Biology:Haplogroup K-M9

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Short description: Human Y chromosome DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup K
Possible time of origin55,000-50,000
Possible place of originWest Asia (possibly Iran) or Central Asia[1][2][3]
AncestorIJK
Descendantshaplogroup K2,[4] and LT
Defining mutationsM9, P128/PF5504, P131/PF5493, P132/PF5480

Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica.

The direct descendants of K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526) and Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT).[4][5]

Origins and distribution

Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago.[6] According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K or the Eurasian clan, originated in the Middle East (perhaps Iran) or Central Asia.[1][2][3] It is likely that its descendant haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1, which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2, which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[1]

Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.[4][7] Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia.[8][9][10]

Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b.[4][5]

The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:

  • K2a (detected in paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust'-Ishim),[11] the subclades of which include the major haplogroups N and O,[12] and;
  • K2b – the ancestor of haplogroups M, P, Q, R, S.[13]

Structure

Haplogroup K-M9 tree [4][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
 

LT (L298; a.k.a. K1) has never been found in basal form (LT*). Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in India , Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Fulanis, Toubou, Tuareg, Somalis, Egyptians, some Middle East,[33] the Aegean Islands and among Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in India .

 
K2
 

K2* (M526) has been found in an estimated 27% of indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous.).[34] According to Mark Lipson et al.(2014), from MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States Of America, from his jurnal: "New  statistical  genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations”, K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land [35]

 
K2a (K-M2308)[11]
 

K2a* - found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in
Omsk Oblast, Russia.[11] (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.)

 
K‑M2313*
 

K-M2313*[11] – so far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay, and ancient Oase-1.

 
 

NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include the major
haplogroups:
• N, which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and Southeast Europe) and;
• O, which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands.

 
 
 
K2b (P331)
K2b1
 

S (B254) which is numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea;[36] subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308),[37] have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while[34] S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania. S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on Alor, Timor and Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among Aeta people of the Philippines.

 
 

M (P256, Page93/S322) a.k.a. K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is the most common haplogroup in both West Papua and Papua New Guinea; also found in Australia ,[34] and neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia.

 
 
P (K2b2)
P* (K2b2*) 28% of Aeta (Philippines), 10% in Timor
 
 P1*(M45/PF5962)
 

P1* 22.2–35.4% in Tuvans, Kizhi, Todjins and also in Andamanese peoples of India

 
 

Q (M242) Native Americans and Siberia/Central Asia (Kets, Selkups, Altai, Tuvans, Xirong, Mongolian Altai Kurgans)

 
 
 

R* found only in remains from 24,000 years BP at Mal'ta' in Siberia

 
 
 

R2 found in India, Sri Lanka, North Pakistan isolates

 
 
 

R1a found in Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Scandinavia. Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex, Andronovo, Pazyryk, Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54), The Tagar Culture, Karasuk culture, Tashtyk culture, some Corded ware folk

 
 

R1b West Europe, Chadic Languages, Banjara tribes of India, Armenian Highlands (Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4):one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands, (reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

K2c (P261). Minor lineage of Bali.

 
 

K2d (P402). Minor lineage of Java

 
 

K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia.[38]

 
 

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wells, Spencer (20 November 2006). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic. pp. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=NWgDAQAAQBAJ. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan." 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wells, Spencer (28 March 2017) (in en). The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Princeton University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-691-17601-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sus9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chanda, Nayan (1 October 2008) (in en). Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization. Yale University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-300-13490-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=rxMz-Ro6CjQC&pg=PA15. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020". 11 July 2020. https://isogg.org/tree/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chiaroni, J.; Underhill, P. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMID 19920170. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10620174C. 
  6. ↑ "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. May 2008. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. 
  7. ↑ Daine J., Rowold et al. (2016). "On the Bantu expansion". Gene 593 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.044. PMID 27451076. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378111916305704. Retrieved 13 October 2016. 
  8. ↑ Delfin, Frederick et al. (29 September 2010). "The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups". European Journal of Human Genetics (Nature Publishing Group) 19 (2): 224–230. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.162. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 20877414. 
  9. ↑ Karafet, Tatiana M; Lansing, J S; Redd, Alan J; Reznikova, Svetlana; Watkins, Joseph C; Surata, S P K; Arthawiguna, W A; Mayer, Laura et al. (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human Biology 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16114819. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/182786. 
  10. ↑ Cox, Murray P; Lahr, Marta Mirazón (25 December 2005). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.20459. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Poznik, G. David et al. (25 April 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 27111036. 
  12. ↑ Rootsi, Siiri et al. (1 February 2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 17149388. 
  13. ↑ "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. May 2008. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. 
  14. ↑ "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (3): 369–373. June 2014. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152. 
  15. ↑ "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature 505 (7481): 87–91. January 2014. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMID 24256729. Bibcode: 2014Natur.505...87R. 
  16. ↑ "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature 506 (7487): 225–9. February 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13025. PMID 24522598. Bibcode: 2014Natur.506..225R. 
  17. ↑ "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics 12: 199–207. September 2014. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID 25016250. 
  18. ↑ "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 181. 2009. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMID 19650893. Bibcode: 2009BMCEE...9..181F. 
  19. ↑ "Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians". PLOS ONE 7 (7): e41252. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMID 22815981. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...741252G. 
  20. ↑ "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE 7 (3): e34288. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMID 22470552. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...734288H. 
  21. ↑ "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE 8 (2): e56775. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMID 23431392. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...856775B. 
  22. ↑ "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–43. December 2000. doi:10.1086/316890. PMID 11078479. 
  23. ↑ "Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms". Human Biology 78 (4): 441–64. August 2006. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057. PMID 17278620. http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol78/iss4/4/. 
  24. ↑ "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International 145 (1): 61–4. October 2004. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID 15374596. 
  25. ↑ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi et al. (2007). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations". Anthropology Today. http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R-Tt.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PhD Thesis). [page needed]
  27. ↑ Sanchez, J.J. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2. 
  28. ↑ "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages". European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (7): 800–7. July 2010. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231. PMID 20051990. 
  29. ↑ yhrd.org[full citation needed]
  30. ↑ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. (2010). "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route". Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 (1): 717–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606. 
  31. ↑ "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree". http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm. 
  32. ↑ Magoon, Gregory R; Banks, Raymond H; Rottensteiner, Christian; Schrack, Bonnie E; Tilroe, Vincent O; Robb, Terry; Grierson, Andrew J (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data". bioRxiv 10.1101/000802.
  33. ↑ "FamilyTreeDNA - Arab T Haplogroup". https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Arab_T/default.aspx?section=yresults. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Nagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L. et al. (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID 26515539. 
  35. ↑ Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014). "Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia". Nature Communications 5: 4689. doi:10.1038/ncomms5689. PMID 25137359. Bibcode: 2014NatCo...5.4689L. 
  36. ↑ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup S". http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpS.html. 
  37. ↑ As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians.
  38. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2020, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020 (8 May 2020).

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