Biology:Outline of the human nervous system

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Short description: Overview of and topical guide to the human nervous system

The following diagram is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human nervous system:

Human nervous system

Human nervous system – the part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. The human nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are long fibers that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The PNS includes motor neurons, mediating voluntary movement; the autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system and regulating involuntary functions; and the enteric nervous system, a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system.

Evolution of the human nervous system

Some branches of science that study the human nervous system

Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system and includes the brain and spinal cord.

Brain

Brain – center of the nervous system.

Principal regions of the vertebrate brain:

Vertebrate-brain-regions.png Brain Forebrain Telencephalon Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Neocortex, Lateral ventricles, Basal ganglia
Diencephalon Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland
Midbrain Tectum, Cerebral peduncle, Pretectum, Mesencephalic duct
Hindbrain Metencephalon Pons, Cerebellum,
Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata

Peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS.

Peripheral
nervous
system 		by direction afferent system
efferent system
By function Somatic
Autonomic Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

Sensory system

A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception.

Components of the nervous system

Glial cells

Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or glia, are supportive cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons.

Neuron

Structure of a typical neuron

A neuron (also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an excitable cell in the nervous system that processes and transmits information by electrochemical signaling. Neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Action potential

An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a transient alteration of the transmembrane voltage (or membrane potential) across the membrane in an excitable cell generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the membrane. The best known action potentials are pulse-like waves that travel along the axons of neurons.

Synapse

Structure of a typical chemical synapse

Synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter – endogenous chemical that relays, amplifies, and modulates signals between neurons and other cells to which they are synaptically connected.

Neurotransmitter receptor

Neurotransmitter receptor – membrane receptor that can be activated by a neurotransmitter. Interactions between neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors can evoke a wide range of differing responses from the cell receiving the signal, including excitation, inhibition, and various types of modulation.

Biological neural network

Biological neural network – population of physically interconnected neurons that act cooperatively to form a functional circuit. Computer scientists and engineers also study artificial neural networks formed by simplified mathematical abstractions of the signaling properties of biological neurons.

Neural development

Neural development – comprises the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the final years of life.

Prenatal development of the nervous system

Neurogenesis

Eye development

Eye development

Auditory development

  • Otic placode
    • Otic pit
    • Otic vesicle

Motor control

Motor control – comprises the activities carried out by the nervous system that organize the musculoskeletal system to create coordinated movements and skilled actions.

Learning and memory

Memory – organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information. "Learning" means acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, preferences or understanding, and may involve synthesizing different types of information.

Cognition

Cognition – activities involved in processing information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. Cognition, or cognitive processes, can be natural or artificial, conscious or unconscious.

Arousal

Arousal – physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli.

Anatomical structures of the human nervous system by subsystem

Central nervous system

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

  • General termsi
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
    • Cervical nerves
      • Suboccipital nerve
      • Greater occipital nerve
      • Third occipital nerve
      • Cervical plexus
        • Ansa cervicalis
        • Lesser occipital nerve
        • Great auricular nerve
        • Transverse cervical nerve
        • Supraclavicular nerves
        • Phrenic nerve
      • Brachial plexus
        • Supraclavicular part
          • Dorsal scapular nerve
          • Long thoracic nerve
          • Subclavian nerve
          • Suprascapular nerve
          • Subscapular nerves
            • Lower subscapular nerve
            • Upper subscapular nerve
          • Thoracodorsal nerve
          • Medial pectoral nerve
          • Lateral pectoral nerve
        • Infraclavicular part
          • Musculocutaneous nerve
          • Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
          • Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
          • Median nerve
          • Ulnar nerve
          • Radial nerve
          • Axillary nerve
    • Thoracic nerves
    • Lumbar nerves
      • Medial clunial nerves
    • Sacral nerves and coccygeal nerve
      • Lumbar plexus
        • Iliohypogastric nerve
        • Ilio-inguinal nerve
          • Anterior labial nerves
          • Anterior scrotal nerves
        • Genitofemoral nerve
        • Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
        • Obturator nerve
        • Accessory obturator nerve
        • Femoral nerve
          • Saphenous nerve
            • Medial cutaneous nerve of leg
        • Lumbosacral trunk
      • Sacral plexus
        • Nerve to obturator internus
        • Nerve to piriformis
        • Nerve to quadratus femoris
        • Superior gluteal nerve
        • Inferior gluteal nerve
        • Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
          • Inferior clunial nerves
        • Perforating cutaneous nerve
        • Pudendal nerve
          • Inferior anal nerves
          • Perineal nerves
            • Posterior labial nerves
            • Posterior scrotal nerves
            • Dorsal nerve of clitoris
            • Dorsal nerve of penis
        • Coccygeal nerve
          • Anococcygeal nerve
      • Sciatic nerve
        • Common fibular nerve
          • Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
          • Superficial fibular nerve
          • Deep fibular nerve
        • Tibial nerve
          • Interosseous nerve of leg
          • Medial sural cutaneous nerve
          • Sural nerve
          • Medial plantar nerve
          • Lateral plantar nerve
  • Autonomic division (Autonomic nervous system)
    • Sympathetic part
      • Sympathetic trunk
        • Rami communicantes
      • Superior cervical ganglion
      • Middle cervical ganglion
      • Cervicothoracic ganglion (Stellate - should prob. include inferior cerv. ganglion)
      • Thoracic ganglia
        • Greater splanchnic nerve
        • Lesser splanchnic nerve
        • Least splanchnic nerve
      • Lumbar ganglia
        • Lumbar splanchnic nerves
      • Sacral ganglia
    • Parasympathetic part
      • Cranial part
      • Pelvic part
        • Pelvic ganglia
          • Parasympathetic root of pelvic ganglia = Pelvic splanchnic nerves
    • Peripheral autonomic plexuses and ganglia
      • Craniocervical part
        • Internal carotid plexus
      • Thoracic part
        • Cardiac plexus
        • Esophageal plexus
        • Pulmonary plexus
      • Abdominal part
        • Celiac plexus
        • Aorticorenal ganglia
        • Superior mesenteric plexus
        • Inferior mesenteric plexus
      • Pelvic part
        • Superior hypogastric plexus
        • Inferior hypogastric plexus

See also

External links



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