops into digitised fortresses" (in en). https://news.sky.com/story/the-green-code-app-how-chinas-zero-covid-policy-is-turning-cities-parks-restaurants-and-shops-into-digitised-fortresses-12724231. 
  39. ↑ Stubbs, Jack (10 December 2020). "Hackers steal Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine data in Europe, companies say" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ema-cyber-idUKKBN28J2Q7. 
  40. ↑ Service, Robert F. (7 August 2020). "AI invents new 'recipes' for potential COVID-19 drugs" (in en). Science | AAAS. https://www.science.org/content/article/ai-invents-new-recipes-potential-covid-19-drugs. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "Supercomputers, giant accelerators lend a hand in the fight against coronavirus" (in en). University of Chicago News. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/supercomputers-giant-accelerators-lend-hand-fight-against-coronavirus. 
  42. ↑ "UChicago chemists race to decode RNA of new coronavirus" (in en). University of Chicago News. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-chemists-race-decode-rna-new-coronavirus. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Gray, Ellen (28 May 2020). "NASA Supercomputers Power COVID-19 Research". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esd/2020/nasa-supercomputers-power-covid-19-research. 
  44. ↑ "Folding@Home Crushes Exascale Barrier, Now Faster Than Dozens of Supercomputers - ExtremeTech". www.extremetech.com. https://www.extremetech.com/computing/308332-foldinghome-crushes-exascale-barrier-now-faster-than-dozens-of-supercomputers. 
  45. ↑ "Folding@home crowdsourced computing project passes 1 million downloads amid coronavirus research". VentureBeat. 31 March 2020. https://venturebeat.com/2020/03/30/foldinghome-crowdsourced-computing-project-passes-1-million-downloads-amid-coronavirus-research/. 
  46. ↑ "The coronavirus pandemic turned Folding@Home into an exaFLOP supercomputer" (in en-us). Ars Technica. 14 April 2020. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/04/how-the-pandemic-revived-a-distributed-computing-project-and-made-history/. 
  47. ↑ Tung, Liam. "CERN throws 10,000 CPU cores at Folding@home coronavirus simulation project" (in en). ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/cern-throws-10000-cpu-cores-at-foldinghome-coronavirus-simulation-project/. 
  48. ↑ "Rosetta@home Rallies a Legion of Computers Against the Coronavirus" (in en-US). 2020-03-24. https://www.hpcwire.com/2020/03/24/rosettahome-rallies-a-legion-of-computers-against-the-coronavirus/. 
  49. ↑ "OpenPandemics - COVID-19". IBM. 2020. https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/opn1/overview.do. 
  50. ↑ "San Diego supercomputer uncovers several potential COVID-19 treatments" (in en). KGTV. 6 January 2021. https://www.10news.com/news/coronavirus/san-diego-supercomputer-uncovers-several-potential-covid-19-treatments. 
  51. ↑ "Japanese supercomputer finds 30 existing drugs potentially effective to treat COVID-19" (in en). Mainichi Daily News. 4 July 2020. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200704/p2a/00m/0na/010000c. 
  52. ↑ "World's fastest supercomputer finds 77 potential COVID-19 treatments". Futurism. https://futurism.com/neoscope/fastest-supercomputer-finds-potential-covid-treatments. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Sixteen supercomputers tackle coronavirus cures in the US". CNET (ViacomCBS). 23 March 2020. https://www.cnet.com/news/sixteen-supercomputers-tackle-coronavirus-cures-in-us/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium". The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium. 2020. https://covid19-hpc-consortium.org/. 
  55. ↑ Wiggers, Kyle (28 May 2020). "COVID-19 HPC Consortium pours 437 petaflops of compute power toward virus research". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/28/covid-19-hpc-consortium-pours-437-petaflops-of-compute-power-toward-virus-research/. 
  56. ↑ "C3.ai, Microsoft, and Leading Universities Launch C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute". 2020-03-26. https://c3.ai/c3-ai-microsoft-and-leading-universities-launch-c3-ai-digital-transformation-institute/. 
  57. ↑ "A.I. Versus the Coronavirus". The New York Times. 26 March 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/science/ai-versus-the-coronavirus.html. 

External links



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