Unsolved:Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Short description: Uses of drug ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ball-and-stick model of Ivermectin

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug that is well established for use in animals and people.[1] The World Health Organization (WHO),[2] the European Medicines Agency (EMA),[3] the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA),[4] and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)[5] all advise against using ivermectin in an attempt to treat or prevent COVID-19.

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, laboratory research suggested ivermectin might have a role in preventing or treating COVID-19.[6] Online misinformation campaigns and advocacy boosted the drug's profile among the public. While scientists and physicians largely remained skeptical, some nations adopted ivermectin as part of their pandemic-control efforts. Some people, desperate to use ivermectin without a prescription, took veterinary preparations, which led to shortages of supplies of ivermectin for animal treatment. The FDA responded to this situation by saying "You are not a horse" in a Tweet to draw attention to the issue, which they were later sued for.[7][8]

Subsequent research failed to confirm the utility of ivermectin for COVID-19,[9][10] and in 2021 it emerged that many of the studies demonstrating benefit were faulty, misleading, or fraudulent.[11][12] Nevertheless, misinformation about ivermectin continued to be propagated on social media and the drug remained a cause célèbre for anti-vaccinationists and conspiracy theorists.[13]

Research

Some in vitro drug screening studies early in the pandemic showed that ivermectin has antiviral effects against several distinct positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.[14] Subsequent studies found that ivermectin could inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2 in monkey kidney cell culture with an IC50 of 2.2–2.8 μM.[6][15]

However, doses much higher than the maximum approved or safely achievable for use in humans would be required for an antiviral effect while treating COVID-19.[16][17] Aside from practical difficulties, such high doses are not covered by current human-use approvals of the drug and may be toxic, as the antiviral mechanism of action is believed to be via the suppression of a host cellular process,[16] specifically the inhibition of nuclear transport by importin α/β1.[18][19][20] Several other drugs which inhibit importin α/β1 at therapeutic doses have failed clinical trials due to systemic toxicity and a narrow therapeutic window.[21]

To resolve uncertainties from previous small or poor-quality studies, (As of June 2021), large scale trials were underway in the United States and the United Kingdom.[22][23] A large randomised controlled trial ACTIV-6, published in October 2022, found ivermectin was not effective as a COVID-19 treatment.[24][25]

Research limitations, ethics and fraud

Many studies on ivermectin for COVID‑19 have serious methodological limitations, resulting in very low evidence certainty.[19][26][27][9] Several publications that supported the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID‑19 have been retracted due to errors, unverifiable data, and ethical concerns.[13][28][29]

Several high-profile publications purporting to demonstrate reduced mortality in COVID-19 patients were later retracted due to suspected data falsification.[30][31] This only added to confusion among the media and lay public,[29] as these publications had been widely cited by ivermectin supporters and included in meta-analyses.[28][13][32]

In January 2022, 22 inmates at the Washington County Detention Center in Arkansas filed a lawsuit over hundreds of ivermectin pills given to them as "vitamins" in 2020.[33]

In February 2022, the American Journal of Therapeutics issued expressions of concern against two positive systematic reviews of ivermectin for COVID-19 which it had published in 2021, because of suspicions about the underlying data that would undermine these papers' findings of benefit.[34][35][36]

In Mexico City the government distributed ivermectin widely as a COVID-19 treatment and published the observed results on the SocArXiv archive as a research paper. The paper was subsequently withdrawn by the archive citing concerns that it was unethical, as it effectively was an experiment carried out on people without gaining informed consent. Philip N. Cohen of the SocArXiv steering committee said "the article is of very poor quality or deliberately false and misleading" and that its removal was justified to prevent public harm.[37]

Clinical guidance

  • In February 2021, Merck, the developer of the drug, issued a statement saying that there is no good evidence ivermectin is effective against COVID‑19, and that attempting such use may be unsafe.[38][39]
  • After reviewing the evidence on ivermectin, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) advised against its use for prevention or treatment of COVID‑19 and that "the available data do not support its use for COVID‑19 outside well-designed clinical trials."[40] Consequently, ivermectin is not authorized for use to treat COVID‑19 within the European Union.[40]
  • Ivermectin is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in treating any viral illness,[41] and the U.S. National Institutes of Health COVID‑19 Treatment Guidelines state that there is insufficient evidence for ivermectin to allow for a recommendation for or against its use.[41]
  • In the United Kingdom, the national COVID‑19 Therapeutics Advisory Panel determined that the evidence base and plausibility of ivermectin as a COVID‑19 treatment were insufficient to pursue further investigations.[42]
  • In November 2023, the WHO updated its treatment guidelines to recommend strongly against the use of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment, due to a lack of research evidence or biological plausibility.[43]
  • The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, and Brazilian Thoracic Society issued position statements advising against the use of ivermectin for prevention or treatment of early-stage COVID‑19.[44][45][46]

COVID-19 and strongyloidiasis

There is one very specific circumstance in which ivermectin may be useful in the management of COVID-19. People infected with the Strongyloides stercoralis parasite are at risk for strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome (SHS) — a condition with a mortality rate as high as 90% — if given corticosteroids to treat COVID-19.[47] Strongyloidiasis affects as many as 370 million people worldwide, and it is usually subclinical or even asymptomatic.[48] However, it can become fatal in the setting of SHS, which can be triggered by the immunosuppression that results from the administration of corticosteroids.[49] In fact, multiple cases of SHS have been reported after the use of corticosteroids in the management of COVID-19 pneumonia.[50] For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO),[49] the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC),[51] the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)[52] and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)[53] all recommend presumptive treatment for strongyloidiasis with ivermectin in people at high or moderate risk of SHS before or in conjunction with corticosteroids in the management of COVID-19.[49] People who were born, resided, or had long-term travel in Southeast Asia, Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, South America, or the Caribbean are considered to be at high risk for SHS, while people from Central America, Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, Mexico, Middle East, North Africa, and the Indian subcontinent are considered to be at moderate risk.[49] In such cases, ivermectin is a treatment for strongyloidiasis, not for COVID-19.

Regulatory status and off-label use

Misinformation, lower degrees of trust, and a sense of despair over increasing case and death counts have led to an increase in ivermectin's use in Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America,[54][55] and South Africa. A black market has also developed in many of these countries where official approval has not been granted.[56]

The viral social media misinformation about ivermectin has gained particular attention in South Africa where an anti-vaccination group called "South Africa Has A Right To Ivermectin" has been lobbying for the drug to be made available for prescription.[42] Another group, the "Ivermectin Interest Group" launched a court case against the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA), and as a result a compassionate use exemption was granted. SAHPRA stated in April 2021 that "At present, there are no approved treatments for COVID-19 infections."[42] In September 2021, SAHPRA repeated warnings against fake news and misinformation and took up the FDA's stance about ivermectin.[57] Due to lacking evidence of efficacy and growing body of retracted pro-ivermectin papers, SAHPRA revoked the compassionate use program in May 2022.[58]

Despite the absence of high-quality evidence to suggest any efficacy and advice to the contrary, some governments have allowed its off-label use for prevention and treatment of COVID‑19. Countries that have granted such official approval for ivermectin include the Czech Republic,[56] Slovakia,[56] Mexico,[59] Peru (later rescinded),[60][61] India[62][63] (later rescinded),[64] and the Philippines.[65] Cities that have launched campaigns of massive distribution of ivermectin include Cali, Colombia;[66] and Itajai, Brazil.[67]

In Arkansas in 2021, a prison doctor prescribed ivermectin for inmates without their consent. A legal action brought on the inmates' behalf by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was settled with the prison authorities paying compensation. The ACLU said the outcome was "victory for civil rights and medical ethics".[68]

Ivermectin is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in treating any viral illness and is not authorized for use to treat COVID-19 within the European Union.[40] After reviewing the evidence on ivermectin, the EMA said that "the available data do not support its use for COVID-19 outside well-designed clinical trials".[40] The World Health Organization also said that ivermectin should not be used to treat COVID-19 except in a clinical trial.[69] The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, and Brazilian Thoracic Society issued position statements advising against the use of ivermectin for prevention or treatment of early-stage COVID-19.[44][45][46]

Several Latin American government health organizations recommended ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment based, in part, on preprints and anecdotal evidence; these recommendations were later denounced by the Pan American Health Organization.[29][70]

In the United States, an analysis of prescribing data suggested the influence of political affiliation, as Republican-voting areas saw a pronounced surge in ivermectin (and hydroxychloroquine) prescription in 2020.[71]

Human use of veterinary products

Food and Drug Administration 201x logo.svg
 U.S. FDA Twitter
@US_FDA

You are not a horse. You are not a cow. Seriously, y'all. Stop it.

21 August 2021[72]

As people began using veterinary preparations of ivermectin for personal use stocks began to decline, requiring vendors to ration their sales and raise prices.[7] In the United States supplies of horse dewormer paste began to run low as people used it for themselves; some vendors required their customers to show a picture of themselves and their horses together, to provide assurance they were purchasing the paste for animal use.[73][74]

In August 2021 the CDC issued a health alert prompted by a sharp rise in calls to poison control centres about ivermectin poisoning. The CDC described two cases requiring hospitalization; in one, a person had drunk an injectable ivermectin product intended for use in cattle.[75]

In August 2021, the FDA tweeted "You are not a horse. You are not a cow. Seriously, y'all. Stop it". Following a legal challenge from ivermectin-prescribing doctors, in August 2023 a US court found the FDA had exceeded its authority by posting the tweet, which they said amounted to medical advice, and that doctors could prescribe whatever they wanted.[8] Remarks made during the legal proceedings were misrepresented on social media to claim that the FDA had somehow reversed its position on ivermectin and COVID-19, which in reality remained unchanged.[76]

Intellectual property and economics

As the patent on ivermectin has expired, generic drug manufacturers have been able to enjoy significantly increased revenue prompted by the spike in demand. One Brazilian company, Vitamedic Industria Farmaceutica, saw its annual revenue from ivermectin sales increase more than fivefold in 2020 to, US$85 million.[77]

In Australia in 2020 Thomas Borody, a professor and gastroenterologist, announced that he had discovered a "cure" for COVID-19: a combination of ivermectin, doxycycline and zinc. In a media interview Borody stated "The biggest thing about this is no one will make money from this".[78] It later emerged that Topelia Australia, Borody's company, had filed a patent for the drug combination.[78][79] Borody was accused of not adequately disclosing his conflict of interest.[80]

In October 2021 a large network of companies selling hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin was disclosed in the US, targeting primarily right-wing and vaccine-hesitant groups through social media and conspiracy videos by anti-vaccine activists such as Simone Gold. The network had 72,000 customers who collectively paid $15 million for consultations and medications.[81]

Misinformation and advocacy

Ivermectin became a cause célèbre for right-wing figures promoting it as a supposed COVID treatment.[13] Misinformation about ivermectin's efficacy spread widely on social media, fueled by publications that have since been retracted,[29][28] misleading "meta-analysis" websites with substandard methods,[19][82] and conspiracy theories about efforts by governments and scientists to "suppress the evidence."[83][84]

Social media advocacy

Ivermectin has been championed by a number of social media influencers.

Bret Weinstein took ivermectin live on YouTube while co-hosting the "Dark Horse" podcast.[85]

American podcaster and author Bret Weinstein took ivermectin during a livestream video and said both he and his wife Heather Heying had not been vaccinated because of their fears concerning COVID-19 vaccines.[85] In response, YouTube demonetized the channel.[86]

In the United Kingdom, retired nurse educator and YouTuber John Campbell has posted videos carrying false claims about the use of ivermectin in Japan as a possible cause of a "miracle" decline in cases. In reality there is no evidence of ivermectin use in Japan and it is not approved as a COVID-19 treatment.[87] In February 2022, reports also appeared falsely claiming that the Japanese company Kowa had been able to evidence the efficacy of ivermectin in a phase III trial.[88]

Misleading meta-analysis websites

During the pandemic, a number of misleading websites appeared purporting to show meta-analyses of clinical evidence in favor of ivermectin's use in treating COVID-19.[19][82] The sites in question had anonymous owners, multiple domains which redirected to the same content, and used many colourful, but misleading, graphics to communicate their point.[19][89] The web servers used for these sites are the same as those previously used to spread misinformation about hydroxychloroquine.[90]

While these sites gained traction among many non-scientists on social media, they also violated many of the basic norms of meta-analysis methodology. Notably, many of these sites included studies with widely different dosages of the treatment, an open-label design (in which experimenters and participants both know who is in the control group), poor-quality control groups (such as another untested treatment which may worsen outcomes), or no control group at all.[82] Another issue is the inclusion of multiple ad-hoc un-published trials which did not undergo peer-review, and which had different incompatible outcome measures.[91] Such methodological problems are known to distort the findings of meta-analyses and cause spurious or false findings.[92] The misinformation communicated by these sites created confusion among the public and policy makers.[19]

Fake endorsements

William C. Campbell, nobel laureate and co-inventor of ivermectin. A fake tweet circulated purporting to show he supported ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment.

On Twitter, a tweet spread with a photograph of William C. Campbell, the co-inventor of ivermectin, alongside a fabricated quotation saying that he endorsed ivermectin as a COVID treatment. Campbell reacted by saying "I utterly despise and deny the remarks attributed to me on social media" adding that his field of expertise was not virology so he would never comment in such a way.[93][94]

In February 2022 a report was broadcast by Australia's Nine Network about Queen Elizabeth II having COVID-19. The segment featured Mukesh Haikerwal and included an intercut image of a box of ivermectin tablets, leading antivaxxers to spread the idea via social media that ivermectin was being specially used, as a "treatment fit for a queen". Haikerwal stated that he rejected ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment, and the network issued an apology to him, saying the ivermectin image has been included "as a result of human error".[95]

Scientists targeted

In July 2021 Andrew Hill, a senior research fellow at Liverpool University, published a meta-analysis of ivermectin use for COVID which suggested it may be beneficial.[96][42] However, as research fraud subsequently emerged in some studies included in the meta-analysis, Hill revised his analysis to discount the suspect evidence, and found the apparent success of ivermectin evaporated as a result. Writing for The Guardian , Hill recounted how the revision led to him being attacked on social media as being supposedly in the pay of Bill Gates, and how he was sent photos of coffins and hanged nazis.[97]

Epidemiologist Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz has identified ivermectin as being one of the most politicized topics in the pandemic, alongside vaccination. Meyerowitz-Katz has used social media to publicize flaws in ivermectin research and as a result, he says, has received more death threats than for any other topic he has engaged with.[96]

Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance

In December 2020, the chair of the US Senate Homeland Security Committee, Ron Johnson, used a Senate hearing to promote fringe theories about, and unproven treatments for, COVID-19, including ivermectin.[98] Among the witnesses was Pierre Kory, a pulmonary and critical care doctor, who erroneously described ivermectin as "miraculous" and a "wonder drug" to be used against COVID-19. Video footage of his statements went viral on social media, receiving over one million views as of 11 December 2020.[83]

In the United States, the use of ivermectin for COVID-19 is championed by an organization led by Kory called Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC),[42] which promotes "the global movement to move #Ivermectin into the mainstream".[84] The effort went viral on social media, where it was adopted by COVID deniers, anti-vaccination proponents, and conspiracy theorists.[84] A review article by FLCCC members on the efficacy of ivermectin, which had been provisionally accepted by a Frontiers in Pharmacology, was subsequently rejected on account of what the publisher called "a series of strong, unsupported claims based on studies with insufficient statistical significance" meaning that the article did "not offer an objective [or] balanced scientific contribution to the evaluation of ivermectin as a potential treatment for COVID-19".[99] David Gorski wrote that the narrative of ivermectin as a "miracle cure" for COVID-19 is a "metastasized" version of a similar conspiracy theory around the drug hydroxychloroquine, in which unspecified powers are thought to be suppressing news of the drug's effectiveness for their own profit.[100]

Pfizer's drug development

Conspiracy theorists on the internet have claimed that Pfizer's anti-COVID-19 drug paxlovid is merely "repackaged ivermectin". Their claims are based on a narrative that Pfizer is suppressing the true benefits of ivermectin and rely on superficial correspondences between the drugs and a misunderstanding of their respective pharmokinetics.[101] Paxlovid is a combination drug of two small-molecule antiviral compounds (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) which have no connection to ivermectin.[102]

Aftermath

The widespread misconduct found in ivermectin/COVID-19 research has prompted introspection within the scientific community.[103]

Australian epidemiologist Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz wrote "There are no two ways about it: Science is flawed". Meyerowitz-Katz estimates that as of December 2021, credence in flawed research had led to ivermectin being perhaps the most used medication worldwide during the pandemic, and that the scale of the problem suggested a radical rethink was needed of how medical research was assessed.[104]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Appendix – COVID-19-Directed Medications" (in en). Neurological Care and the COVID-19 Pandemic (1st ed.). Elsevier. 2021. pp. 173–174. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-82691-4.00016-9. ISBN 978-0-323-82691-4. "The WHO, the European Medicines Agency, and the IDSA all recommend against the use of ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19, with the NIH stating that there is insufficient data to recommend for or against its use outside the context of a clinical trial."  (Subscription content?)
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  3. ↑ "EMA advises against use of ivermectin for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outside randomised clinical trials". Amsterdam. 22 March 2021. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-advises-against-use-ivermectin-prevention-treatment-covid-19-outside-randomised-clinical-trials. 
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  37. ↑ "Falso y engañoso estudio del GobCDMX sobre Ivermectina para tratar Covid" (in es). Capital CDMX. 4 February 2022. https://capital-cdmx.org/falso-y-enganoso-estudio-del-gobcdmx-sobre-ivermectina-para-tratar-covid/. 
  38. ↑ Gorski DH (15 April 2021). "Ivermectin is the new hydroxychloroquine". Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/ivermectin-is-the-new-hydroxychloroquine/. 
  39. ↑ "Merck Statement on Ivermectin use During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Merck. 4 February 2021. https://www.merck.com/news/merck-statement-on-ivermectin-use-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 "EMA advises against use of ivermectin for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outside randomised clinical trials" (Press release). European Medicines Agency. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel's Statement on the Use of Ivermectin for the Treatment of COVID-19". National Institutes of Health. 14 January 2020. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/statement-on-ivermectin/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 "Covid-19: Ivermectin's politicisation is a warning sign for doctors turning to orphan treatments". BMJ 373: n747. April 2021. doi:10.1136/bmj.n747. PMID 33795225. 
  43. ↑ "WHO updates its guidance on treatments for COVID-19". BMJ. 9 November 2023. https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/who-updates-its-guidance-on-treatments-for-covid-19/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Anvisa se manifesta contra o uso da ivermectina na Covid-19" (in Portuguese). PEBMED. 13 July 2020. https://pebmed.com.br/anvisa-se-manifesta-contra-o-uso-da-ivermectina-na-covid-19. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Atualizações e Recomendações sobre a Covid-19" (in Portuguese). Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. 9 December 2020. https://infectologia.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/atualizacoes-e-recomendacoes-covid-19.pdf. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia Sobre o Colapso em Manaus e Tratamento Preventivo e Precoce da Covid-19" (in Portuguese). Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. 17 January 2021. https://pebmed.com.br/anvisa-se-manifesta-contra-o-uso-da-ivermectina-na-covid-19/. 
  47. ↑ "Comparison of Trials Using Ivermectin for COVID-19 Between Regions With High and Low Prevalence of Strongyloidiasis: A Meta-analysis". JAMA Network Open 5 (3): e223079. 2022. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3079. PMID 35311963. 
  48. ↑ Eslahi, Aida Vafae; Badri, Milad; Nahavandi, Kareem Hatam; Houshmand, Elham; Dalvand, Sahar; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Johkool, Morteza Ghanbari; Asadi, Negar et al. (2021). "Prevalence of strongyloidiasis in the general population of the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Pathogens and Global Health 115 (1): 7–20. doi:10.1080/20477724.2020.1851922. PMID 33433291. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Ashok Moloo (17 December 2020). "A parasitic infection that can turn fatal with administration of corticosteroids". Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2020-a-parasitic-infection-that-can-turn-fatal-with-administration-of-corticosteroids. 
  50. ↑ Czeresnia, Jonathan M.; Weiss, Louis M. (2022). "Strongyloides stercoralis". Lung 200 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1007/s00408-022-00528-z. PMID 35396957. 
  51. ↑ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2018). Public health guidance on screening and vaccination for infectious diseases in newly arrived migrants within the EU/EEA (Report). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. p. 40. doi:10.2900/154411. ISBN 978-92-9498-280-3. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Public%20health%20guidance%20on%20screening%20and%20vaccination%20of%20migrants%20in%20the%20EU%20EEA.pdf. Retrieved 12 May 2023. 
  52. ↑ Covid -, O.; Table, S. A.; Biologics Clinical Practice Guidelines Working Group (2021). "Ivermectin treatment for Strongyloides infection in patients with COVID-19". Canada Communicable Disease Report 47 (7/8): 316–321. doi:10.14745/ccdr.v47i78a04. PMID 34667442. 
  53. ↑ "Presumptive Treatment and Screening for Strongyloidiasis, Infections Caused by Other Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomiasis among Newly Arrived Refugees". Atlanta. 16 March 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/intestinal-parasites-domestic.html. 
  54. ↑ "Latin America's embrace of an unproven COVID treatment is hindering drug trials". Nature 586 (7830): 481–482. October 2020. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02958-2. PMID 33077974. Bibcode: 2020Natur.586..481M. 
  55. ↑ "COVID-19 and the rush for self-medication and self-dosing with ivermectin: A word of caution". One Health (Elsevier BV) 10: 100148. December 2020. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100148. PMID 32632377. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "The rise and fall of a coronavirus 'miracle cure'". 30 March 2021. https://www.politico.eu/article/rise-and-fall-of-coronavirus-miracle-cure-ivermectin/. 
  57. ↑ "FDA's stance on ivermectin aligned to SAHPRA's position" (in en-US). 2021-09-03. https://www.sahpra.org.za/press-releases/fdas-stance-on-ivermectin-aligned-to-sahpras-position/. 
  58. ↑ "SAHPRA statement on the termination of the "Ivermectin Controlled Compassionate Use Access Programme" -" (in en-US). 2022-05-30. https://www.sahpra.org.za/press-releases/sahpra-statement-on-the-termination-of-the-ivermectin-controlled-compassionate-use-access-programme/. 
  59. ↑ "Médicos en CDMX suministran ivermectina y azitromicina para tratar pacientes con COVID-19" (in es). 22 January 2021. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/medicos-en-cdmx-suministran-ivermectina-y-azitromicina-para-tratar-pacientes-con-covid-19/. 
  60. ↑ Andina (13 October 2020). "Covid-19: Minsa aprueba resolución que deja sin efecto el uso de tres medicamentos" (in Spanish). Agencia Peruana de Noticias. https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-covid19-minsa-aprueba-resolucion-deja-sin-efecto-uso-tres-medicamentos-817584.aspx. 
  61. ↑ Calderon, Dalma (22 January 2021). "Ivermectina vuelve a ser incluida en tratamiento covid-19" (in es). Diario Extra (Extra). https://www.extra.com.pe/actualidad/ivermectina-vuelve-a-ser-incluida-en-tratamiento-covid-19/. 
  62. ↑ "Indian states turn to anti-parasitic drug to fight COVID-19 against WHO advice". Reuters. 13 May 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-states-turn-anti-parasitic-drug-fight-covid-19-against-who-advice-2021-05-13/. 
  63. ↑ "Fact check: No link between India's falling COVID-19 cases and hydroxychloroquine". USA Today. 21 May 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/05/21/fact-check-india-covid-19-cases-hydroxychloroquine-not-related/5173021001/. 
  64. ↑ "DGHS drops Ivermectin, Doxycycline from Covid-19 treatment; ICMR rules unchanged". 7 June 2021. https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/revised-health-ministry-guidelines-stop-usage-of-ivermectin-doxycycline-in-covid-treatment-1811809-2021-06-07. 
  65. ↑ "FDA approves drug company's request to manufacture ivermectin". 7 May 2021. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/05/07/news/fda-approves-drug-companys-request-to-manufacture-ivermectin/871215. 
  66. ↑ Casa Editorial El País Cali. "Empezarán a usar Ivermectina en tratamiento de pacientes covid en Cali, dice Ospina" (in spanish). elpais.com.co (El País). https://www.elpais.com.co/ultimo-minuto/empezaran-a-usar-ivermectina-en-tratamiento-de-pacientes-covid-en-dice-ospina.html. 
  67. ↑ Prefeitura de Itajaí (6 July 311). "Itajaí vai implantar tratamento profilático à COVID-19 | Município de Itajaí". Prefeitura de Itajaí. https://itajai.sc.gov.br/noticia/25433/itajai-vai-implantar-tratamento-profilatico-a-covid-19#.YcOoomiZPIU. 
  68. ↑ "US prisoners who did not consent to ivermectin Covid treatment win payout". The Guardian. 10 October 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/10/arkansas-prison-covid-ivermectin-lawsuit. 
  69. ↑ "WHO advises that ivermectin only be used to treat COVID-19 within clinical trials". World Health Organization. 31 March 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-advises-that-ivermectin-only-be-used-to-treat-covid-19-within-clinical-trials. 
  70. ↑ "Lancet, NEJM Retract Surgisphere Studies on COVID-19 Patients". https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/lancet-retracts-surgispheres-study-on-hydroxychloroquine-67613. 
  71. ↑ "Association of County-Level Prescriptions for Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin With County-Level Political Voting Patterns in the 2020 US Presidential Election". JAMA Intern Med 182 (4): 452–454. February 2022. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0200. PMID 35179552. 
  72. ↑ U.S. FDA [@US_FDA] (21 August 2021). "You are not a horse. You are not a cow. Seriously, y'all. Stop it.". https://twitter.com/US_FDA/status/1429050070243192839. 
  73. ↑ "US horse owners face ivermectin shortage as humans chase unproven Covid 'cure'". The Guardian. 20 September 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/20/ivermectin-shortage-horse-owners-covid. 
  74. ↑ "'You are not a horse': FDA tells Americans stop taking dewormer for Covid". The Guardian. 23 August 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/aug/23/fda-horse-message-ivermectin-covid-coronavirus. 
  75. ↑ "Rapid Increase in Ivermectin Prescriptions and Reports of Severe Illness Associated with Use of Products Containing Ivermectin to Prevent or Treat COVID-19". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26 August 2021. https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2021/han00449.asp. 
  76. ↑ "Ivermectin still not FDA-approved to treat COVID". Reuters. 30 August 2023. https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-fda-ivermectin-covid-idUSL1N3AB1PS. 
  77. ↑ "Ivermectin Doesn't Help Covid, But Generic Drug Makers Are Cashing In". Bloomberg Businessweek. 13 October 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-13/ivermectin-demand-sends-sales-soaring-for-foreign-generic-drugmakers. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Alexander, Harriet (22 October 2021). "How a false science 'cure' became Australia's contribution to the pandemic". Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-a-false-science-cure-became-australia-s-contribution-to-the-pandemic-20211013-p58zp3.html. 
  79. ↑ "Topelia Australia launches US$25M Series A call for COVID-19 ATT Ziverdox" (in en-US). https://www.biospace.com/article/topelia-australia-launches-us-25m-series-a-call-for-covid-19-att-ziverdox/. 
  80. ↑ "Doctor who advocated Covid-19 therapy including ivermectin applied for patent on same unproven treatment" (in en). The Guardian. 2021-10-18. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/oct/18/doctor-who-advocated-covid-19-therapy-including-ivermectin-applied-for-patent-on-same-unproven-treatment. 
  81. ↑ "Network of Right-Wing Health Care Providers Is Making Millions Off Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin, Hacked Data Reveals" (in en-US). 2021-09-28. https://theintercept.com/2021/09/28/covid-telehealth-hydroxychloroquine-ivermectin-hacked/. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 "Ivermectin against COVID-19: The unprecedented consequences in Latin America". One Health 13: 100250. December 2021. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100250. PMID 33880395. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "No evidence ivermectin is a miracle drug against COVID-19". AP News. 11 December 2020. https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9768999400. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 "What is Ivermectin? Why social media creates Covid 'miracle drugs' – and why you shouldn't trust the crowd". inews.co.uk. 24 February 2021. https://inews.co.uk/news/health/invermectin-tablets-what-covid-miracle-drug-social-media-explained-882700. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Why Is the Intellectual Dark Web Suddenly Hyping an Unproven COVID Treatment?". 24 June 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx5z5y/why-is-the-intellectual-dark-web-suddenly-hyping-an-unproven-covid-treatment. 
  86. ↑ "The Ivermectin Advocates' War Has Just Begun" (in en). 1 July 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3d5gv/ivermectin-covid-treatment-advocates-rogan-weinstein-hecker. 
  87. ↑ "Did mutations or ivermectin help stamp out Delta in Japan?". Newshub. 26 November 2021. https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2021/11/coronavirus-fact-check-did-mutations-or-ivermectin-help-stamp-out-delta-in-japan.html. 
  88. ↑ "Ivermectin-Studie geht viral – sie ist aber irreführend" (in de). watson.ch. 4 February 2022. https://www.watson.ch/schweiz/international/836052271-corona-ivermectin-studie-geht-irrefuehrend-viral. 
  89. ↑ "Ivermectin and COVID-19: How a Flawed Database Shaped the Pandemic Response of Several Latin-American Countries - Blog". https://www.isglobal.org/en/healthisglobal/-/custom-blog-portlet/ivermectin-and-covid-19-how-a-flawed-database-shaped-the-covid-19-response-of-several-latin-american-countries/2877257/0. 
  90. ↑ "Why Is the Intellectual Dark Web Suddenly Hyping an Unproven COVID Treatment?". Vice. 24 June 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx5z5y/why-is-the-intellectual-dark-web-suddenly-hyping-an-unproven-covid-treatment. 
  91. ↑ "Will Ivermectin Cure COVID-19?". https://opmed.doximity.com/articles/will-ivermectin-cure-covid-19. 
  92. ↑ "Analysing Data and Undertaking Meta-Analyses". Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 26 September 2008. pp. 243–296. doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch9. ISBN 9780470712184. 
  93. ↑ "Drew University Nobel Prize Winner Refutes Ivermectin Meme". Drew University. September 2021. https://drew.edu/stories/2021/09/09/drew-university-nobel-prize-winner-refutes-ivermectin-meme/. 
  94. ↑ "False meme: Nobel laureate did not say ivermectin 'cures' covid-19". Washington Post. 8 September 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/09/08/false-meme-nobel-laureate-did-not-say-ivermectin-cures-covid-19/. 
  95. ↑ "Nine Network apologises for 'error' suggesting Queen may have used ivermectin to treat Covid". The Guardian. 22 February 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/22/nine-network-apologises-after-accidentally-implying-queen-used-ivermectin-to-treat-covid. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 "'I hope you die': how the COVID pandemic unleashed attacks on scientists". Nature 598 (7880): 250–253. 13 October 2021. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02741-x. PMID 34645996. Bibcode: 2021Natur.598..250N. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02741-x. Retrieved 3 January 2022. 
  97. ↑ "How my ivermectin research led to Twitter death threats". The Guardian. 13 October 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/how-my-ivermectin-research-led-to-twitter-death-threats. 
  98. ↑ "The election is over, but Ron Johnson keeps promoting false claims of fraud.". The New York Times. 17 December 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/16/technology/the-election-is-over-but-ron-johnson-keeps-promoting-false-claims-of-fraud.html. 
  99. ↑ "Frontiers Removes Controversial Ivermectin Paper Pre-Publication". The Scientist. 2 March 2021. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/frontiers-removes-controversial-ivermectin-paper-pre-publication-68505. Retrieved 23 December 2021. 
  100. ↑ "2020 and the pandemic: A year of (some) physicians behaving badly". 28 December 2020. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/2020-and-the-pandemic-a-year-of-physicians-behaving-badly/. 
  101. ↑ "Pfizer's new COVID-19 protease inhibitor drug is not just 'repackaged ivermectin'". Science-Based Medicine. 15 November 2021. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/pfizer-new-covid-19-protease-inhibitor-drug-is-not-just-repackaged-ivermectin/. 
  102. ↑ "Pfizer's new pill to prevent COVID-19 is not the same as ivermectin" (in en). AP NEWS. 1 October 2021. https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-067310377629. 
  103. ↑ "How bad research clouded our understanding of Covid-19". Vox. 17 December 2021. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22776428/ivermectin-science-publication-research-fraud. 
  104. ↑ Meyerowitz-Katz G (11 December 2021). "'Science is flawed': COVID-19, ivermectin, and beyond". Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/science-is-flawed-covid-19-ivermectin-and-beyond. 

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