Biology:Brussels sprout
| Brussels sprout | |
|---|---|
 Brussels sprouts (cultivar unknown) | |
| Species | Brassica oleracea |
| Cultivar group | Gemmifera Group |
| Origin | Low Countries (year unknown) |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 179 kJ (43 kcal) |
8.95 g | |
| Sugars | 2.2 g |
| Dietary fibre | 3.8 g |
0.3 g | |
3.48 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 5% 38 μg4% 450 μg1590 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 12% 0.139 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 8% 0.09 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 5% 0.745 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 6% 0.309 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 17% 0.219 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 15% 61 μg |
| Choline | 4% 19.1 mg |
| Vitamin C | 102% 85 mg |
| Vitamin E | 6% 0.88 mg |
| Vitamin K | 169% 177 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 4% 42 mg |
| Iron | 11% 1.4 mg |
| Magnesium | 6% 23 mg |
| Manganese | 16% 0.337 mg |
| Phosphorus | 10% 69 mg |
| Potassium | 8% 389 mg |
| Sodium | 2% 25 mg |
| Zinc | 4% 0.42 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 86 g |
approx. 5-10 sprouts per 100 g Link to USDA Database entry | |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
The Brussels sprout is a member of the Gemmifera cultivar group of cabbages (Brassica oleracea), grown for its edible buds.
Etymology
Although native to the Mediterranean region with other cabbage species, Brussels sprouts first appeared in northern Europe during the 5th century; they were later cultivated in the 13th century near Brussels, Belgium, from which they derived their name.[1][2] Its group name Gemmifera (or lowercase and italicized gemmifera as a variety name) means gemmiferous (bud-producing).
Description
The leaf vegetables are typically 1.5–4 centimetres (1⁄2–1 1⁄2 inches) in diameter and resemble miniature cabbages.
Cultivation
History
Forerunners to modern Brussels sprouts were probably cultivated in Ancient Rome. Brussels sprouts as they are now known were grown possibly as early as the 13th century in what is now Belgium.[3] The first written reference dates to 1587.[4] During the 16th century, they enjoyed a popularity in the southern Netherlands that eventually spread throughout the cooler parts of Northern Europe,[2] reaching Britain by the 17th century.[5]
Brussels sprouts grow in temperature ranges of 7–24 °C (45–75 °F), with highest yields at 15–18 °C (59–64 °F).[2] Fields are ready for harvest 90 to 180 days after planting. The edible sprouts grow like buds in helical patterns along the side of long, thick stalks of about 60 to 120 centimetres (24 to 47 inches) in height, maturing over several weeks from the lower to the upper part of the stalk. Sprouts may be picked by hand into baskets, in which case several harvests are made of five to 15 sprouts at a time, or by cutting the entire stalk at once for processing, or by mechanical harvester, depending on variety. Each stalk can produce 1.1 to 1.4 kilograms (2.4 to 3.1 pounds), although the commercial yield is about 900 g (2 lb) per stalk.[2] Harvest season in temperate zones of the northern latitudes is September to March, making Brussels sprouts a traditional winter-stock vegetable. In the home garden, harvest can be delayed as quality does not suffer from freezing. Sprouts are considered to be sweetest after a frost.[6]
Brussels sprouts are a cultivar group of the same species as broccoli, cabbage, collard greens, kale, and kohlrabi; they are cruciferous (they belong to the family Brassicaceae; old name Cruciferae). Many cultivars are available; some are purple in color, such as 'Ruby Crunch' or 'Red Bull'.[7] The purple varieties are hybrids between purple cabbage and regular green Brussels sprouts developed by a Dutch botanist in the 1940s, yielding a variety with some of the red cabbage's purple colors and greater sweetness.[8]
Contemporary Brussels sprouts
In the 1990s, Dutch scientist Hans van Doorn identified the chemicals that make Brussels sprouts bitter: sinigrin and progoitrin.[9] This enabled Dutch seed companies to cross-breed archived low-bitterness varieties with modern high-yield varieties, over time producing a significant increase in the popularity of the vegetable.[10]
Europe
In Continental Europe, the largest producers are the Netherlands, at 82,000 metric tons, and Germany, at 10,000 tons. The United Kingdom has production comparable to that of the Netherlands, but its crop is generally not exported.[11]
Mexico
Second to the Netherlands in export volume is Mexico, where the climate allows nearly year-round production.[12] The Baja region is the main supplier to the US market, but produce also comes from the Mexicali, San Luis and coastal areas.
United States
It is unclear when Brussels sprouts were introduced to the United States, but French settlers in Louisiana are known to have grown them.[4][2] The first commercial plantings began in the Louisiana delta in 1925, and much of these plantings would move to the Californian Central Coast by 1939.[2] Currently, several thousand acres are planted in coastal areas of San Mateo, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties of California , which offer an ideal combination of coastal fog and cool temperatures year-round. The harvest season lasts from June through January.
Most U.S. production is in California,[13] with a smaller percentage of the crop grown in Skagit Valley, Washington (state) , where cool springs, mild summers, and rich soil abounds, and to a lesser degree on Long Island, New York.[14] Total US production is around 32,000 tons, with a value of $27 million.[2]
About 80 to 85% of U.S. production is for the frozen food market, with the remainder for fresh consumption.[14] Once harvested, sprouts last 3–5 weeks under ideal near-freezing conditions before wilting and discoloring, and about half as long at refrigerator temperature.[2] North American varieties are generally 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter.[2]
Consumption risks
Consuming Brussels sprouts in excess may not be suitable for people taking anticoagulants, such as warfarin, since they contain vitamin K, a blood-clotting factor. In one incident, eating too many Brussels sprouts led to hospitalization for an individual on blood-thinning therapy.[15]
Brussels sprouts, as with broccoli and other brassicas, contain sulforaphane, a phytochemical under basic research for its potential biological properties. Although boiling reduces the level of sulforaphane, steaming, microwave cooking, and stir frying do not cause a significant loss.[16]
Uses
Nutrition
Raw Brussels sprouts are 86% water, 9% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and negligible fat. In a 100 gram reference amount, they supply high levels (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (102% DV) and vitamin K (169% DV), with more moderate amounts of B vitamins, such as vitamin B6, as well as folate; essential minerals and dietary fiber exist in moderate to low amounts (table).
Culinary
The most common method of preparing Brussels sprouts for cooking begins with cutting the buds off the stalk. Any surplus stem is cut away, and any loose surface leaves are peeled and discarded. Once cut and cleaned, the buds are typically cooked by boiling, steaming, stir frying, grilling, slow cooking, or roasting. Some cooks make a single cut or a cross in the center of the stem to aid the penetration of heat. The cross cut may, however, be ineffective, with it being commonly believed to cause the sprouts to be waterlogged when boiled.[17]
Overcooking renders the buds gray and soft, and they then develop a strong flavor and odor that some dislike for its garlic- or onion-odor properties.[13][18] The odor is associated with the glucosinolate sinigrin, a sulfur compound having characteristic pungency.[18] For taste, roasting Brussels sprouts is a common way to cook them to enhance flavor.[18][19] Common toppings or additions include Parmesan cheese and butter, balsamic vinegar, brown sugar, chestnuts, or pepper.
Gallery
Brussels sprouts at the beginning of their formation, in Wattrelos (Nord), France
Brussels sprouts ready for harvest
Harvested Brussels sprouts on stalks
Fresh Brussels sprouts being transported from a farm in Wesselburenerkoog, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Brussels sprouts on stalks at a farmers' market in Massachusetts
Brussels sprouts on stalk at a supermarket
Brussels sprouts removed from the stalk and placed in a net type bag
Brussels sprout sliced in half
Brussels sprouts roasted over a fire
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References
- ↑ Olver, Lynne (2011-04-11). "Food Timeline: Brussels sprouts". The Food Timeline. http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodfaq.html#brussels.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "Brussel Sprouts". College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia. http://www.uga.edu/vegetable/brusselsprouts.html.
- ↑ Realfonzo, Ugo. "A Belgian history of the Brussels sprout". The Brussels Times. https://www.brusselstimes.com/835109/a-belgian-history-of-the-brussels-sprout.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Field, Robert C. (2000). "Cruciferous and Green Leafy Vegetables". in Kiple, Kenneth F. (in en). Cambridge World History of Food. 1. Cambridge UP. pp. 292. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3450400043/GVRL?u=cuny_centraloff&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=48b027d1.
- ↑ Wilson, C. Anne (1976) (in en). Food and drink in Britain : from the Stone Age to recent times. Harmondsworth : Penguin Books. pp. 184. ISBN 9780140551013. https://archive.org/details/fooddrinkinbrita0000wils/page/184/.
- ↑ Crockett, James Underwood (1977). Crockett's Victory Garden. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 187. ISBN 0-316-16120-9. https://archive.org/details/crockettsvictory00croc/page/187.
- ↑ Rose, Linda (2017). "Brussels sprouts". Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County, University of California. http://sonomamg.ucanr.edu/Food_Gardening/Feature_Vegetables/Brussels_Sprouts/.
- ↑ Friesema, Felicia (8 February 2013). "What's In Season at the Farmers Market: (The End of) Purple Brussels Sprouts at Weiser Family Farms". L. A. Weekly. http://www.laweekly.com/restaurants/whats-in-season-at-the-farmers-market-the-end-of-purple-brussels-sprouts-at-weiser-family-farms-2894859.
- ↑ "Brussels: a bittersweet story" (in en). 2010. https://www.soci.org/chemistry-and-industry/cni-data/2010/24/brussels-a-bittersweet-story.
- ↑ Charles, Dan (October 30, 2019). "From Culinary Dud To Stud: How Dutch Plant Breeders Built Our Brussels Sprouts Boom". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/10/30/773457637/from-culinary-dud-to-stud-how-dutch-plant-breeders-built-our-brussels-sprouts-bo.
- ↑ Illert, S. (2004). "The Small Market Study: Brussels Sprouts". Gemuse Munchen 40 (12): 56–58.
- ↑ "Top Brussels Sprouts Exports by Country". WorldsTopExports.com. https://www.worldstopexports.com/top-brussels-sprouts-exports-by-country/.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zeldes, Leah A (2011-03-09). "Eat this! Brussels sprouts, baby cabbages for St. Patrick's Day". Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc.. http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2011/03/09/eat-this-brussels-sprouts-baby-cabbages-for-st-patricks-day/.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Crop Profile for Brussels Sprouts in California". United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/cabrusselssprouts.html.
- ↑ Pettit, Stephen J; Japp, Alan G; Gardner, Roy S (10 December 2012). "The hazards of Brussels sprouts consumption at Christmas". The Medical Journal of Australia 197 (11): 661–662. doi:10.5694/mja12.11304. PMID 23230944.
- ↑ "Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties" (Press release). University of Warwick. 15 May 2007.
- ↑ "Brussels sprouts recipes" (in en). https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/brussels_sprouts.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Ortner, E.; Granvogl, M. (2018). "Thermally induced generation of desirable aroma-active compounds from the glucosinolate sinigrin". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66 (10): 2485–2490. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01039. PMID 28629219.
- ↑ "Abernethy Elementary chef taking her lessons to White House". The Oregonian. 2010-06-01. http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/06/abernethy_elementary_chef_taki.html.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera. |
- Brassica oleracea gemmifera – Plants For a Future database entry
Wikidata ☰ Q150463 entry
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