Earth:List of seamounts in the Marshall Islands

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Bathymetric map of Micronesia-Marshall Islands, with seamounts

The Marshall Islands are the site of a number of seamounts. These volcanoes form several groups, including the Ralik Chain, the Ratak Chain and some seamounts around Anewetak.[1] These seamounts are in turn part of a larger province that extends from the South Pacific to the Mariana Trench and is characterized by unusually shallow ocean ground.[2]

These seamounts and volcanoes do not have simple hotspot-like age progressions, with some volcanoes being younger than one would expect from age progression and having more than one active episode. In some places, a middle Cretaceous and a late Cretaceous episode of volcanic activity have been determined by radiometric dating. Despite this, some hotspot-based genesis models have been formulated, often implying that French Polynesian hotspots are responsible for the formation of seamounts,[1] with the Society hotspot, Rurutu hotspot, Rarotonga hotspot and the Macdonald hotspot being candidate hotspots responsible for the development of the Marshall Islands seamounts.[3] Such linkages are in part supported by geochemical data.[4] Some discrepancies between the age and position of such seamounts and the predictions of the hotspot model may reflect the activity of short-lived hotspots linked to large mantle plumes that produce more than one hotspot.[5]

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Name Other names Etymology Coordinates Depth below sea level Age Volume Details
Aean̄-Kaņ[6] Marovoiy[7] A taboo fishing spot at Eniwetok[8] [ ⚑ ] 14°52.98′N 160°27.38′E / 14.883°N 160.45633°E / 14.883; 160.45633[9] 850 metres (2,790 ft)[9] Mid-Cretaceous[10] 10,389 cubic kilometres (2,492 cu mi).[9] Since the Eocene manganese nodules developed on the seamount,[11] which may have been created by the Macdonald hotspot.[10]
Neen-Koiaak[6] According to legend, the fastest runner in the Marshall Islands[8] [ ⚑ ] 14°22.62′N 161°01.16′E / 14.377°N 161.01933°E / 14.377; 161.01933[12] 1,025 metres (3,363 ft)[12] 102 million years[12] 7,083 cubic kilometres (1,699 cu mi)[12] Samples dredged from Neen-Koiaak include hawaiite[13] containing clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase.[14]
Wōd-Eņ Rok[6] South-Wod-En[15] A coral head[16] [ ⚑ ] 15°13.20′N 163°00.00′E / 15.22°N 163°E / 15.22; 163[15] 76 million years[15] While its position makes it a candidate member of the Ralik hotspot trail, it appears to be too old.[17] There is some geochemical similarity to the Rurutu hotspot.[4]
Wōd-Eņ Iōn̄[6] North-Wod-En,[18] Nazimova[7] A coral head[16] [ ⚑ ] 16°06.00′N 163°02.40′E / 16.1°N 163.04°E / 16.1; 163.04[18] 86 million years[18] While its position makes it a candidate member of the Ralik hotspot trail, it appears to be too old.[17] There is some geochemical similarity to the Rurutu hotspot.[4]
Ļewa[6] A person who received canoe building knowledge, one of the first two[16] [ ⚑ ] 14°01.80′N 163°07.80′E / 14.03°N 163.13°E / 14.03; 163.13[19] 100 million years[19] Part of the Ralik Chain,[20] Albian-age fossils have been dredged from this seamount.[21]
Ļōbbadede[6] Lobhadode[22] A chief from Bikini[16] [ ⚑ ] 13°52.80′N 163°51.60′E / 13.88°N 163.86°E / 13.88; 163.86[22] 94 million years[22] Depending on the plate reconstruction model chosen, Lobbadede appears to coincide with the location of the Macdonald hotspot.[10] Limestone and fossils of Campanian-Cenomanian age have been found on Lobbadede,[3] which appears to have had a second volcanic episode in the Cretaceous.[20]
Wōden-Kōpakut[6] Ratak[23] A coral head[16] [ ⚑ ] 13°56.40′N 167°28.80′E / 13.94°N 167.48°E / 13.94; 167.48[23] 1,320 metres (4,330 ft)[24] 85 million years[23] or 82.2 ± 1.6 million years[25] Part of the Ratak Chain with Limalok,[20] it was also active during the late Cretaceous[21] and has a well developed summit platform.[26] One reconstruction of plate motion places Woden-Kopakut close to the Rurutu hotspot.[1] Hawaiite has been dredged from the seamount and contains iron oxides, plagioclase and zeolites.[27]
Radik[6] A chief on Ujlan[8]
Ļainjin[6] A legendary navigator[8] [ ⚑ ] 11°09.00′N 161°03.00′E / 11.15°N 161.05°E / 11.15; 161.05[28]
Ļōjemeja[6] A chief in Ujlan[8] [ ⚑ ] 11°26.40′N 161°05.40′E / 11.44°N 161.09°E / 11.44; 161.09[29] 1,750 metres (5,740 ft)[30] Steep upper flanks, and a volcanic pinnacle is found between the summit and a sediment-covered terrace.[30]
Ļami[6] According to legend an Eniwetok giant[8] [ ⚑ ] 11°54.60′N 161°24.60′E / 11.91°N 161.41°E / 11.91; 161.41[31] 1,295 metres (4,249 ft)[30] 86 million years[31] Slumps and terraces, terraces that appear to be congruent with these on Lomilik, surround this seamount. Its summit plateau is covered by sediments, sediment-filled basins and volcanic knolls.[30]
Peto-Eņ[6] A taboo channel at Eniwetok[8] [ ⚑ ] 12°22.80′N 161°19.20′E / 12.38°N 161.32°E / 12.38; 161.32[32]
Lomilik[6] A place at Eniwetok with good fishing opportunities[8] [ ⚑ ] 11°42′N 161°37′E / 11.7°N 161.617°E / 11.7; 161.617[33] The summit has volcanic knobs and sediment-filled basins in between. The north flank has a terrace and the rest of the slopes is covered with slumps, talus and sediments.[30]
Litōrmālu[6] A legendary navigator[8] [ ⚑ ] 10°53.40′N 161°27.60′E / 10.89°N 161.46°E / 10.89; 161.46[34]
Ļo-Wūliej[6] A cape at Eniwetok[8] [ ⚑ ] 12°09.60′N 162°15.60′E / 12.16°N 162.26°E / 12.16; 162.26[35]
North Ļāānṃōjānjān[6] Reference to shipbuilding techniques[16] [ ⚑ ] 13°07.80′N 162°47.20′E / 13.13°N 162.7867°E / 13.13; 162.7867[36] 1,090 metres (3,580 ft)[30] Has a rugged appearance with little sediment.[37] It also features several terraces and two large slumps.[30]
South Ļāānṃōjānjān[6] Reference to shipbuilding techniques[16] [ ⚑ ] 12°41.56′N 162°37.17′E / 12.69267°N 162.6195°E / 12.69267; 162.6195[38] 1,395 metres (4,577 ft)[38] 1,611 cubic kilometres (386 cu mi)[38] Has a rugged appearance with little sediment.[37]
Bwewa Kaņ[6] Named after canoe keels[16] [ ⚑ ] 13°33.60′N 164°25.20′E / 13.56°N 164.42°E / 13.56; 164.42[39] 88 million years[39] Part of the Ralik Chain, may have been formed by a hotspot together with a stage of Wodejebato.[17]
Lōjabōn-Bar[6] A strong traditional personage at Bikini[16] [ ⚑ ] 13°09.00′N 164°30.00′E / 13.15°N 164.5°E / 13.15; 164.5[40]
Wōdejebato[6] Sylvania[41] Bikini's most feared sea god[16] [ ⚑ ] 11°55.95′N 164°51.72′E / 11.9325°N 164.862°E / 11.9325; 164.862[41] 1,290 metres (4,230 ft)[41] 82 million years[41] 12,476 cubic kilometres (2,993 cu mi)[41]
Look[6] [ ⚑ ] 12°12.00′N 166°13.80′E / 12.2°N 166.23°E / 12.2; 166.23[42] 999 metres (3,278 ft)[37] 140 million years[42] Look is the oldest known seamount.[43] Flat-topped seamount that can be considered a guyot[44] and is located between the Ratak Chain and the Ralik Chain,[45] and fairly old. Its geochemistry is intermediate between these two chains as well, which may indicate that volcanism was strongly influenced by the crust.[46] Look Seamount is dotted by volcanic cones and has a rilled appearance[47] as well as slumps; the summit is covered by sediment that mostly buries small volcanic pinnacles and sediment-filled depressions.[37]
Ruwitūn̄tūn̄[6] [ ⚑ ] 11°49.80′N 167°00.00′E / 11.83°N 167°E / 11.83; 167[48] 1,215 metres (3,986 ft)[37] 66 million years[48] Flat-topped seamount that can be considered a guyot;[44] basins and volcanic knolls dot its summit platform and some pinnacles contain craters.[37] Fossils indicate that Ruwituntun developed either during or before the Albian.[21]
Ļāwūn-Pikaar[6] Bikar[49] Legendary chief in Pikaar[16] [ ⚑ ] 12°09.60′N 168°51.60′E / 12.16°N 168.86°E / 12.16; 168.86[50] Ankaramite-like rock containing clinopyroxene and degradation products of olivine and mellilite has been dredged[27]
Ļōkōto-N̄ōrn̄ōr[6] [ ⚑ ] 13°06.00′N 169°26.40′E / 13.1°N 169.44°E / 13.1; 169.44[51]
Jebo[6] [ ⚑ ] 11°03.00′N 170°39.60′E / 11.05°N 170.66°E / 11.05; 170.66[52]
Pali[6] Name given by the government of Micronesia.[53] Probably Cretaceous[54] The seamount is surrounded by a sediment cover and might feature slumps. Hyaloclastite and phosphorite have been dredged from it.[55]
Likelep[6] A site on Ujlan[8] [ ⚑ ] 10°36.00′N 160°28.80′E / 10.6°N 160.48°E / 10.6; 160.48[56] 1,545 metres (5,069 ft)[57] 82 million years[56] Biotite, hornblende and plagioclase have been dredged from Likelep, and the seamount is of Campanian age. Likelep may be part of a seamount trail[58] and is part of the Ujlān volcanic complex.[59] A sediment cap and volcanic structures are found on its top, with a volcanic cone protruding through the sediment. Slumps occur on its flanks and a seamount farther north is connected to Likelep.[57]
Lalibjet[6] A sea god[8] [ ⚑ ] 10°08.40′N 159°55.20′E / 10.14°N 159.92°E / 10.14; 159.92[60] 1,439 metres (4,721 ft)[61] 74 million years[60] May have been produced by the Rarotonga hotspot together with Eniwetok[62] and is part of the Ujlān volcanic complex.[59] Part of the sediment cap on its summit appears to have been removed by a slump.[57]
Ujlān[6] Ujelang[63] [ ⚑ ] 9°46.80′N 160°25.20′E / 9.78°N 160.42°E / 9.78; 160.42[63] 1,250 metres (4,100 ft)[57] 80 million years[63] Seamount with three separate summits.[47] Ujlan may be part of a seamount trail[58] and is part of the Ujlān volcanic complex.[59] The southwestern flank has a terrace.[57]
Ļōtab[6] A descendant of Litōrmālu[8] [ ⚑ ] 10°13.80′N 160°43.20′E / 10.23°N 160.72°E / 10.23; 160.72[64] 1,557 metres (5,108 ft)[61] 80 million years[64] Lotab may be part of a seamount trail[58] and is part of the Ujlān volcanic complex;[59] it also features traces of mass failures[57] and on the northeastern flank it is connected to another seamount.[61]
Ļajutōkwa[6] A navigator[8] [ ⚑ ] 10°28.80′N 160°46.80′E / 10.48°N 160.78°E / 10.48; 160.78[65] 1,585 metres (5,200 ft)[30] 81 million years[65] Lajutokwa may be part of a seamount trail[58] and is part of the Ujlān volcanic complex.[59]
Lo-En[6] Hess[66] Named after the hibiscus tree[8] [ ⚑ ] 10°06.00′N 162°52.20′E / 10.1°N 162.87°E / 10.1; 162.87[66] 113 million years[66]
Mij-Lep[6] A gap between islands on Ujlan[8] [ ⚑ ] 8°48.60′N 163°12.60′E / 8.81°N 163.21°E / 8.81; 163.21[67] 1,105 metres (3,625 ft)[61] 106 million years[67] A number of pinnacles, including a flat topped one on the summit, cover Mij-Lep.[61]
Ļemkein[6] [ ⚑ ] 9°18′N 166°05′E / 9.3°N 166.083°E / 9.3; 166.083[33]
Ļewōnjoui[6] [ ⚑ ] 10°32.31′N 166°27.83′E / 10.5385°N 166.46383°E / 10.5385; 166.46383[68] 2,985 metres (9,793 ft)[68] 1,441 cubic kilometres (346 cu mi)[68]
Ļōkkwōrkwōr[6] Erikub[69] [ ⚑ ] 9°09.00′N 170°00.00′E / 9.15°N 170°E / 9.15; 170[69] 1,400 metres (4,600 ft)[26] 87 million years[69] Alkali basalts and hawaiite have been dredged, which contain clinopyroxene, olivine derivatives and plagioclase and show evidence of having been eroded above the water surface[27]
Litakpooki[6] [ ⚑ ] 8°18.60′N 160°38.40′E / 8.31°N 160.64°E / 8.31; 160.64[70]
Ṃaanjidep[6] A chief from Jalwoj[16] [ ⚑ ] 6°43.80′N 169°19.80′E / 6.73°N 169.33°E / 6.73; 169.33[71] 2,215 metres (7,267 ft)[61] The depth probably does not refer to the actual summit.[61]
Ļoṃjenaelik[6] A chief from Arno[16]
Ļōmōļkā[6] A chief from Mile[16] [ ⚑ ] 6°37.80′N 172°21.60′E / 6.63°N 172.36°E / 6.63; 172.36[72]
Limalok[6] Harrie[73] A chiefess from Mile[16] [ ⚑ ] 5°36.00′N 172°21.60′E / 5.6°N 172.36°E / 5.6; 172.36[73] 68 million years[73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bergersen 1995, p. 605.
  2. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 9.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bergersen 1995, p. 607.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Koppers et al. 2003, p. 25.
  5. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 39.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 Hein, James R.; Wong, Florence L.; Mosier, Dan L. (1999). "Bathymetry of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and vicinity" (in en). Miscellaneous Field Studies Map. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/mf2324. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Asavin, A. M.; Daryin, A. V.; Melnikov, M. E. (21 December 2014). "Microrhythmic distribution of Co, Mn, Ni, and La contents in cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Magellan Seamounts" (in en). Geochemistry International 53 (1): 23. doi:10.1134/s0016702915010024. ISSN 0016-7029. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 Hein et al. 1990, p. 245.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Aean Kan Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-149N-1605E/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bergersen 1995, p. 610.
  11. ↑ Hein, James R.; Zielinski, S.E.; Staudigel, Hubert; Chang, Se-Won; Greene, Michelle; Pringle, M.S. (1997). "Composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts and substrate rocks from the NW Marshall Islands and international waters to the north, Tunes 6 cruise" (in en). Open-File Report. ISSN 2331-1258. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr97482. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Neen-Koiaak Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-144N-1610E/. 
  13. ↑ Koppers, Staudigel & Wijbrans 2000, p. 142.
  14. ↑ Koppers, Staudigel & Wijbrans 2000, p. 145.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "South-Wod-En Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-152N-1630E/. 
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 Hein et al. 1990, p. 246.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Koppers et al. 2003, p. 21.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "North-Wod-En Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-161N-1630E/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Lewa Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-140N-1631E/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Haggerty & Premoli Silva 1995, p. 935.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Haggerty & Premoli Silva 1995, p. 938.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Lobbadede Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-139N-1639E/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Rataka Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-139N-1675E/. 
  24. ↑ Davis et al. 1989, pp. 5757-5758.
  25. ↑ Davis et al. 1989, p. 5770.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Davis et al. 1989, p. 5757.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Davis et al. 1989, p. 5761.
  28. ↑ "Lainjin Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-112N-1611E/. 
  29. ↑ "Lojemeja Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-114N-1611E/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 Hein et al. 1990, p. 5.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Lami Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-119N-1614E/. 
  32. ↑ "Peto-En Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-124N-1613E/. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Hyeong et al. 2013, p. 294.
  34. ↑ "Litormalu Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-109N-1615E/. 
  35. ↑ "Lo-Wuliej Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-122N-1623E/. 
  36. ↑ "North Laanmojanjan Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-131N-1628E/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 Hein et al. 1990, p. 4.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "South Laanmojanjan Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-127N-1626E/. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Bwewa-Kan Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-136N-1644E/. 
  40. ↑ "Lojabon-Bar Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-132N-1645E/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 "Wodejebato Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-119N-1649E/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Look Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-122N-1662E/. 
  43. ↑ Hubert Staudigel; Anthony A.P. Koppers (1 January 2015) (in en). Seamounts and Island Building. 420. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00022-5. ISBN 9780123859389. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Hein et al. 1990, p. 2.
  45. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 24.
  46. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 27.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Hein et al. 1990, p. 3.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Ruwituntun Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-118N-1670E/. 
  49. ↑ Davis et al. 1989, p. 5759.
  50. ↑ "Lawun-Pikaar Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-122N-1689E/. 
  51. ↑ "Lokoto-Nornor Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-131N-1694E/. 
  52. ↑ "Jebo Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-111N-1707E/. 
  53. ↑ Hein et al. 1992, p. 1.
  54. ↑ Hein et al. 1992, p. 7.
  55. ↑ Hein et al. 1992, p. 4.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Likelep Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-106N-1605E/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 57.5 Hein et al. 1990, p. 6.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Koppers et al. 2003, p. 20.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 Hein et al. 1990, p. 1.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Lalibjet Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-101N-1599E/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 61.6 Hein et al. 1990, p. 7.
  62. ↑ Bergersen 1995, p. 612.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "Ujlan Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-098N-1604E/. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Lotab Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-102N-1607E/. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Lajutokwa Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-105N-1608E/. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 "Lo-En Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-101N-1629E/. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Mij-Lep Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-088N-1632E/. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 "Lewonjoui Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-106N-1665E/. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 "Erikub Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-092N-1700E/. 
  70. ↑ "Litakpooki Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-083N-1606E/. 
  71. ↑ "Maanjidep Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-067N-1693E/. 
  72. ↑ "Lomolka Seamount". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-066N-1724E/. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 "Limalok Guyot". https://earthref.org/SC/SMNT-056N-1724E/. 

Sources

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