Earth:Pierre Shale
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Short description: Geologic formation of the Upper Cretaceous from Pembina Valley in Canada to New Mexico, USA
| Pierre Shale Stratigraphic range: Campanian-Maastrichtian | |
|---|---|
 A broken concretion with fossils inside; Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale near Ekalaka, Montana | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Sub-units | From oldest to youngest:[1]
|
| Underlies | Fox Hills Formation |
| Overlies | Niobrara Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Shale |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] 44°23′42″N 100°24′43″W / 44.395°N 100.412°W |
| Region | North America |
| Country |  United States,  Canada |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Fort Pierre |
| Named by | Meek & Hayden, 1862 |
| Lua error in Module:Location_map/multi at line 27: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/South Dakota" does not exist. | |
Baculites from the Pierre Shale showing sutures and remnant aragonite; western South Dakota, Late Cretaceous.
The Pierre Shale is a geologic formation or series in the Upper Cretaceous which occurs east of the Rocky Mountains in the Great Plains, from Pembina Valley in Canada [2] to New Mexico.
The Pierre Shale was described by Meek and Hayden in 1862 in the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences (Philadelphia). They described it as a dark-gray shale, fossiliferous, with veins and seams of gypsum, and concretions of iron oxide. The Pierre Shale is about 3,138 feet (956m) thick at the type locality. It overlies the Niobrara division and underlies the Fox Hills beds.[1] It was named for an occurrence near Fort Pierre on the Missouri River in South Dakota.[3]
The Pierre Shale is of marine origin and was deposited in the Western Interior Seaway. It is correlative with other marine shales that occur farther west, such as the Bearpaw Shale, Mancos Shale and the Lewis Shale.[4] It correlates with the Lea Park Formation in central Alberta.[5] The Pierre is overlain by marginal marine deposits of the Fox Hills Formation.
Most of the formation was deposited in the Campanian Age of the late Cretaceous. However, the discovery of fossils of Baculites baculus in the uppermost beds of the Pierre Shale in the Raton, New Mexico area show that deposition continued here into the early Maastrichtian.[6]
Mineral resources
The Pierre Shale is the host formation for commercial petroleum deposits in the Florence and Canon City fields in Fremont County, Colorado, and the Boulder Oil Field in Boulder County, Colorado. More recently, natural gas has been extracted in the Raton Basin in southern Colorado. The shale formation is usually too impermeable for hydrocarbon extraction, but produces in areas where it is naturally fractured or fractured by artificial means.
Paleofauna
Reptiles
Dinosaurs
| Birds reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|
B. varneri |
South Dakota |
Sharon Springs Member.[7] |
A hesperornithiform. | |||
|
B. sp. |
Manitoba |
Pembina Member.[7] |
A hesperornithiform. | |||
|
H. bairdi |
South Dakota |
Sharon Springs Member.[7] |
A hesperornithid. | |||
|
H. chowi |
Manitoba & South Dakota |
Pembina, Millwood, & Sharon Springs Members.[7] |
A hesperornithid. | |||
|
H. lumgairi |
Manitoba |
Pembina Member.[7] |
A hesperornithid. | |||
|
H. macdonaldi |
Manitoba & South Dakota. |
Gammon, Pembina, Millwood(?), & Sharon Springs Members.[7] |
A hesperornithid. | |||
|
H. mengeli |
Manitoba & South Dakota. |
Pembina & Sharon Springs Members.[7] |
A hesperornithid. | |||
| H. regalis |
Manitoba, South Dakota, & Kansas |
A hesperornithid. | .jpg) | |||
| H. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Probably referrable to H. regalis, but indistinguishable from H. crassipes.[8] | |||
| Hesperornithidae | Gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Multiple isolated synascra.[8] | A hesperornithid. | |
| Hesperornithiformes | Fam., gen. et sp. indet. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Multiple vertebrae, phalanges, tibiotarsal fragments and a fibula.[8] | ||
| Ichthyornis | I. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | "MDM B77.03.07 (vertebral centrum), B80.05.14 (femur)".[8] | An ichthyornithe. |  |
| Ornithischians reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Claosaurus | C. affinis | South Dakota.[9] | Currently considered dubious. |  | ||
Mosasaurs
| Mosasaurs reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Clidastes | C. propython | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | MDM M74.10.06 (skull, mandible, vertebral column).[8] | A mosasaurine also known from the Mooreville Chalk. |  |
| Western Kansas.[10] | Vertebrae associated with 'Plesiosaurus' gulo currently lost.[11] | Likely represents the stomach contents of 'Plesiosaurus' gulo.[11] | ||||
| Globidens | G. dakotensis | South Dakota.[12] | Sharon Springs Member.[12] | FMNH PR 846.[12] | A globidensin. |  |
| G. schurmanni | At the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.[13] | Uppermost DeGrey Formation.[13] | "SDSM 74764, partial anterior skeleton, including cranium, jaws, cervical and trunk vertebrae partially articulated, pectoral girdles, partial anterior paddle, isolated humerus and ulna, and isolated caudal vertebrae".[13] | |||
| G. sp. | Northwestern Logan County, Kansas.[12] | Upper level of the Sharon Springs Member.[12] | A nearly complete right dentary (FHSM VP–13828).[12] | A globidensin. | ||
| Hainosaurus | H. pembinensis | Near Morden, Manitoba.[14] | Pembina Member.[8][14] | Reassigned to the genus Tylosaurus. | ||
| Jormungandr | J. walhallaensis | Cavalier County, North Dakota.[15] | Pembina Member.[15] | Partial skull & skeleton.[15] | A mosasaurine. | |
| Latoplatecarpus | L. nichollsae | "19 km northwest of Morden, Manitoba".[16] | Pembina Member.[16] | A skeleton (CMN 52261).[16] | A plioplatecarpine. |  |
| Mosasauridae | Subfam., gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Fragmentary specimens consisting "mostly of vertebral scraps, ribs and flipper elements".[8] | ||
| Platecarpus | P. coryphaeus | Pembina Member.[8] | Now deemed synonymous with P. tympaniticus. | |||
| P. ictericus | Pembina Member.[8] | Now deemed synonymous with P. tympaniticus. | ||||
| P. somenensis | Pembina Member.[8] | Found to nest within Latoplatecarpus nichollsae. | ||||
| P. tympaniticus | Pembina Member.[8] | Abundant specimens.[8] | A pliopatecarpine and the most abundant mosasaur of the Pierre Shale. |  | ||
| P. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | "Isolated skull elements, humeri and pectoral girdles".[8] | Probably referrable to P. tympaniticus based on size, but size alone is deemed insufficient for species identification.[8] | ||
| Plioplatecarpinae | Gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Poorly preserved and unprepared remains.[8] | ||
| Plioplatecarpus | P. nichollsae | "19 km northwest of Morden, Manitoba".[16] | Pembina Member.[16] | A skeleton (CMN 52261).[16] | Reassigned to the genus Latoplatecarpus.[17] | |
| Prognathodon | P. overtoni | South Dakota.[18] | Virgin Creek Member.[18] | KUVP 950 (the holotype for the species) and SDSM 3339.[18] | A mosasaurine also found in the Bearpaw Shale. |  |
| Tylosaurinae | Gen. et. sp. indet. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Isolated limb and girdle elements (MDM M74.28.05, M75.20.06, M82.13.17, M84.09.18).[8] | ||
| Tylosaurus | T. pembinensis | Near Morden, Manitoba.[14] | Pembina Member.[14] | A tylosaurine. |  | |
| T. proriger | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | MDM M77.17.07 quadrate, FMNH PR 591 quadrate, pubis, vertebrae.[8] | A tylosaurine. |  | |
Plesiosaurs
| Plesiosaurs reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Alzadasaurus | A. pembertonii | South Dakota.[8] | Sharon Springs Member.[8] | Complete specimen (SDSM 451).[8] | Synonymized with Styxosaurus snowii. | |
| cf. A. pembertonii | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | A specimen consisting of two femora, one humerus, two epipodials, fragments of the pelvic girdle and 14 vertebrae (MDM P83.02. 18).[8] | Synonymized with Styxosaurus snowii. | ||
| Elasmosauridae | Gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Remains undiagnostic at the generic level.[8] | ||
| Logan County, Kansas.[19] | Upper Sharon Springs Member.[19] | KUVP 129744, a specimen associated with 47 gastroliths.[19] | An elasmosaurid too fragmentary to identify below the family level.[19] | |||
| Elasmosaurus | E. platyurus | Kansas.[20][21] | Sharon Springs member.[20][21] | Multiple specimens, including the holotype.[20] | An elasmosaurid. |  |
| ?E. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | "An incomplete specimen (TMP P84.162.4), consisting of pelvic girdle, distal end of a propodial, an epipodial and 21 vertebrae".[8] | |||
| Martinectes | M. bonneri | Wyoming & South Dakota.[22][23] | Sharon Springs Member and Pembina Member.[8] | 2 specimens: an adult (UNSM 50133) and a juvenile (UNSM 55810),[22][23] and several others.[8] | A polycotylid. |  |
| Plesiosauria | Fam., gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Pembina Member.[8] | "Specimens consisting mostly of ribs, caudal vertebrae, broken girdle plates and phalanges".[8] | "Further identification is not possible due to poor preservation and the incomplete nature of the material".[8] | ||
| 'Plesiosaurus' | 'P.' gulo | Western Kansas.[10] | KUVP 1329 (the original specimen consisted of "eleven cervical, thirteen dorsal, and seven or eight other vertebrae" but now only 3 vertebrae remain).[11] | An elasmosaurid associated with the remains of a mosasaur (likely Clidastes), representing the stomach contents of the plesiosaur.[11] | ||
| Polycotylidae | Gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Morden area, Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Many isolated vertebrae and partial skull remains.[8] | A polycotylid. | |
| Serpentisuchops | S. pfisterae | Wyoming.[24] | Upper half of the upper member.[24] | "Specimen GPM5001".[24] | A polycotylid. |  |
| Styxosaurus | S. snowii | South Dakota.[8] | Sharon Springs Member.[8] | Complete specimen (SDSM 451).[8] | An elasmosaurid originally reported as Alzadasaurus pembertoni. |  |
| cf. S. snowii | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | A specimen consisting of two femora, one humerus, two epipodials, fragments of the pelvic girdle and 14 vertebrae (MDM P83.02. 18).[8] | An elasmosaurid originally reported as cf. Alzadasaurus pembertoni. |  | |
| Kansas.[19] | Sharon Springs Member.[19] | NJSM 15435.[19] | An elasmosaurid tentatively assigned to the genus Styxosaurus. |  | ||
| Trinacromerum | T. bonneri | Wyoming & South Dakota.[23] | Sharon Springs Member and Pembina Member.[8] | 2 specimens: an adult (UNSM 50133) and a juvenile (UNSM 55810),[23] and several others.[8] | Now moved to the genus Dolichorhynchops. | |
| T. cf. T. kirki | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | TMP P84.162.3.[8] | A polycotylid. |  | |
| T. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Many poorly preserved specimens.[8] | A polycotylid. | ||
Pterosaurs
| Pterosaurs reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Pteranodon | P. longiceps | Kansas, Wyoming & South Dakota.[25] | Sharon Springs Member.[25] | A skull and multiple postcranial elements.[25] | A pteranodontid. |  |
Turtles
| Turtles reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Archelon | A. ischyros | Along the Cheyenne River in Custer County, South Dakota.[26] | A protostegid. |  | ||
| A. sp. | Colfax County, New Mexico.[27] | 3 carapace fragments (NMMNHP-16079 and P-16104).[27] | A protostegid. |  | ||
| Protostega | P. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | MDM T75.01.06.[8] | A protostegid. |  |
| Testudines | Fam., gen. et sp. indet. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Remains only identifiable as "small turtles", probably referrable to Toxochelys latiremis.[8] | ||
| Toxochelys | T. latiremis | Kansas & Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] |  | ||
Fish
Bony fish
| Bony fish reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Apsopelix | A. sp. cf. A. anglicus | Hughes County, South Dakota.[28] | Upper DeGrey Formation.[28] | SDSM 77482.[28] | A crossognathid. |  |
| Bananogmius | B. evolutus | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | An articulated skull (MDM F75.05.06).[8] | Reassigned to the genus Pentanogmius. | |
| B. sp. | Near Thornhill, Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Skull and vertebral column (MMMN V82).[8] | Specimen originally identified as Ananogmius sp.[8] | ||
| Cimolichthys | C. nepaholica | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | An aulopiform. |  | |
| Cylindracanthus | Hyde County, South Dakota.[28] | Verendrye Formation.[28] | A rostral spine (SDSM 30638).[28] | |||
| Enchodus | E. gladiolus | Sharon Springs Member.[28] | An aulopiform. | |||
| E. petrosus | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member and Sharon Springs Member.[8][28] | An aulopiform. |  | ||
| E. cf. saevus | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | FMNH PF 5391 (a dentary, maxilla and palatine).[8] | Now a junior synonym of E. petrosus. | ||
| E. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | 2 isolated vertebrae and isolated palatal fangs.[8] | An aulopiform. | ||
| Ichthyodectes | I. ctenodon | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Multiple mandibles and some skull and vertebral material.[8] | An ichthyodectid. |  |
| Ichthyodectidae | Gen. et. sp. indet. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Vertebrae and partial caudal fins.[8] | An ichthyodectid not referrable to Xiphactinus but indistinguishable from other ichthyodectid genera.[8] | |
| Pachyrhizodus | P. caninus | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | A skull and anterior portions of the body (MDM F74.04.06), and a right dentary (FMNH PF 5397).[8] | A pachyrhizodontid. |  |
| P. minimus | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | FMNH PF 5402.[8] | A pachyrhizodontid. |  | |
| P. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | 2 isolated vertebral centra (MMMN V73 ).[8] | A pachyrhizodontid. | ||
| P. sp. indet. | Hughes County, South Dakota.[28] | DeGrey Formation.[28] | SDSM 77481.[28] | A pachyrhizodontid. | ||
| Pentanogmius | P. evolutus | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | An articulated skull (MDM F75.05.06).[8] | A plethodid, originally reported as Bananogmius evolutus. |  |
| Protosphyraena | P. gladius | Hyde County, South Dakota.[28] | DeGrey Formation.[28] | SDSM 66288 (major portion of pectoral fin).[28] | A pachycormid. | |
| P. sp. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | A left premaxilla (FMNH PF 5400).[8] | Probably represents P. gladius. | ||
| Stratodus | S. apicalis | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | An aulopiform. |  | |
| Teleostei | Order, fam., gen. et. sp. indet. | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Mostly vertebrae, but also caudal fins and skulls in some specimens.[8] | ||
| Xiphactinus | X. audax | Manitoba and Lyman County, South Dakota.[8][28] | Pembina Member and middle part of the Sharon Springs Member.[8][28] | An ichthyodectid. |  | |
Cartilaginous fish
| Cartilaginous fish reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Archaeolamna | A. kopingensis | Western Kansas.[29] | Sharon Springs Member.[29] | A partial skeleton with articulated teeth.[29] | An archaeolamnid. |  |
| Cretalamna | C. appendiculata | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | Vertebral centra.[8] | A megatoothed shark. |  |
| Euselachii | Fam., gen. et sp. indet. | Near Thornhill, Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | "Three vertebral centra, 15 mm in diameter".[8] | Probably represents Squalicorax, but also indistinguishable from juvenile specimens of Cretalamna.[8] | |
| Squalicorax | S. sp. aff. S. kaupi | Manitoba.[8] | Pembina Member.[8] | "MDM S80.01.14 (2 teeth), FMNH PF 5399 (1 tooth)".[8] | An anacoracid. |  |
Marine vertebrates
Invertebrates
Annelids
| Annelids reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Diploconcha | D. sp. | Wyoming.[1] | ||||
Arthropods
| Arthropods reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Dioratiopus | D. hearttailensis | Butte County, South Dakota.[30] | Gammon Ferruginous Member.[30] | A longodromitid crab. | ||
| Dromiopsis | D. kimberlyae | Butte County, South Dakota.[31] | Lower Pierre Shale.[31] | 2 specimens.[31] | A dynomenid crab. | |
| Heus | H. foersteri | Tepee Buttes, South Dakota.[32] | A raninid crab. | |||
| Hoplitocarcinus? | H.? punctatus | Tepee Buttes, Colorado.[32] | A crab. | |||
| Hoploparia | H. mickelsoni | Butte County, South Dakota.[30] | Gammon Ferruginous Member.[30] | A lobster. | ||
| Limulus | L. coffini | Fort Collins, Colorado.[33] | Rocky Ridge Sandstone Member.[33] | Thoracetron.[33] | A horseshoe crab. | |
| Necrocarcinus | N. davisi | Butte County, South Dakota.[30] | Gammon Ferruginous Member.[30] | A necrocarcinid crab. | ||
| Plagiophthalmus | P. bjorki | Tepee Buttes, South Dakota.[32] | A prosopid crab. | |||
| Protocallianassa | P. russelli | Butte County, South Dakota.[30] | Gammon Ferruginous Member.[30] | A mud shrimp. | ||
| Raninella | R. manningi | Tepee Buttes, South Dakota.[32] | A raninid crab. | |||
| R. oaheensis | Butte County, South Dakota.[30] | Gammon Ferruginous Member.[30] | A raninid crab. | |||
| Rugafarius | R. fredrichi | Butte County, South Dakota.[30] | Gammon Ferruginous Member.[30] | A spiny lobster. | ||
| Xanthosia | X. elegans occidentalis | Butte County, South Dakota.[30] | Gammon Ferruginous Member.[30] | A xanthid crab. | ||
| Zygastrocarcinus | Z. cardsmithi | Carter County, Montana.[34] | Groat Sandstone Bed, Gammon Ferruginous Member.[34] | A homolid crab. | ||
Bivalves
| Bivalves reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Cataceramus? | C.? barabini | Northeastern New Mexico.[6] | An inoceramid. | |||
| C.? cf. C. barabini | Northeastern New Mexico.[6] | An inoceramid. | ||||
| Chlamys | C. (Chlamys) nebrascensis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | A pectinid. | ||
| Cuspidaria | C. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 6 poorly-preserved, broken, decorticated specimens.[35] | A cuspidariid. | ||
| Cymbophora | C. cf. C. gracilis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 9 complete specimens.[35] | A mactrid. | ||
| Eriphylopsis | E. gregaria | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 40 complete and incomplete specimens.[35] | An astartid. | |
| Gervillia | G. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | One badly decorticated incomplete specimen.[35] | |||
| Inoceramus | I. (Endocostea) barabini | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | About 25 specimens.[35] | An inoceramid. | |
| I. (Endocostea) fribrosa | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 4 small incomplete specimens.[35] | An inoceramid. | |||
| I. oblongus | West of Cimarron.[6] | An inoceramid. | ||||
| I. sagensis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | An inoceramid. | ||||
| I. (Cremnoceramus) sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | One decorticated incomplete specimen.[35] | An inoceramid. | |||
| I. sp. A | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | One specimen that is badly decorticated.[35] | An inoceramid. | |||
| I. sp. B | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | One slightly crushed specimen.[35] | An inoceramid. | |||
| Limopsis | L. parvula | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | About 40 specimens.[35] | A limopsid. | |
| Lucina | L. (Lucina) occidentalis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 14 specimens.[35] | A lucinid. | ||
| Mactra | M. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 4 broken incomplete molds.[35] | A mactrid. | ||
| Malletia | M. evansi | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | "7 badly decorticated incomplete specimens".[35] | A malletiid. | |
| M. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 7 small, almost complete specimens.[35] | A malletiid. | ||
| Modiolus | M. meekii | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 2 small incomplete internal molds.[35] | ||
| Nemodon | N. sulcatinus | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | One badly weathered internal mold.[35] | A parallelodontid. | |
| Nucula | N. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | "Five badly decorticated incomplete specimens".[35] | A nuculid. | ||
| Ostrea | O. congesta | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 3 slightly crushed fragments.[35] | An ostreid. | |
| O. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Numerous fragments.[35] | An ostreid. | |||
| Protocardia | P. (Leptocardia) rara | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | "10 complete, decorticated specimens".[35] | A cardiid. | ||
| Pteria | P. linguaeformis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | About 15 broken specimens.[35] | A pteriid. | ||
| ?Syncyclonema | ?S. rigida | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 2 right valves.[35] | An entoliid. | ||
Brachiopods
| Brachiopods reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Lingula | L. sp. | Wyoming.[1] | Lower unnamed shale member.[1] | |||
Cephalopods
| Cephalopods reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Baculites | B. baculus | New Mexico.[6] | Upper & uppermost Pierre Shale.[6] | An ammonite. | ||
| B. cf. baculus | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Baculites reesidei Range Zone.[35] | 1 broken specimen.[35] | An ammonite. | ||
| B. compressus | At the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.[13] | Uppermost DeGrey Formation.[13] | Specimens associated with Globidens schurmanni. | |||
| B. cf. B. eliasi | Northeastern New Mexico.[6] | An ammonite. | ||||
| B. grandis? | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | One large, crushed, badly weathered specimen.[35] | An ammonite. |  | ||
| B. reesidei | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 11 broken specimens.[35] | An ammonite. | ||
| B. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Upper Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 10 broken exfoliated specimens.[35] | An ammonite. | ||
| B. sp. | Northeastern New Mexico.[6][27] | An ammonite. | ||||
| Belemnitella | B. bulbosa | Upper Pierre Shale.[36] | A belemnite also found in the Fox Hills Formation. | |||
| B.? sp. | Meade County, South Dakota.[36] | Baculites compressus zone.[36] | 1 specimen (BHI-7009).[36] | A belemnite. | ||
| Didymoceras | D. cochleatum | South Dakota & Wyoming.[37] | Gregory & Red Bird Silty members.[37] | Numerous fragments.[37] | An ammonite. | |
| D. nebrascense | "Northwestern New Mexico through northeastern Montana".[38] | An ammonite. |  | |||
| D. sp. | Colfax County, New Mexico.[27] | An ammonite. |  | |||
| Enchoteuthis | E. cobbani | Meade & Pennington counties, South Dakota.[36] | Baculites cuneatus Zone & possibly the underlying B. compressus Zone.[36] | 2 specimens.[36] | A coleoid, originally described as Tusoteuthis cobbani.[39] | |
| E. melanae | Niobrara County, Wyoming.[36] | Baculites obtusus zone, Sharon Springs Member.[36] | Multiple specimens.[36] | A coleoid. |  | |
| Eutrephoceras | E. dekayi | Colorado, Bowman County, North Dakota and Colfax County, New Mexico.[40][27][35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | A nautiloid, one specimen from Colorado showing signs of mosasaur predation.[40] |  | |
| E. montanaensis | Northeastern New Mexico.[6] | A nautiloid. | ||||
| Exiteloceras | E. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | One fragmented body chamber.[35] | A nostoceratid ammonite. | ||
| Hoploscaphites | H. brevis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | "Ten almost complete specimens and many fragments of early whorls".[35] | An ammonite. | ||
| H. crassus | Montana & Wyoming.[41] | An ammonite. | ||||
| H. criptonodosus | Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and possibly South Dakota.[42] | "Upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and overlying B. grandis Zone".[42] | An ammonite also found in the Bearpaw Shale. | |||
| H. macer | Montana, Wyoming & Colorado.[42] | "Upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and lower part of the overlying B. grandis Zone".[42] | An ammonite also found in the Bearpaw Shale. | |||
| H. cf. H. nicolleti | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 2 specimens.[35] | An ammonite. | |||
| H. nodosus | Near Raton, New Mexico.[6] | "30-45 m below the top of the Pierre Shale".[6] | An ammonite. |  | ||
| H. peterseni | Montana & Wyoming.[41] | An ammonite. | ||||
| H. plenus | Montana, Wyoming & North Dakota.[41] | An ammonite. | ||||
| H. quadrangularis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | One broken shaft with aperture.[35] | An ammonite. | ||
| H. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | One broken specimen.[35] | An ammonite. | |||
| H. sp. | Colfax County, New Mexico.[27] | An ammonite. |  | |||
| Jeletzkytes | J. nodosus | At the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.[13] | Uppermost DeGrey Formation.[13] | Specimens associated with Globidens schurmanni. | ||
| Placenticeras | P. intercalere | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | "One decorticated specimen badly fractured by calcite crystal growth".[35] | An ammonite. | ||
| P. meeki | Colfax County, New Mexico and Bowman County, North Dakota.[27][35] | Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | An ammonite. |  | ||
| P. newberryi | Colfax County, New Mexico.[27] | An ammonite. | ||||
| Ponteixites | P. robustus | Eastern Montana.[43] | Now a junior synonym of Rhaeboceras. | |||
| Rhaeboceras | R. burkholderi | Dawson County, Montana.[44] | Upper part of the Pierre Shale (Baculites eliasi zone).[44] | An ammonite. | ||
| R. cedarense | Dawson County, Montana.[44] | Baculites baculus/grandis zone.[44] | An ammonite. | |||
| R. robustus | Eastern Montana.[43] | An ammonite. | ||||
| Scaphites | S. nodosus | Near Raton.[6] | "About 15 m below the top of the Pierre Shale".[6] | An ammonite. | ||
| Solenoceras | S. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 3 fragmented specimens.[35] | A nostoceratid ammonite. | ||
| Tusoteuthis | T. cobbani | Meade & Pennington counties, South Dakota.[36] | Baculites cuneatus Zone & possibly the underlying B. compressus Zone.[36] | 2 specimens.[36] | Moved to the genus Enchoteuthis.[39] | |
| T. longa | South Dakota.[36] | Baculites compressus Zone.[36] | A coleoid. | |||
Echinoderms
| Echinoderms reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Betelgeusia | B. brezinai | Pennington County, South Dakota.[45] | Didymoceras cheyennensis Zone.[45] | A starfish. | ||
| Brezinacantha | B. tolis | Pennington County, South Dakota.[46] | Didymoceras cheyennensis Zone.[46] | Multiple specimens.[46] | A brittle star. | |
| Coulonia | Southern Colorado.[47] | Top of the Pierre Shale.[47] | An astropectinid starfish. | |||
| Eurysalenia | E. minima | Wyoming.[1] | A sea urchin. | |||
| Lakotacrinus | L. brezinai | South Dakota.[48] | A crinoid. | |||
| Pedicellasterinae? | Gen. et. sp. indeterminate | Pennington County, South Dakota[45] | Didymoceras cheyennensis zone.[45] | One small arm fragment (AMNH-FI 111853).[45] | A starfish. | |
Gastropods
| Gastropods | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Anchura? | A.? sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | "One broken, badly decorticated, medium-sized specimen".[35] | ||
| Anisomyon | A. sexsulcatus? | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | "One badly decorticated specimen that is essentially an internal mold".[35] | A siphonariid. | |
| At the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.[13] | Uppermost DeGrey Formation.[13] | A siphonariid, specimens associated with Globidens schurmanni. | ||||
| Atira | A. nebrascensis | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 3 decorticated specimens.[35] | ||
| Cylichna | C. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | "Baculites reesidei Zone".[35] | "One weathered specimen so badly decorticated that it is essentially a mold of the interior".[35] | ||
| Cylindrotruncatum | C. cf. C. demursum | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | "One, small, broken, badly decorticated specimen".[35] | ||
| C. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | "Two medium-sized specimens; one in excellent condition and one internal mold".[35] | |||
| Drepanochilus | D. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | Approximately 20 specimens.[35] | ||
| Euspira | E. obliquata | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 25 nearly complete specimens.[35] | ||
| E. rectilabrum | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 4 fairly complete shells.[35] | |||
| Pyrifuses | P. sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | 1 weathered external mold.[35] | |||
| Striaticostatum? | S.? sp. | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | One specimen.[35] | ||
| Turritella | T. macnaryensis? | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] | 2 specimens.[35] | ||
Scaphopods
| Scaphopods reported from the Pierre Shale Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Dentalium | D. gracile | Bowman County, North Dakota.[35] | "Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone".[35] | "3 nearly complete specimens & numerous fragments".[35] | ||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Gill, J. R.; Cobban, W. A.; Kier, P. M. (1966). "The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming". Professional Paper. doi:10.3133/pp393a. ISSN 2330-7102.
- ↑ Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre. "All About Bruce". http://www.discoverfossils.com/allaboutbruce.html.
- ↑ MacLachlan, M.E. (1976). "Lexicon of rock-stratigraphic units in Union, Colfax, Mora, and eastern Taos Counties, New Mexico". New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series 27: 205–215. https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/27/27_p0205_p0215.pdf. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ↑ Izett, G.A.; Cobban, W.A.; Gill, J.R. (1971). "The Pierre Shale near Kremmling, Colorado, and its correlation to the east and the west". United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 684-A. doi:10.3133/pp684A.
- ↑ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Lea Park Formation". http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:008323.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 Sealey, Paul L.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2019). "Baculites Baculus Meek and Hayden, 1861 (Earliest Maastrichtian) from the Uppermost Pierre Shale in the Raton basin of Northeastern New Mexico and its Significance". New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series 70: 73–80. https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/70/70_p0073_p0080.pdf. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Aotsuka, K. and Sato, T. (2016). Hesperornithiformes (Aves: Ornithurae) from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, Southern Manitoba, Canada. Cretaceous Research, (advance online publication). doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.003
- ↑ 8.000 8.001 8.002 8.003 8.004 8.005 8.006 8.007 8.008 8.009 8.010 8.011 8.012 8.013 8.014 8.015 8.016 8.017 8.018 8.019 8.020 8.021 8.022 8.023 8.024 8.025 8.026 8.027 8.028 8.029 8.030 8.031 8.032 8.033 8.034 8.035 8.036 8.037 8.038 8.039 8.040 8.041 8.042 8.043 8.044 8.045 8.046 8.047 8.048 8.049 8.050 8.051 8.052 8.053 8.054 8.055 8.056 8.057 8.058 8.059 8.060 8.061 8.062 8.063 8.064 8.065 8.066 8.067 8.068 8.069 8.070 8.071 8.072 8.073 8.074 8.075 8.076 8.077 8.078 8.079 8.080 8.081 8.082 8.083 8.084 8.085 8.086 8.087 8.088 8.089 8.090 8.091 8.092 8.093 8.094 8.095 8.096 8.097 8.098 8.099 8.100 8.101 8.102 8.103 8.104 8.105 8.106 8.107 8.108 8.109 8.110 8.111 8.112 8.113 8.114 8.115 8.116 8.117 8.118 8.119 8.120 8.121 8.122 8.123 8.124 8.125 8.126 8.127 8.128 8.129 8.130 8.131 8.132 8.133 8.134 8.135 Nicholls, Elizabeth L. (1988). Marine vertebrates of the Pembina member of the Pierre Shale (Campanian, upper cretaceous) of Manitoba and their significance to the biogeography of the Western Interior Seaway. University of Calgary. ISBN 978-0-315-61682-0. https://prism.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/21708.
- ↑ Gregory, Joseph Tracy (1948-01-01). "The type of Claosaurus (?) affinis Wieland [South Dakota"] (in en). American Journal of Science 246 (1): 29–30. doi:10.2475/ajs.246.1.29. ISSN 0002-9599. Bibcode: 1948AmJS..246...29G. https://www.ajsonline.org/content/246/1/29.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Everhart, Mike (2006-01-01). The Occurrence of Elasmosaurids (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) in the Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas. https://www.academia.edu/76540819.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Everhart, Michael J. (April 2017). "Joseph Savage (1823–1891): Abolitionist, Kansas Pioneer, Horticulturist, Fossil Collector". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 120 (1–2): 45–56. doi:10.1660/062.120.0106. ISSN 0022-8443. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316625253.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Everhart, Mike. Everhart, M.J. 2008. Rare occurrence of a Globidens sp. (Reptilia; Mosasauridae) dentary in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Middle Campanian) of Western Kansas. p. 23-29 in Farley G. H. and Choate, J.R. (eds.), Unlocking the Unknown; Fort Hays Studies, Special Issue No. 2, 153 pp.. https://www.academia.edu/4864755.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Martin, James E. (2007), "A new species of the durophagous mosasaur Globidens (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale Group of central South Dakota, USA", The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous Marine Deposits of the Dakotas (Geological Society of America), doi:10.1130/2007.2427(13), ISBN 9780813724270, http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2007.2427(13), retrieved 2022-10-04
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Bullard, Timon S.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2010-03-24). "Redescription and rediagnosis of the tylosaurine mosasaur Hainosaurus pembinensis Nicholls, 1988, as Tylosaurus pembinensis (Nicholls, 1988)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (2): 416–426. doi:10.1080/02724631003621870. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2010JVPal..30..416B. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724631003621870.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Zietlow, Amelia R.; Boyd, Clint A.; Van Vranken, Nathan E. (2023-10-30). "Jormungandr walhallaensis: a new mosasaurine (Squamata: Mosasauroidea) from the Pierre Shale Formation (Pembina Member: Middle Campanian) of North Dakota" (in en-US). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (464). ISSN 0003-0090. https://hdl.handle.net/2246/7332.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Cuthbertson, Robin S.; Mallon, Jordan C.; Campione, Nicolas E.; Holmes, Robert B. (2007). "A new species of mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Pierre Shale (lower Campanian) of Manitoba". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44 (5): 593. doi:10.1139/e07-006. ISSN 0008-4077. Bibcode: 2007CaJES..44..593C. https://www.academia.edu/76896069.
- ↑ KONISHI, TAKUYA; CALDWELL, MICHAEL W. (2011). "Two New Plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) Genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a Global Phylogenetic Analysis of Plioplatecarpines". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (4): 754–783. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579023. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2011JVPal..31..754K. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25835874.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Lucas, Spencer G.; Ikejiri, Takehito; Maisch, Heather; Joyce, Thomas; Gianniny, Gary L.. "The Mosasaur Prognathodon from the Upper Cretaceous Lewis Shale near Durango, Colorado and distribution of Prognathodon in North America". Geology of the Chama Basin. https://www.academia.edu/62778299.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 Everhart, Michael J. (April 2000). "Gastroliths Associated with Plesiosaur Remains in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), Western Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 103 (1/2): 64–75. doi:10.2307/3627940. ISSN 0022-8443. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272584266.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Everhart, Mike. Elasmosaurid remains from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of western Kansas. Possible missing elements of the type specimen of Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope 1868?. https://www.academia.edu/226659.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Everhart, M.J.; Cicimurri, D.J. (October 2001). "An Elasmosaur with Stomach Contents and Gastroliths from the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous) of Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (Kansas Academy of Science) 104 (3/4): 129–143. doi:10.1660/0022-8443(2001)104[0129:AEWSCA2.0.CO;2].
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Morgan, Donald J.; Robin O'Keefe, F. (2019-04-01). "The cranial osteology of two specimens of Dolichorhynchops bonneri (Plesiosauria, Polycotylidae) from the Campanian of South Dakota, and a cladistic analysis of the Polycotylidae" (in en). Cretaceous Research 96: 149–171. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.027. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2019CrRes..96..149M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667118301666.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 O'Keefe, F. Robin (2008-09-12). [664:CAATOD2.0.CO;2 "Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Dolichorhynchops bonneri new combination, a polycotylid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota"]. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (3): 664–676. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[664:CAATOD2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[664:CAATOD]2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Persons, W. S.; Street, H. P.; Kelley, A. (2022). "A long-snouted and long-necked polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America". iScience 25 (10): 105033. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105033. PMID 36317161. Bibcode: 2022iSci...25j5033P.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Bennett, S. Christoper.; Bennett, S. Christoper (1994-09-21). "Taxonomy and systematics of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea)". Occasional papers of the Natural History Museum, the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 169: 1––70. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/23017.
- ↑ Wieland, G. R. (1896). "Archelon ischyros: a new gigantic cryptodire testudinate from the Fort Pierre Cretaceous of South Dakota". American Journal of Science. 4th series 2 (12): 399–412. doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-2.12.399. Bibcode: 1896AmJS....2..399W. https://archive.org/details/americanjournal56unkngoog/page/n414.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 Jasinski, Steven E.; Spielmann, Justin A.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Sullivan, Robert M. (September 2009). "Giant sea turtle from the Cretaceous (Upper Campanian) Pierre Shale, Raton Basin, Northeastern New Mexico". Turtle Symposium: 168–173. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271138479.
- ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 Parris, David C.; Grandstaff, Barbara Smith; Gallagher, William B. (January 2007). "Fossil fish from the Pierre Shale Group (Late Cretaceous): Clarifying the biostratigraphic record". The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous Marine Deposits of the Dakotas. 427. pp. 99–109. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(07). ISBN 9780813724270. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287691272.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Cook, Todd D.; Newbrey, Michael G.; Murray, Alison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H.; Shimada, Kenshu; Takeuchi, Gary T.; Stewart, J. D. (2011-02-10). "A partial skeleton of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Archaeolamna kopingensis, from the Pierre Shale of western Kansas, U.S.A.". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (1): 8–21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.539968. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2011JVPal..31....8C. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.539968.
- ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 Bishop, Gale A. (1985). "Fossil Decapod Crustaceans from the Gammon Ferruginous Member, Pierre Shale (Early Campanian), Black Hills, South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology 59 (3): 605–624. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.academia.edu/38020884.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Bishop, Gale (1987-01-01). "Dromiopsis kimberlyae, A new Late Cretaceous Crab from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota". Proc. Biology. Soc. Wash. 101(1): 35-39. https://www.academia.edu/38171470.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Bishop, Gale A.; Williams, Austin B. (October 2000). "Fossil Crabs From Tepee Buttes, Submarine Seeps of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale, South Dakota and Colorado, U.s.a.". Journal of Crustacean Biology 20 (5): 286–300. doi:10.1163/1937240X-90000031. https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article/20/5/286/2419522.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Błażejowski, Błażej; Wings, Oliver; Hitij, Tomaž; Botton, Mark L. (March 2021). Zhang, Xi‐Guang. ed. "Critical re‐evaluation of Limulidae uncovers limited Limulus diversity" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 7 (3): 1525–1556. doi:10.1002/spp2.1352. ISSN 2056-2799. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349732255.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Bishop, Gale A. (1986). "A New Crab, Zygastrocarcinus cardsmithi (Crustacea, Decapoda), from the Lower Pierre Shale, Southeastern Montana". Journal of Paleontology 60 (5): 1097–1102. doi:10.1017/S0022336000022629. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1986JPal...60.1097B. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1305187.
- ↑ 35.000 35.001 35.002 35.003 35.004 35.005 35.006 35.007 35.008 35.009 35.010 35.011 35.012 35.013 35.014 35.015 35.016 35.017 35.018 35.019 35.020 35.021 35.022 35.023 35.024 35.025 35.026 35.027 35.028 35.029 35.030 35.031 35.032 35.033 35.034 35.035 35.036 35.037 35.038 35.039 35.040 35.041 35.042 35.043 35.044 35.045 35.046 35.047 35.048 35.049 35.050 35.051 35.052 35.053 35.054 35.055 35.056 35.057 35.058 35.059 35.060 35.061 35.062 35.063 35.064 35.065 35.066 35.067 35.068 35.069 35.070 35.071 35.072 35.073 35.074 35.075 35.076 35.077 35.078 35.079 35.080 35.081 35.082 35.083 35.084 35.085 35.086 35.087 35.088 35.089 35.090 35.091 35.092 35.093 35.094 35.095 35.096 35.097 35.098 35.099 35.100 35.101 35.102 35.103 35.104 35.105 35.106 35.107 35.108 35.109 35.110 35.111 35.112 35.113 35.114 35.115 35.116 35.117 35.118 35.119 35.120 35.121 35.122 Brinster, Kenneth (1970). "Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota". Theses and Dissertations. https://commons.und.edu/theses/38.
- ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 Larson, N.L. (2010). "Fossil coleoids from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian & Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior.". Ferrantia 59: 78–113. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309456036.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Kennedy, W. J. (William James); Cobban, William A.; Landman, Neil H. (1999) (in en-US). The heteromorph ammonite Didymoceras cochleatum (Meek and Hayden, 1858), from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota and Wyoming. American Museum novitates ; no. 3268. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3050.
- ↑ Kruta, Isabelle; Landman, Neil H.; Isabelle, Rouget; Cecca, Fabrizio (May 2010). "The Jaw Apparatus of the Late Cretaceous Ammonite Didymoceras". Journal of Paleontology 84 (3): 556–560. doi:10.1666/09-110.1. Bibcode: 2010JPal...84..556K. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250071131.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Fuchs, Dirk; Iba, Yasuhiro; Heyng, Alexander; Iijima, Masaya; Klug, Christian; Larson, Neal L.; Schweigert, Günter (2019-06-28). Brayard, Arnaud. ed. "The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 6 (1): 31–92. doi:10.1002/spp2.1254. ISSN 2056-2802. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1254.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Kauffman, Erle G.; Sawdo, Jordan K. (March 2013). "Mosasaur predation on a nautiloid from the Maastrichtian Pierre Shale, Central Colorado, Western Interior Basin, United States" (in en). Lethaia 46 (2): 180–187. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00332.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00332.x.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Larson, Neal (2020-01-01). Large Scaphitid Ammonites (Hoploscaphites) from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian) of North America: Endless Variation on a Single Theme. https://www.academia.edu/76649174.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Landman, Neil H.; Kennedy, W. James; Larson, Neal L.; Grier, Joyce C.; Grier, James W.; Linn, Tom (February 2019). "Description of Two Species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Maastrichtian) of the U.S. Western Interior". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (427): 1–72. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.427.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-2019/issue-427/0003-0090.427.1.1/Description-of-Two-Species-of-Hoploscaphites-Ammonoidea--Ancyloceratina-from/10.1206/0003-0090.427.1.1.full.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Grier, J. W.; Grier, J. C.; Larson, N. L.; Petersen, J. G. (2007-12-01). "Synonymy of the ammonite genus Ponteixites Warren with Rhaeboceras Meek". Rocky Mountain Geology 42 (2): 123–136. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.42.2.123. ISSN 1555-7332. Bibcode: 2007RMGeo..42..123G. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250085172.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Grier, Joyce C.; Grier, James W. (May 1998). "New findings of the ammonite Rhaeboceras, including a new species, from the Pierre Shale of eastern Montana" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 473–476. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024227. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1998JPal...72..473G. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-findings-of-the-ammonite-rhaeboceras-including-a-new-species-from-the-pierre-shale-of-eastern-montana/D75870B8763E9ACE04DA4D30BD38D192.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Blake, Daniel B.; Halligan, William; Larson, Neal L. (February 2018). "A new species of the asteroid genus Betelgeusia (Echinodermata) from methane seep settings, Late Cretaceous of South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology 92 (2): 196–206. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.96. Bibcode: 2018JPal...92..196B. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322938082.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Thuy, Ben; Landman, Neil H.; Larson, Neal L.; Numberger-Thuy, Lea D. (2018-06-25). "Brittle-star mass occurrence on a Late Cretaceous methane seep from South Dakota, USA" (in en). Scientific Reports 8 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27326-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 29941907. PMC 6018167. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27326-z.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Berry, Keith; Lucas, Spencer G. (2017-11-01). "An astropectinid sea star from the early Maastrichtian Pierre Shale in Southern Colorado, USA, and the extinction of inoceramid bivalves". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 286 (2): 159–168. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0692. ISSN 0077-7749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2017/0692.
- ↑ Hunter, Aaron W.; Larson, Neal L.; Landman, Neil H.; Oji, Tatsuo (May 2016). "Lakotacrinus brezinai n. gen. n. sp., a new stalked crinoid from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pierre Shale, South Dakota, United States" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 90 (3): 506–524. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.21. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2016JPal...90..506H. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/lakotacrinus-brezinai-n-gen-n-sp-a-new-stalked-crinoid-from-cold-methane-seeps-in-the-upper-cretaceous-campanian-pierre-shale-south-dakota-united-states/9C3DA832A5959429C949406C23EB4F94.
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