Earth:Air quality index

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Short description: Measure of air pollution
An annotated satellite photo showing smoke from wildfires in Greece, giving rise to an elevated AQI downwind

An air quality index (AQI) is an indicator developed by government agencies[1] to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become.[2][3] As air pollution levels rise, so does the AQI, along with the associated public health risk. Children, the elderly and individuals with respiratory or cardiovascular problems are typically the first groups affected by poor air quality. When the AQI is high, governmental bodies generally encourage people to reduce physical activity outdoors, or even avoid going out altogether. When wildfires result in a high AQI, the use of masks such as N95 respirators outdoors and air purifiers incorporating HEPA filters indoors are also encouraged.[2]

Different countries have their own air quality indices, corresponding to different national air quality standards. Some of these are Canada's Air Quality Health Index, Malaysia's Air Pollution Index, and Singapore's Pollutant Standards Index.

Overview

An air quality measurement station in Edinburgh, Scotland

Computation of the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period, obtained from an air monitor or model. Taken together, concentration and time represent the dose of the air pollutant. Health effects corresponding to a given dose are established by epidemiological research.[4] Air pollutants vary in potency, and the function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant. Its air quality index values are typically grouped into ranges. Each range is assigned a descriptor, a color code, and a standardized public health advisory.

The AQI can increase due to an increase of air emissions. For example, during rush hour traffic or when there is an upwind forest fire or from a lack of dilution of air pollutants. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone, temperature inversion, or low wind speeds lets air pollution remain in a local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants, chemical reactions between air contaminants and hazy conditions.[5]

Signboard in Gulfton, Houston, Texas, indicating an ozone watch

On a day when the AQI is predicted to be elevated due to fine particle pollution, an agency or public health organization might:

  • advise sensitive groups, such as the elderly, children and those with respiratory or cardiovascular problems, to avoid outdoor exertion.[6]
  • declare an "action day" to encourage voluntary measures to reduce air emissions, such as using public transportation.[7]
  • recommend the use of masks outdoors and air purifiers indoors to keep fine particles from entering the lungs[8]

During a period of very poor air quality, such as an air pollution episode, when the AQI indicates that acute exposure may cause significant harm to the public health, agencies may invoke emergency plans that allow them to order major emitters (such as coal burning industries) to curtail emissions until the hazardous conditions abate.[9]

Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.[10]

The definition of the AQI in a particular nation reflects the discourse surrounding the development of national air quality standards in that nation.[11] A website allowing government agencies anywhere in the world to submit their real-time air monitoring data for display using a common definition of the air quality index has recently become available.[12]

Indices by location

Australia

Each of the states and territories of Australia is responsible for monitoring air quality and publishing data in accordance with the National Environment Protection (Ambient Air Quality) Measure (NEPM) standards.[13]

Each state and territory publishes air quality data for individual monitoring locations, and most states and territories publish air quality indexes for each monitoring location.

Across Australia, a consistent approach is taken with air quality indexes, using a simple linear scale where 100 represents the maximum concentration standard for each pollutant, as set by the NEPM. These maximum concentration standards are:

Pollutant Averaging period Maximum concentration standard
Carbon monoxide 8 hours 9 ppm
Nitrogen dioxide 1 hour 0.12 ppm
1 year 0.03 ppm
Ozone 1 hour 0.10 ppm
4 hours 0.08 ppm
Sulphur dioxide 1 hour 0.20 ppm
1 day 0.08 ppm
1 year 0.02 ppm
Lead 1 year 0.50 μg/m3
PM 10 1 day 50 μg/m3
1 year 25 μg/m3
PM 2.5 1 day 25 μg/m3
1 year 8 μg/m3

The air quality index (AQI) for an individual location is simply the highest of the air quality index values for each pollutant being monitored at that location.

AQI bands, with health advice for each:[14][failed verification]

AQI Description Health advice
0–33 Very Good Enjoy activities
34–66 Good Enjoy activities
67–99 Fair People unusually sensitive to air pollution: Plan strenuous outdoor activities when air quality is better
100–149 Poor Sensitive Groups: Cut back or reschedule strenuous outdoor activities
150–200 Very Poor Sensitive groups: Avoid strenuous outdoor activities. Everyone: Cut back or reschedule strenuous outdoor activities
200+ Hazardous Sensitive groups: Avoid all outdoor physical activities. Everyone: Significantly cut back on outdoor physical activities

Canada

Main page: Organization:Air Quality Health Index (Canada)

Air quality in Canada has been reported for many years with provincial air quality indices (AQIs). Significantly, AQI values reflect air quality management objectives, which are based on the lowest achievable emissions rate, rather than exclusive concern for human health. The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a scale designed to help understand the impact of air quality on health. It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution. The Air Quality Health Index also provides advice on how to improve air quality by proposing a behavioral change to reduce the environmental footprint. This index pays particular attention to people who are sensitive to air pollution. It provides them with advice on how to protect their health during air quality levels associated with low, moderate, high and very high health risks.

The AQHI provides a number from 1 to 10+ to indicate the level of health risk associated with local air quality. On occasion, when the amount of air pollution is abnormally high, the number may exceed 10. The AQHI provides a local air quality current value as well as a local air quality maximums forecast for today, tonight, and tomorrow, and provides associated health advice.[15]

Health risk AQHI Health messages
At risk population General population
Low 1–3 Enjoy your usual outdoor activities. Ideal air quality for outdoor activities
Moderate 4–6 Consider reducing or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you are experiencing symptoms. No need to modify your usual outdoor activities unless you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.
High 7–10 Reduce or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors. Children and the elderly should also take it easy. Consider reducing or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.
Very high Above 10 Avoid strenuous activities outdoors. Children and the elderly should also avoid outdoor physical exertion. Reduce or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors, especially if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

China

Hong Kong

On December 30, 2013, Hong Kong replaced the Air Pollution Index with a new index called the Air Quality Health Index.[16] This index, reported by the Environmental Protection Department, is measured on a scale of 1 to 10+ and considers four air pollutants: ozone; nitrogen dioxide; sulphur dioxide and particulate matter (including PM10 and PM2.5). For any given hour the AQHI is calculated from the sum of the percentage excess risk of daily hospital admissions attributable to the 3-hour moving average concentrations of these four pollutants. The AQHIs are grouped into five AQHI health risk categories with health advice provided:[17]

Health risk category AQHI
Low 1
2
3
Moderate 4
5
6
High 7
Very high 8
9
10
Serious 10+

Each of the health risk categories has advice associated with it. At the low and moderate levels the public are advised that they can continue normal activities. For the high category, children, the elderly and people with heart or respiratory illnesses are advised to reduce outdoor physical exertion. Above this (very high or serious), the general public are likewise advised to reduce or avoid outdoor physical exertion.

Mainland China

China's Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) is responsible for measuring the level of air pollution in China. As of January 1, 2013, MEP monitors daily pollution level in 163 of its major cities. The AQI level is based on the level of six atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates smaller than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10),[18] suspended particulates smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5),[18] carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stations throughout each city.[19]

AQI mechanics

An individual score (Individual Air Quality Index, IAQI) is calculated using breakpoint concentrations below, and using same piecewise linear function to calculate intermediate values as the US AQI scale. and The final AQI value can be calculated either per hour or per 24 hours and is the max of these six scores.[19]

Chinese AQI category and pollutant breakpoints [19]
Individual index Units are in μg/m3 except CO, which is in mg/m3
IAQI Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24 hour mean Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 1 hour mean （1） Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 24 hour mean Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1 hour mean （1） PM10 24 hour mean Carbon monoxide (CO) 24 hour mean Carbon monoxide (CO) 1 hour mean （1） Ozone（O3）1 hour mean Ozone（O3）8 hour moving average PM2.5 24 hour mean
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 50 150 40 100 50 2 5 160 100 35
100 150 500 80 200 150 4 10 200 160 75
150 475 650 180 700 250 14 35 300 215 115
200 800 800 280 1200 350 24 60 400 265 150
300 1600 （2） 565 2340 420 36 90 800 800 250
400 2100 （2） 750 3090 500 48 120 1000 (3) 350
500 2620 （2） 940 3840 600 60 150 1200 (3) 500
Notes: (1) SO2,NO2, and CO 1 hour average concentrations are only for real time reporting. For daily reports, use the 24 hour average concentrations.

(2) If the SO2 1 hour concentration exceeds 800μg/m3, use the index from the 24 hour concentration instead.

(3) If the O3 8 hour moving average exceeds 800μg/m3, use the index from the 1 hour concentration instead.


The score for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final AQI score. Thus an AQI of 300 does not mean twice the pollution of AQI at 150, nor does it mean the air is twice as harmful. The concentration of a pollutant when its IAQI is 100 does not equal twice its concentration when its IAQI is 50, nor does it mean the pollutant is twice as harmful. While an AQI of 50 from day 1 to 182 and AQI of 100 from day 183 to 365 does provide an annual average of 75, it does not mean the pollution is acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. Because the benchmark is a 24-hour target, and the annual average must match the annual target, it is entirely possible to have safe air every day of the year but still fail the annual pollution benchmark.[19]

AQI and health implications (HJ 633–2012)[19]
AQI Air pollution level Air pollution
category		 Health implications Recommended precautions
0–50 Level 1 Excellent (优) No health implications. Everyone can continue their outdoor activities normally.
51–100 Level 2 Good (良) Some pollutants may slightly affect very few hypersensitive individuals. Only very few hypersensitive people should reduce outdoor activities.
101–150 Level 3 Lightly Polluted (轻度污染) Healthy people may experience slight irritations and sensitive individuals will be slightly affected to a larger extent. Children, seniors and individuals with respiratory or heart diseases should reduce sustained and high-intensity outdoor exercises.
151–200 Level 4 Moderately Polluted (中度污染) Sensitive individuals will experience more serious conditions. The hearts and respiratory systems of healthy people may be affected. Children, seniors and individuals with respiratory or heart diseases should avoid sustained and high-intensity outdoor exercises. General population should moderately reduce outdoor activities.
201–300 Level 5 Heavily Polluted (重度污染) Healthy people will commonly show symptoms. People with respiratory or heart diseases will be significantly affected and will experience reduced endurance in activities. Children, seniors and individuals with heart or lung diseases should stay indoors and avoid outdoor activities. General population should reduce outdoor activities.
>300 Level 6 Severely Polluted (严重污染) Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities and may also show noticeably strong symptoms. Other illnesses may be triggered in healthy people. Elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals should avoid outdoor activities. Children, seniors and the sick should stay indoors and avoid physical exertion. General population should avoid outdoor activities.

Europe

The Common Air Quality Index (CAQI)[20] is an air quality index used in Europe since 2006.[21] In November 2017, the European Environment Agency announced the European Air Quality Index (EAQI) and started encouraging its use on websites and for other ways of informing the public about air quality.[22]

CAQI

(As of 2012), the EU-supported project CiteairII argued that the CAQI had been evaluated on a "large set" of data, and described the CAQI's motivation and definition. CiteairII stated that having an air quality index that would be easy to present to the general public was a major motivation, leaving aside the more complex question of a health-based index, which would require, for example, effects of combined levels of different pollutants. The main aim of the CAQI was to have an index that would encourage wide comparison across the EU, without replacing local indices. CiteairII stated that the "main goal of the CAQI is not to warn people for possible adverse health effects of poor air quality but to attract their attention to urban air pollution and its main source (traffic) and help them decrease their exposure."[21]

The CAQI is a number on a scale from 1 to 100, where a low value means good air quality and a high value means bad air quality. The index is defined in both hourly and daily versions, and separately near roads (a "roadside" or "traffic" index) or away from roads (a "background" index). (As of 2012), the CAQI had two mandatory components for the roadside index, NO2 and PM10, and three mandatory components for the background index, NO2, PM10 and O3. It also included optional pollutants PM2.5, CO and SO2. A "sub-index" is calculated for each of the mandatory (and optional if available) components. The CAQI is defined as the sub-index that represents the worst quality among those components.[21]

Some of the key pollutant concentrations in μg/m3 for the hourly background index, the corresponding sub-indices, and five CAQI ranges and verbal descriptions are as follows.[21]

Qualitative name Index or sub-index Pollutant (hourly) concentration
NO2 μg/m3 PM10 μg/m3 O3 μg/m3 PM2.5 (optional) μg/m3
Very low 0–25 0–50 0–25 0–60 0–15
Low 25–50 50–100 25–50 60–120 15–30
Medium 50–75 100–200 50–90 120–180 30–55
High 75–100 200–400 90–180 180–240 55–110
Very high >100 >400 >180 >240 >110

Frequently updated CAQI values and maps are shown on www.airqualitynow.eu[23] and other websites.[20] A separate Year Average Common Air Quality Index (YACAQI) is also defined, in which different pollutant sub-indices are separately normalised to a value typically near unity. For example, the yearly averages of NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 are divided by 40 μg/m3, 40 μg/m3 and 20 μg/m3, respectively. The overall background or traffic YACAQI for a city is the arithmetic mean of a defined subset of these sub-indices.[21]

India

The National Air Quality Index (NAQI) was launched in New Delhi on September 17, 2014, under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[24][25][26][27]

The Central Pollution Control Board along with State Pollution Control Boards has been operating National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP) covering 240 cities of the country having more than 342 monitoring stations.[28] An Expert Group comprising medical professionals, air quality experts, academia, advocacy groups, and SPCBs was constituted and a technical study was awarded to IIT Kanpur. IIT Kanpur and the Expert Group recommended an AQI scheme in 2014.[29] While the earlier measuring index was limited to three indicators, the new index measures eight parameters.[30] The continuous monitoring systems that provide data on near real-time basis are installed in New Delhi, Mumbai , Pune, Kolkata and Ahmedabad.[31]

There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderate, Poor, Severe and Hazardous. The proposed AQI will consider eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hourly averaging period) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed.[32] Based on the measured ambient concentrations, corresponding standards and likely health impact, a sub-index is calculated for each of these pollutants. The worst sub-index reflects overall AQI. Likely health impacts for different AQI categories and pollutants have also been suggested, with primary inputs from the medical experts in the group. The AQI values and corresponding ambient concentrations (health breakpoints) as well as associated likely health impacts for the identified eight pollutants are as follows:

AQI category, pollutants and health breakpoints
AQI category (range) PM10 (24hr) PM2.5 (24hr) NO2 (24hr) O3 (8hr) CO (8hr) SO2 (24hr) NH3 (24hr) Pb (24hr)
Good (0–50) 0–50 0–30 0–40 0–50 0–1.0 0–40 0–200 0–0.5
Satisfactory (51–100) 51–100 31–60 41–80 51–100 1.1–2.0 41–80 201–400 0.5–1.0
Moderate (101–200) 101–250 61–90 81–180 101–168 2.1–10 81–380 401–800 1.1–2.0
Poor (201–300) 251–350 91–120 181–280 169–208 10–17 381–800 801–1200 2.1–3.0
Very Poor (301–400) 351–430 121–250 281–400 209–748 17–34 801–1600 1200–1800 3.1–3.5
Severe (401–500) 430+ 250+ 400+ 748+ 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+
AQI definitions
AQI Associated health impacts Colour
Good (0–50) Minimal impact Deep green
Satisfactory (51–100) May cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people. Light green
Moderate (101–200) May cause breathing discomfort to people with lung disease such as asthma, and discomfort to people with heart disease, children and older adults. Yellow
Poor (201–300) May cause breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure, and discomfort to people with heart disease. Orange
Very Poor (301–400) May cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. Effect may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases. Red
Severe

(401–500)

May cause respiratory impact even on healthy people, and serious health impacts on people with lung/heart disease. The health impacts may be experienced even during light physical activity. Maroon

Japan

According to Japan Weather Association, Japan uses a different scale to measure the air quality index.

AQI AQI type Health information
0–50 Good (良い) There is no impact on humans. Outdoor activities are always allowed.
51–100 Moderate (適度) Outdoor activities are often allowed because air is seldom considered unhealthy.
101–200 Unhealthy (不健康) Outdoor activities are sometimes allowed because air is sometimes considered unhealthy.
201–350 Very unhealthy (非常不健康) There are serious health hazards. Outdoor activities are seldom allowed.
351–500 Hazardous (危険な) Pollutants trigger extremely serious health hazards to humans. Outdoor activities are never allowed.

Mexico

Main page: Engineering:Índice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire

The air quality in Mexico City is reported in IMECAs. The IMECA is calculated using the measurements of average times of the chemicals ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), and particles smaller than 10 micrometers (PM10).[33]

Singapore

Singapore uses the Pollutant Standards Index to report on its air quality,[34] with details of the calculation similar but not identical to those used in Malaysia and Hong Kong.[35] The PSI chart below is grouped by index values and descriptors, according to the National Environment Agency.[36]

PSI Descriptor General health effects
0–50 Good None
51–100 Moderate Few or none for the general population
101–200 Unhealthy Mild aggravation of symptoms among susceptible persons i.e. those with underlying conditions such as chronic heart or lung ailments; transient symptoms of irritation e.g. eye irritation, sneezing or coughing in some of the healthy population.
201–300 Very Unhealthy Moderate aggravation of symptoms and decreased tolerance in persons with heart or lung disease; more widespread symptoms of transient irritation in the healthy population.
301–400 Severe Early onset of certain diseases in addition to significant aggravation of symptoms in susceptible persons; and decreased exercise tolerance in healthy persons.
Above 400 Hazardous PSI levels above 400 may be life-threatening to ill and elderly persons. Healthy people may experience adverse symptoms that affect normal activity.

South Korea

The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensive Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on the health risks of air pollution. The index aims to help the public easily understand the air quality and protect people's health. The CAI is on a scale from 0 to 500, which is divided into six categories. The higher the CAI value, the greater the level of air pollution. Of values of the five air pollutants, the highest is the CAI value. The index also has associated health effects and a colour representation of the categories as shown below.[37]

CAI Description Health implications
0–50 Good (좋음) A level that will not impact patients with diseases related to air pollution.
51–100 Moderate (보통) A level that may have a meager impact on patients in case of chronic exposure.
101–250 Unhealthy (나쁨) A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and members of sensitive groups (children, aged or weak people), and also cause the general public unpleasant feelings.
251–500 Very unhealthy (매우 나쁨) A level that may have a serious impact on patients and members of sensitive groups in case of acute exposure.

The N Seoul Tower on Namsan Mountain in central Seoul, South Korea, is illuminated in blue, from sunset to 23:00 and 22:00 in winter, on days where the air quality in Seoul is 45 or less. During the spring of 2012, the Tower was lit up for 52 days, which is four days more than in 2011.[38]

United Kingdom

The most commonly used air quality index in the UK is the Daily Air Quality Index recommended by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP).[39] This index has ten points, which are further grouped into four bands: low, moderate, high and very high. Each of the bands comes with advice for at-risk groups and the general population.[40]

Air pollution banding Value Health messages for at-risk individuals Health messages for general population
Low 1–3 Enjoy your usual outdoor activities.
Moderate 4–6 Adults and children with lung problems, and adults with heart problems, who experience symptoms, should consider reducing strenuous physical activity, particularly outdoors. Enjoy your usual outdoor activities.
High 7–9 Adults and children with lung problems, and adults with heart problems, should reduce strenuous physical exertion, particularly outdoors, and particularly if they experience symptoms. People with asthma may find they need to use their reliever inhaler more often. Older people should also reduce physical exertion. Anyone experiencing discomfort such as sore eyes, cough or sore throat should consider reducing activity, particularly outdoors.
Very High 10 Adults and children with lung problems, adults with heart problems, and older people, should avoid strenuous physical activity. People with asthma may find they need to use their reliever inhaler more often. Reduce physical exertion, particularly outdoors, especially if you experience symptoms such as cough or sore throat.

The index is based on the concentrations of five pollutants. The index is calculated from the concentrations of the following pollutants: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur ioxide, PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and PM10. The breakpoints between index values are defined for each pollutant separately and the overall index is defined as the maximum value of the index. Different averaging periods are used for different pollutants.[40]

Index Ozone, running 8 hourly mean (μg/m3) Nitrogen dioxide, hourly mean (μg/m3) Sulphur dioxide, 15 minute mean (μg/m3) PM2.5 particles, 24 hour mean (μg/m3) PM10 particles, 24 hour mean (μg/m3)
1 0–33 0–67 0–88 0–11 0–16
2 34–66 68–134 89–177 12–23 17–33
3 67–100 135–200 178–266 24–35 34–50
4 101–120 201–267 267–354 36–41 51–58
5 121–140 268–334 355–443 42–47 59–66
6 141–160 335–400 444–532 48–53 67–75
7 161–187 401–467 533–710 54–58 76–83
8 188–213 468–534 711–887 59–64 84–91
9 214–240 535–600 888–1064 65–70 92–100
10 ≥ 241 ≥ 601 ≥ 1065 ≥ 71 ≥ 101

United States

United States Air Quality Index
AQI Level of health concern Color
0 to 50 Good Green
51 to 100 Moderate Yellow
101 to 150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups Orange
151–200 Unhealthy Red
201–300 Very unhealthy Purple
301–500 Hazardous Maroon
501-1000 Very Hazardous Brown
PM2.5 24-Hour AQI Loop, Courtesy US EPA

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed an Air Quality Index that is used to report air quality. This AQI is divided into six categories indicating increasing levels of health concern. An AQI value over 300 represents hazardous air quality and below 50 the air quality is good.[10]

The AQI is based on the five "criteria" pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act: ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for each of these pollutants in order to protect public health. An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the level of the NAAQS for the pollutant.[10] The Clean Air Act (USA) (1990) requires the EPA to review its National Ambient Air Quality Standards every five years to reflect evolving health effects information. The Air Quality Index is adjusted periodically to reflect these changes.

Computing the AQI

The air quality index is a piecewise linear function of the pollutant concentration. At the boundary between AQI categories, there is a discontinuous jump of one AQI unit. To convert from concentration to AQI this equation is used:[41]

[math]\displaystyle{ I = \frac {I_{high} -I_{low}}{ C_{high} -C_{low} }(C-C_{low}) +I_{low} }[/math]

(If multiple pollutants are measured, the calculated AQI is the highest value calculated from the above equation applied for each pollutant.)

where:

[math]\displaystyle{ I }[/math] = the (Air Quality) index,
[math]\displaystyle{ C }[/math] = the pollutant concentration,
[math]\displaystyle{ C_{low} }[/math]= the concentration breakpoint that is ≤ [math]\displaystyle{ C }[/math],
[math]\displaystyle{ C_{high} }[/math]= the concentration breakpoint that is ≥ [math]\displaystyle{ C }[/math],
[math]\displaystyle{ I_{low} }[/math]= the index breakpoint corresponding to [math]\displaystyle{ C_{low} }[/math],
[math]\displaystyle{ I_{high} }[/math]= the index breakpoint corresponding to [math]\displaystyle{ C_{high} }[/math].

The EPA's table of breakpoints is:[42][43][44]

O3 (ppb) O3 (ppb) PM2.5 (μg/m3) PM10 (μg/m3) CO (ppm) SO2 (ppb) NO2 (ppb) AQI AQI
Clow – Chigh (avg) Ilow – Ihigh Category
0–54
(8-hr)		 — 0.0–12.0
(24-hr)		 0–54
(24-hr)		 0.0–4.4
(8-hr)		 0–35
(1-hr)		 0–53
(1-hr)		 0–50 Good
55–70
(8-hr)		 — 12.1–35.4
(24-hr)		 55–154
(24-hr)		 4.5–9.4
(8-hr)		 36–75
(1-hr)		 54–100
(1-hr)		 51–100 Moderate
71–85
(8-hr)		 125–164
(1-hr)		 35.5–55.4
(24-hr)		 155–254
(24-hr)		 9.5–12.4
(8-hr)		 76–185
(1-hr)		 101–360
(1-hr)		 101–150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups
86–105
(8-hr)		 165–204
(1-hr)		 55.5–150.4
(24-hr)		 255–354
(24-hr)		 12.5–15.4
(8-hr)		 186–304
(1-hr)		 361–649
(1-hr)		 151–200 Unhealthy
106–200
(8-hr)		 205–404
(1-hr)		 150.5–250.4
(24-hr)		 355–424
(24-hr)		 15.5–30.4
(8-hr)		 305–604
(24-hr)		 650–1249
(1-hr)		 201–300 Very unhealthy
— 405–504
(1-hr)		 250.5–350.4
(24-hr)		 425–504
(24-hr)		 30.5–40.4
(8-hr)		 605–804
(24-hr)		 1250–1649
(1-hr)		 301–400 Hazardous
— 505–604
(1-hr)		 350.5–500.4
(24-hr)		 505–604
(24-hr)		 40.5–50.4
(8-hr)		 805–1004
(24-hr)		 1650–2049
(1-hr)		 401–500

Suppose a monitor records a 24-hour average fine particle (PM2.5) concentration of 26.4 micrograms per cubic meter. The equation above results in an AQI of:

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{100 -51}{35.4 -12.1}(26.4-12.1) +51=81.073 }[/math]

which rounds to index value of 81, corresponding to air quality in the "Moderate" range.[45] To convert an air pollutant concentration to an AQI, EPA has developed a calculator.[46]

If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site, then the largest or "dominant" AQI value is reported for the location. The ozone AQI between 100 and 300 is computed by selecting the larger of the AQI calculated with a 1-hour ozone value and the AQI computed with the 8-hour ozone value.

Eight-hour ozone averages do not define AQI values greater than 300; AQI values of 301 or greater are calculated with 1-hour ozone concentrations. 1-hour SO2 values do not define higher AQI values greater than 200. AQI values of 201 or greater are calculated with 24-hour SO2 concentrations.

Real-time monitoring data from continuous monitors are typically available as 1-hour averages. However, computation of the AQI for some pollutants requires averaging over multiple hours of data. (For example, calculation of the ozone AQI requires computation of an 8-hour average and computation of the PM2.5 or PM10 AQI requires a 24-hour average.) To accurately reflect the current air quality, the multi-hour average used for the AQI computation should be centered on the current time, but as concentrations of future hours are unknown and are difficult to estimate accurately, EPA uses surrogate concentrations to estimate these multi-hour averages. For reporting the PM2.5, PM10 and ozone air quality indices, this surrogate concentration is called the NowCast. The Nowcast is a particular type of weighted average that provides more weight to the most recent air quality data when air pollution levels are changing.[47][48] There is a free email subscription service for New York inhabitants – AirNYC.[49] Subscribers get notifications about the changes in the AQI values for the selected location (e.g. home address), based on air quality conditions.

Public availability of the AQI

A global air quality map

Real time monitoring data and forecasts of air quality that are color-coded in terms of the air quality index are available from EPA's AirNow web site.[50] Other organizations provide monitoring for members of sensitive groups such as asthmatics, children and adults over the age of 65.[51] Historical air monitoring data including AQI charts and maps are available at EPA's AirData website.[52] Detailed map about current AQI level and its two-day forecast is available from Aerostate web site.[53]

Regulatory Air Monitors and Low Cost Sensors

Historically, EPA has only allowed data from regulatory monitors operated by regulatory or public health professionals to be included in its real time national maps.[54][55] In the past decade, low cost sensors (LCS's) have become increasingly popular with citizen scientists, and large LCS networks haven sprung up in the US and across the globe. Recently, EPA has developed a data correction algorithm[56][57] for a particular brand of PM2.5 LCS (the Purple Air monitor) that makes the LCS data comparable to regulatory data for the purpose of computing the AQI. This corrected LCS data currently appears alongside regulatory data on EPA's national fire map.[58]

History of the AQI

The AQI made its debut in 1968, when the National Air Pollution Control Administration undertook an initiative to develop an air quality index and to apply the methodology to Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The impetus was to draw public attention to the issue of air pollution and indirectly push responsible local public officials to take action to control sources of pollution and enhance air quality within their jurisdictions.

Jack Fensterstock, the head of the National Inventory of Air Pollution Emissions and Control Branch, was tasked to lead the development of the methodology and to compile the air quality and emissions data necessary to test and calibrate resultant indices.[59]

The initial iteration of the air quality index used standardized ambient pollutant concentrations to yield individual pollutant indices. These indices were then weighted and summed to form a single total air quality index. The overall methodology could use concentrations that are taken from ambient monitoring data or are predicted by means of a diffusion model. The concentrations were then converted into a standard statistical distribution with a preset mean and standard deviation. The resultant individual pollutant indices are assumed to be equally weighted, although values other than unity can be used. Likewise, the index can incorporate any number of pollutants although it was only used to combine SOx, CO, and TSP[60] because of a lack of available data for other pollutants.

While the methodology was designed to be robust, the practical application for all metropolitan areas proved to be inconsistent due to the paucity of ambient air quality monitoring data, lack of agreement on weighting factors, and non-uniformity of air quality standards across geographical and political boundaries. Despite these issues, the publication of lists ranking metropolitan areas achieved the public policy objectives and led to the future development of improved indices and their routine application.

Vietnam

On November 12, 2019, Vietnam Environment Administration issued Decision No. 1459/QD-TCMT on promulgating Technical Guidelines for calculation and publication of Vietnam Air Quality Index (VN_AQI).[61]

AQI range Air quality Color
0–50 Good (Tốt) Green
51–100 Moderate (Trung bình) Yellow
101–150 Bad (Kém) Orange
151–200 Unhealthy (Xấu) Red
201 - 300 Very unhealthy (Rất xấu) Purple
301 - 500 Hazardous (Nguy hại) Brown

See also

References

  1. ↑ "International Air Quality". http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.international. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Create a Clean Room to Protect Indoor Air Quality During a Wildfire". 12 December 2018. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/create-clean-room-protect-indoor-air-quality-during-wildfire. 
  3. ↑ "MACC Project - European Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting". https://www.gmes-atmosphere.eu/services/raq/raq_nrt/. 
  4. ↑ "Step 2 - Dose-Response Assessment". 26 September 2013. http://www.epa.gov/risk_assessment/dose-response.htm. 
  5. ↑ Myanmar government (2007). "Haze". http://www.kjc.gov.my/english/education/weather/haze01.html. 
  6. ↑ "Air Quality Index - American Lung Association". American Lung Association. http://www.lung.org/healthy-air/outdoor/air-quality-index.html. 
  7. ↑ "Spare the Air - Summer Spare the Air". http://www.sparetheair.org/Make-a-Difference/Spare-the-Air-Every-Day/Summer.aspx. 
  8. ↑ "FAQ: Use of masks and availability of masks". https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/pressRoom/Current_Issues/2014/haze/faq--use-of-masks-and-availability-of-masks.html. 
  9. ↑ A. Scott Voorhees (24 June 2014). "US Experience on Emergency Response System". 10th China City Air Quality Management Workshop Clean Air Asia & Ministry of Environmental Protection. http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/sites/default/files/presentations/1_en_air_pollution_emergency_response_system_-_us_experience_1.pdf. Retrieved 2014-09-25. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Air Quality Index (AQI) - A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health". US EPA. 9 December 2011. http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi. 
  11. ↑ Jay Timmons (13 August 2014). "The EPA's Latest Threat to Economic Growth". WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-epas-latest-threat-to-economic-growth-1407970689. 
  12. ↑ "World Air Quality Index". http://waqi.info/. 
  13. ↑ "National Environment Protection (Ambient Air Quality) Measure". https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C00215. 
  14. ↑ "About the Air Quality Index (NSW)". https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/air/understanding-air-quality-data/air-quality-index. 
  15. ↑ "Environment Canada - Air - AQHI categories and explanations". Ec.gc.ca. 2008-04-16. http://www.ec.gc.ca/cas-aqhi/default.asp?lang=En&n=79A8041B-1. 
  16. ↑ Hsu, Angel. "China's new Air Quality Index: How does it measure up?". http://hsu.me/2012/03/chinas-new-air-quality-index-how-does-it-measure-up/. 
  17. ↑ "Air Quality Health Index". Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/air/aqhi.htm. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "环境空气质量标准" (in zh). 2012-03-02. http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/dqhjbh/dqhjzlbz/201203/W020120410330232398521.pdf. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "环境空气质量指数(AQI) 技术规定(试行)" (in zh). 2012-03-02. http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/jcffbz/201203/W020120410332725219541.pdf. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Indices definition". Air quality. http://www.airqualitynow.eu/about_indices_definition.php. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 CiteairII — Common Information to European Air (2012-07-09). "CAQI Air quality index — Comparing Urban Air Quality across Borders – 2012". https://www.airqualitynow.eu/download/CITEAIR-Comparing_Urban_Air_Quality_across_Borders.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "European Air Quality Index: current air quality information at your finger tips". European Environment Agency. 2017-11-16. https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/european-air-quality-index-current. 
  23. ↑ "Home". http://www.airqualitynow.eu/. 
  24. ↑ Rama Lakshmi (October 17, 2014). "India launches its own Air Quality Index. Can its numbers be trusted?". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/17/india-launches-its-own-air-quality-index-can-its-numbers-be-trusted/. 
  25. ↑ "National Air Quality Index (AQI) launched by the Environment Minister AQI is a huge initiative under 'Swachh Bharat' AQI to act as 'One Number- One Colour-One Description' to judge the Air Qualit". Business Standard India. 17 October 2014. https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/national-air-quality-index-aqi-launched-by-the-environment-minister-aqi-114101700961_1.html. 
  26. ↑ "Air Quality Index in India: When it was set up and how it is measured" (in en). Firstpost. 17 November 2021. https://www.firstpost.com/india/from-safar-to-national-air-quality-index-how-and-when-india-started-monitoring-aqi-10143261.html. 
  27. ↑ "National Air Quality Index (AQI) launched by the Environment Minister AQI is a huge initiative under 'Swachh Bharat'". pib.gov.in. https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=110654#:~:text=National%20Air%20Quality%20Index%20(AQI,Environment%2C%20Forest%20and%20Climate%20Change.&text=The%20Minister%20for%20Environment%2C%20Forests,(AQI)%20in%20New%20Delhi.. 
  28. ↑ "Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations" (in en-US). 2016-08-15. http://www.ppsthane.com/blog/ambient-air-quality-monitoring-stations. 
  29. ↑ "Indian Air Quality Index". http://home.iitk.ac.in/~mukesh/indian%20air%20quality.html. 
  30. ↑ "National Air Quality Index (AQI) launched by the Environment Minister AQI is a huge initiative under 'Swachh Bharat'". http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=110654. 
  31. ↑ "India launches index to measure air quality". timesofindia-economictimes. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-launches-index-to-measure-air-quality/etvertical_articleshow/44855452.cms. 
  32. ↑ "::: Central Pollution Control Board :::". http://www.cpcb.nic.in. 
  33. ↑ "Dirección de Monitoreo Atmosférico". http://www.aire.cdmx.gob.mx/default.php?opc=%2527ZaBhnmI=&dc=%2527Yg==. 
  34. ↑ "MEWR - Key Environment Statistics - Clean Air". App.mewr.gov.sg. 2011-06-08. http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=52. 
  35. ↑ "National Environment Agency - Calculation of PSI". http://app2.nea.gov.sg/data/cmsresource/20090401682645441976.pdf. 
  36. ↑ "National Environment Agency". App2.nea.gov.sg. http://app2.nea.gov.sg/psi_hazeplan.aspx. 
  37. ↑ "What's CAI". Air Korea. http://www.airkorea.or.kr/eng/cai/cai1. 
  38. ↑ "Improved Air Quality Reflected in N Seoul Tower". Chosun Ilbo. 18 May 2012. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/05/18/2012051801102.html. 
  39. ↑ COMEAP. "Review of the UK Air Quality Index". COMEAP website. http://comeap.org.uk/documents/130-review-of-the-uk-air-quality-index.html. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Daily Air Quality Index". Air UK Website. Defra. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/air-pollution/daqi. 
  41. ↑ Technical Assistance Document for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality – the Air Quality Index (AQI) (Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 2016. EPA-454/B-16-002. https://www.airnow.gov/sites/default/files/2018-05/aqi-technical-assistance-document-may2016.pdf. Retrieved 2020-08-20. 
  42. ↑ David Mintz (September 2018). Technical Assistance Document for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality – the Air Quality Index (AQI). North Carolina: US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-454/B-18-007. https://www.airnow.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/aqi-technical-assistance-document-sept2018.pdf. Retrieved 15 September 2021. 
  43. ↑ Revised Air Quality Standards For Particle Pollution And Updates To The Air Quality Index (AQI). North Carolina: US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 2013. http://www.epa.gov/pm/2012/decfsstandards.pdf. 
  44. ↑ "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Parts 50, 51, 52, 53 and 58 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0699; FRL-9913-18-OAR RIN 2060-AP38 – National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone"]. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www3.epa.gov/airquality/ozonepollution/pdfs/20151001fr.pdf. 
  45. ↑ "How does the EPA measure air quality?" (in en). 2019-02-06. https://www.purakamasks.com/resources/measuringairquality. 
  46. ↑ "AQI Calculator". https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-calculator. 
  47. ↑ "AirNow API Documentation". http://www.airnowapi.org/aq101. 
  48. ↑ "How are your ozone maps calculated?". http://airnow.supportportal.com/link/portal/23002/23002/Article/16115/How-are-your-ozone-maps-calculated. 
  49. ↑ "AirNYC - Air quality in New York. Online.". https://aerostate.io/cases/airnyc/. 
  50. ↑ "AirNow". http://www.airnow.gov/. .
  51. ↑ "Air Quality Lookup for Children, Seniors and Sensitive Groups" (in en). https://www.cleanairresources.com/tools/aqi_lookup. 
  52. ↑ "AirData". US Environmental Protection Agency. 8 July 2014. http://www.epa.gov/airdata/. 
  53. ↑ "Aerostate AQI map". https://browser.aerostate.io/. 
  54. ↑ "AirNow Interactive Map". https://gispub.epa.gov/airnow/?contours=none&panel=0&monitors=pm25. 
  55. ↑ "AirNow Interactive Map". https://gispub.epa.gov/airnow/?contours=none&panel=0&monitors=ozone. 
  56. ↑ Barkjohn, Karoline K.; Gantt, Brett; Clements, Andrea L. (2021-06-22). "Development and application of a United States-wide correction for PM2.5 data collected with the PurpleAir sensor" (in English). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14 (6): 4617–4637. doi:10.5194/amt-14-4617-2021. ISSN 1867-1381. PMID 34504625. 
  57. ↑ Barkjohn, Karoline K.; Holder, Amara L.; Frederick, Samuel G.; Clements, Andrea L. (January 2022). "Correction and Accuracy of PurpleAir PM2.5 Measurements for Extreme Wildfire Smoke" (in en). Sensors 22 (24): 9669. doi:10.3390/s22249669. ISSN 1424-8220. PMID 36560038. 
  58. ↑ "Fire and Smoke Map". https://fire.airnow.gov/#. 
  59. ↑ J.C Fensterstock et al., " The Development and Utilization of an Air Quality Index," Paper No. 69–73, presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Administration, June 1969.
  60. ↑ "Appendix B to Part 50—Reference Method for the Determination of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High-Volume Method)". US EPA. 2023-06-29. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-50/appendix-Appendix%20B%20to%20Part%2050#o. 
  61. ↑ "Tổng cục Môi trường ban hành Hướng dẫn kỹ thuật tính toán và công bố chỉ số chất lượng không khí Việt Nam". http://cem.gov.vn/tin-tuc-moi-truong/tong-cuc-moi-truong-ban-hanh-huong-dan-ky-thuat-tinh-toan-va-cong-bo-chi-so-chat-luong-khong-khi-viet-nam. 

External links

Some of the following websites display actively updated air quality index maps; others are archived versions of inactive websites:



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