Biology:Viola tricolor

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Short description: Species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae

Viola tricolor
Violatricolorarvensis.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae
Genus: Viola
Species:
V. tricolor
Binomial name
Viola tricolor

Viola tricolor is a common European wild flower, growing as an annual or short-lived perennial. The species is also known as wild pansy, Johnny Jump up (though this name is also applied to similar species such as the yellow pansy), heartsease, heart's ease, heart's delight, tickle-my-fancy, Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me, come-and-cuddle-me, three faces in a hood, love-in-idleness, and pink of my john.

It has been introduced into North America, where it has spread. It is the progenitor of the cultivated pansy, and is therefore sometimes called wild pansy; before the cultivated pansies were developed, "pansy" was an alternative name for the wild form. It can produce up to 50 seeds at a time. The flowers can be purple, blue, yellow or white.

Description

Heartsease flowers.
Flowers of Viola tricolor

Viola tricolor is a small plant of creeping and ramping[lower-alpha 1] habit, reaching at most 15 cm (6 ins) in height, with flowers about 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) in diameter. It grows in short grassland on farms and wasteland, chiefly on acid or neutral soils. It is usually found in partial shade. Its root is of the rhizome type with fine rootlets. The stem (acoli stem: which remains flush with the soil and from which leave the leaves and the flowering stalk) is hairless, sometimes downy and is branched. The plant has no leaf rosette at the base, unlike some other violets, such as Viola hirta. Leaves are, on the contrary, alternate. They are stalked at limbus oval, oblong or lanceolate and more or less serrated margins. The stipules are often quite developed, at least those of the upper leaves. These stipules are palm-lined or palmatised.

The flowers are solitary and lateral, hoisted on long peduncles. They appear on aerial stems with more or less long internodes. The sepals are never larger than the corolla. It is 10 to 25 mm (3/8" to 1") long. This corolla can be purple, blue, yellow or white. It can most often be two-tone, yellow and purple. The tricolor shape, yellow, white and purple, is the most sought after.

It flowers from April to September (in the Northern Hemisphere). The plants are hermaphrodite and self-fertile, pollinated by bees.[1]

Habitat

It is common almost everywhere on the Eurasian continent, near the sea or inland, at altitudes ranging from 0 to 2,700 metres (to 9,000'). It grows in open grasslands, wastelands, mainly on acidic or neutral soils. It is also found on the banks and in the alluviums.

Ecology

In Iceland, Viola tricolor is known to be a host for at least two species of plant pathogenic fungi, Pleospora herbarum and Ramularia agrestis.[2]

Traditional and medicinal uses

As an ornamental and medicinal plant, the wild pansy has been cultivated since the Middle Ages and bred in Britain since 1810. As some of its names imply, V. tricolor and other plants in the Viola genus (such as V. odorata, or sweet violet), have a long history of use in herbalism and folk medicine, particularly Iranian, Greco-Arab, Ayurvedic and Unani traditional health systems.[3] Traditionally, it has been used to treat cardiovascular conditions, epilepsy, skin diseases, burns and eczema, and as an expectorant for respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and cold symptoms,[4][5][6] and modern research has begun to corroborate these traditionally held knowledges and uses.

Studies have shown V. tricolor extract has antinociceptive,[7] immunosuppressant[8] and anti inflammatory[9] properties, making it a potential treatment for autoimmune disorders. The extract is known to be anti microbial,[10] sedative,[citation needed] anti epileptic,[11] and diuretic,[5][12][13] as well as potentially antiviral[14] and antiprotozoal.[15] V. tricolor L extract has shown vasorelaxant, cardio-relaxant, hypotensive, and cardio protective effects.[16] Some studies have discovered potential anti-cancer properties, where the extract (primarily the ethyl acetate component) has been attributed to induced apoptosis and inhibited angiogenesis in cancer cells.[17][18][19][20] The seeds and roots, and to a lesser extent the flowers and stems, are also a known emetic and purgative/laxative,[6] and should be used with caution.

The flowers have also been used to make yellow, green and blue-green dyes,[21] while the leaves can be used to indicate acidity.[12][22]

Biochemistry

Flower

The plant, especially the flowers, contains antioxidants, has low toxicity, and is edible.[23]

V tricolor leaves, stems, roots and flowers have been found to contain antioxidants and flavonoids (including violanthin, violaquercitrin, quercetin, luteolin, and rutin),[24][23][25][26][7] amino acids,[27][20] chlorogenic acids,[7] salicylates,[7][18] as well as alkaloids, volatile oils, mucilage gums, resin, saponins, and vitamins A and C.[6][28][9][5] Various carotenoids have also been isolated from the drug, including violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-Carotene.[29]

The fresh plant Viola declinata and V. tricolor contains approximately:

  • saponins (4.40%),
  • mucilages (10.26%),
  • total carotenoids (8.45 mg/100g vegetal product, expressed in β-carotene).[29]


Its 10 percent mucilages consist of glucose, galactose, arabinose and rhamnose, as well as tannins, salicylic acid, and its derivatives.

Anthocyanidins and coumarins, such as umbelliferone, were also detected in Viola tricolor.

Extracts from the plant are anti-microbial.[30]

Heartsease contains compounds, including colorless crystalline compounds,[clarification needed][31] proven to be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of some medical conditions (see Traditional and Medicinal Uses section), such as cardiovascular problems, complications of diabetes, inflammations,[9][7] immune disorders, and liver problems, among other indications.

Heartsease plants contain aglycones[clarification needed] apigenin, chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol. V. tricolor is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise[clarification needed] to[clarification needed] high stability. Many cyclotides found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic.[32] This feature means it could be used to treat cancers.[33][32][18][17][19]

Mythology

According to Roman mythology, the wild pansy turned into the Love-in-idleness as Cupid shot one of his arrows at the imperial votaress, but missed and instead struck it. As Cupid is the god of desire, affection and erotic love, the flower's juice received the trait, to act as a love potion. Its name relates to the use of the flower, as it is often used for idleness or vileness acts.

According to Greek mythology, Zeus fell in love with a young woman named Io and provoked jealousy to his wife Hera. He transformed the girl into a heifer and kept her grazing at his feet. For pity on the diet of herbs to which he submitted the beloved, he caused the earth to produce beautiful flowers that he called Io. Another Greek legend has it that the delicate white flowers were worshiped by Eros. To inhibit this worship, Aphrodite colored them, which resulted in tricolor coloration.

The ancient Greeks and Chinese used the vials as medicine, and the Celts and Romans made perfumes of them.

Literature

On a dry grassland.

Long before cultivated pansies were released into the trade in 1839, V. tricolor was associated with thought in the "language of flowers", often by its alternative name of pansy (from the French pensée, "thought"[citation needed]): hence Ophelia's often quoted line in Shakespeare's Hamlet, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts". (What Shakespeare had in mind was V. tricolor, the wild pansy, not a modern garden pansy.)

A Midsummer Night's Dream

Shakespeare makes a more direct reference, probably to V. tricolor[lower-alpha 2] in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Oberon sends Puck to gather "a little western flower that maidens call love-in-idleness". Oberon's account is that he diverted an arrow from Cupid's bow aimed at "a fair vestal, throned by the west" (supposedly Queen Elizabeth I) to fall upon the plant "before milk-white, now purple with love's wound". The "imperial vot'ress" passes on "fancy-free", destined never to fall in love.

In Act II and III, Oberon's and Puck's intervention with the magic love potion of the flower, they can control the fates of various characters, but also speed up the process of falling in and out of love, so that the actual romances of the lovers and their love itself appears to become very comical. Shakespeare uses the flower to provide the essential dramatic and comical features for his play. Besides that the love potion gained from the flower, does not only interfere with the lovers' fates, but also gives the play structure as it affects the lovers' romances drastically, as it at first upsets the balance of love and creates asymmetrical love among the four Athenian lovers. The fact that this flower introduces magical love to this play creates the potential for many possible outcomes for this play.

The juice of the heartsease now, claims Oberon, "on sleeping eyelids laid, Will make or man or woman madly dote Upon the next live creature that it sees." Equipped with such powers, Oberon and Puck control the fates of various characters in the play to provide Shakespeare's essential dramatic and comic structure for the play.

Yet mark'd I where the bolt of Cupid fell:
It fell upon a little western flower,
Before, milk-white, now purple with love's wound,
And maidens call it love-in-idleness.

A Midsummer Night's Dream (Act 2, Scene 1)

The love-in-idleness was originally a white flower, struck by one of Cupid's arrows, which turned it purple and gave it its magic love potion. When dripped onto someone's eyelids this love potion causes an individual to fall madly in love with the next person they see. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, William Shakespeare uses this flower as a plot device to introduce the comical disturbance and chaos of love, but also to highlight the irrationality of romantic love. Here love is depicted as a sort of benevolent affliction. Shakespeare presents love to be something contradicting to one's normal feelings and ideas. However he also depicts the fact that those can lead to foolish and hurtful things and present the idea that love can also end in tragedy. The play shows that love can be a source of comedy as easily as of tragedy and therefore show that the power that the love potion from the Love-in-idleness inherits is beyond the comprehension of the fairies and mortals. In the end, the love-in-idleness nectar is used to restore all romances in the play to their original states (including Demetrius's prior affections for Helena before he turned to Hermia.)

The effects of the love-in-idleness can be very dramatic and tragic, no matter if the intentions were right. The play reaches its point at which Demetrius and Lysander are trying to kill one another. Although Hermia and Helena are not trying to kill one another, they are suffering from the rejection of their lovers and from considerable verbal abuse. However, this still happens at a very comical level, for the lovers are not aware of their situation. The more they try to present the dramatic side of love, the hate, jealousy and anger, the less they become serious, and so their anger turns unreal. In the end, love is not denied and the lovers are reunited. Nevertheless, Shakespeare ends the lovers' story as a comedy, with the inclusion of several tragic and dramatic moments. This is supposed to show that love can be a source of comedy as easily as of tragedy, and therefore show that the power that the love potion from the love-in-idleness inherits is beyond the comprehension of fairies and mortals alike.

The Taming of the Shrew

Shakespeare mentions it in his play The Taming of the Shrew where Luciento claims he found the effect of love-in-idleness - alluding to its qualities to simulate the effects of love.

O Tranio! till I found it to be true,
I never thought it possible or likely;
But see, while idly I stood looking on,
I found the effect of love in idleness;
And now in plainness do confess to thee,
That art to me as secret and as dear
As Anna to the Queen of Carthage was,
Tranio, I burn, I pine, I perish, Tranio,
If I achieve not this young modest girl.


– The Taming of the Shrew (Act 1, Scene 1)

Purple flower.

Balm in Gilead

In her poem Balm in Gilead, Christina Georgina Rossetti uses heartsease as a metaphor of growing older as her confidence and her vision increases. The heartsease is known as love-lies-bleeding which is a type of the inseparability of the pain of living and the love of Christ. The garden was adorned with the flower which served as the speaker's life. The "weed" represents the sins of the speaker's life. However at the end, the speaker pleads her pain and waits her judgment.

Heartsease I found, where Love-lies-bleeding

 Empurpled all the ground:

Whatever flowers I missed unheeding,

 Heartsease I found.

 Yet still my garden mound

Stood sore in need of watering, weeding,

 And binding growths unbound.

Ah, when shades fell to light succeeding

 I scarcely dared look round:

'Love-lies-bleeding' was all my pleading,

 Heartsease I found.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ It can hoist itself as much as a meter (3 ft) into a dense tangle of other growth.
  2. ↑ The other candidate is "Love-in-a-Mist" or Nigella, a common garden plant of Shakespeare's day, varying in colour from white through pinks to an almost true blue.[34]

References

  1. ↑ "Viola tricolor & Apis mellifera". December 2016. http://www.florabeilles.org/serie/viola-tricolor_apis-mellifera. 
  2. ↑ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
  3. ↑ Mahboubi, Mohaddese; Taghizadeh Kashani, Leila Mohammad (2018-12-01). "A Narrative study about the role of Viola odorata as traditional medicinal plant in management of respiratory problems" (in en). Advances in Integrative Medicine 5 (3): 112–118. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2017.12.003. ISSN 2212-9588. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212958817301052. 
  4. ↑ Rimkiene, S.; Ragazinskiene, O.; Savickiene, N. (2003). "The cumulation of Wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.) accessions: The possibility of species preservation and usage in medicine". Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 39 (4): 411–416. PMID 12738912. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Toiu, A.; Muntean, E.; Oniga, I.; Voştinaru, O.; Tămaş, M. (2009). "Pharmacognostic research on Viola tricolor L. (Violaceae)". Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi 113 (1): 264–7. PMID 21491816. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Violet, Heartsease & Pansy Viola species". 2022. https://herbs.org.nz/site/assets/files/2335/violet_heartsease-2022_international_herb_of_the_year.pdf. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Piana, Mariana; Silva, Mariane Arnoldi; Trevisan, Gabriela; Brum, Thiele Faccim de; Silva, Cássia Regina; Boligon, Aline Augusti; Oliveira, Sara Marchesan; Zadra, Marina et al. (2013-11-25). "Antiinflammatory effects of Viola tricolor gel in a model of sunburn in rats and the gel stability study" (in en). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2): 458–465. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.040. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 24008111. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874113005941. 
  8. ↑ Hellinger, Roland; Koehbach, Johannes; Fedchuk, Halyna; Sauer, Barbara; Huber, Roman; Gruber, Christian W.; Gründemann, Carsten (2014-01-10). "Immunosuppressive activity of an aqueous Viola tricolor herbal extract" (in en). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151 (1): 299–306. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.044. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 24216163. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Toiu, Anca; Pârvu, Alina Elena; Oniga, Ilioara; Tămaş, M (2007-04-01). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of alcoholic extract from Viola tricolor". Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 111 (2): 525–529. ISSN 0048-7848. PMID 17983197. https://europepmc.org/article/med/17983197. 
  10. ↑ Witkowska-Banaszczak, Ewa; Bylka, Wiesława; Matławska, Irena; Goślińska, Olga; Muszyński, Zygmunt (2005). "Antimicrobial activity of Viola tricolor herb" (in en). Fitoterapia 76 (5): 458–461. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.03.005. PMID 15893888. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0367326X05000456. 
  11. ↑ Baradaran Rahimi, Vafa; Askari, Vahid Reza; Hosseini, Mahmoud; Yousefsani, Bahareh Sadat; Sadeghnia, Hamid Reza (2019). "Anticonvulsant Activity of Viola tricolor against Seizures Induced by Pentylenetetrazol and Maximal Electroshock in Mice". Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 44 (3): 220–226. ISSN 0253-0716. PMID 31182888. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 T.K. Lim (2014). Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers. Springer. p. 815. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2. ISBN 978-94-017-8747-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=-nvGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA815. 
  13. ↑ Max Wichtl (2002). Teedrogen and phytopharmaceuticals (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-3-8047-1854-8. 
  14. ↑ Conzelmann, Carina; Muratspahić, Edin; Tomašević, Nataša; Münch, Jan; Gruber, Christian W. (2022). "In vitro Inhibition of HIV-1 by Cyclotide-Enriched Extracts of Viola tricolor". Frontiers in Pharmacology 13: 888961. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.888961. ISSN 1663-9812. PMID 35712712. 
  15. ↑ Batiha, Gaber El-Saber; Beshbishy, Amany Magdy; Alkazmi, Luay; Adeyemi, Oluyomi Stephen; Nadwa, Eman; Rashwan, Eman; El-Mleeh, Amany; Igarashi, Ikuo (2020-03-17). "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and antiprotozoal effects of the methanolic Viola tricolor and acetonic Laurus nobilis extracts". BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 20 (1): 87. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-2848-2. ISSN 2662-7671. PMID 32183812. 
  16. ↑ Saqib, Fatima; Mujahid, Khizra; Aslam, Muhammad Arif; Modhi, Alotaibi; Moga, Marius Alexandru; Bobescu, Elena; Marceanu, Luigi (2020). "Ex vivo and in vivo studies of Viola tricolor Linn. as potential cardio protective and hypotensive agent: Inhibition of voltage-gated Ca ++ ion channels" (in en). The FASEB Journal 34 (7): 9102–9119. doi:10.1096/fj.202000658R. ISSN 0892-6638. PMID 32475023. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.202000658R. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sadeghnia, Hamid Reza; Ghorbani Hesari, Taghi; Mortazavian, Seyed Mohsen; Mousavi, Seyed Hadi; Tayarani-Najaran, Zahra; Ghorbani, Ahmad (2014-08-28). "Viola tricolor Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells and Exhibits Antiangiogenic Activity on Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane" (in en). BioMed Research International 2014: e625792. doi:10.1155/2014/625792. ISSN 2314-6133. PMID 25243166. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Mortazavian, Seyed Mohsen; Ghorbani, Ahmad; Ghorbani Hesari, Taghi (2012-09-22). "Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts of Viola Tricolor and its Fractions on Proliferation of Cervix Carcinoma Cells". The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 15 (22): 9–16. doi:10.22038/ijogi.2012.5657. ISSN 1680-2993. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mortazavian, Seyed Mohsen; Ghorbani, Ahmad (2020-08-20). "Antiproliferative effect of Viola tricolor on neuroblastoma cells in vitro". Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine 24 (3): 93–96. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.723787377292870. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Tang, Jun; Wang, Conan K.; Pan, Xulin; Yan, He; Zeng, Guangzhi; Xu, Wenyan; He, Wenjun; Daly, Norelle L. et al. (2010-08-01). "Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor" (in en). Peptides 31 (8): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.004. ISSN 0196-9781. PMID 20580652. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978110002081. 
  21. ↑ Terry Breverton (2011). Breverton's Complete Herbal. Quercus. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-62365-350-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Zb36AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT332. 
  22. ↑ & 杨子涛"Preparation method of viola tricolor L indicator" patent CN103865517A, issued 2014-06-18
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Vukics V. Kery A. Guttman A."Analysis of polar antioxidants in Heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) and Garden pansy (Viola x wittrockiana Gams.)". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 46(9):823-7, 2008 Oct.
  24. ↑ Koike, Amanda; Barreira, João C. M.; Barros, Lillian; Santos-Buelga, Celestino; Villavicencio, Anna L. C. H.; Ferreira, Isabel C. F. R. (2015-07-15). "Edible flowers of Viola tricolor L. as a new functional food: Antioxidant activity, individual phenolics and effects of gamma and electron-beam irradiation" (in en). Food Chemistry 179: 6–14. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.123. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 25722133. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814615001387. 
  25. ↑ Vukics V., Toth B.H., Ringer T., Ludanyi K., Kery A., Bonn G.K., Guttman A., "Quantitative and qualitative investigation of the main flavonoids in heartsease (Viola tricolor L.)". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 46(2):97-101, 2008 Feb.
  26. ↑ Vukics V., Ringer T., Kery A., Bonn G.K., Guttman A., "Analysis of heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) flavonoid glycosides by micro-liquid chromatography coupled to multistage mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A. 1206(1):11-20, 2008 Oct 3.
  27. ↑ Dziągwa-Becker, Magdalena; Weber, Ryszard; Zajączkowska, Olga; Oleszek, Wiesław (2018-01-01). "Free amino acids in Viola tricolor in relation to different habitat conditions" (in en). Open Chemistry 16 (1): 833–841. doi:10.1515/chem-2018-0098. ISSN 2391-5420. 
  28. ↑ Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Margaret (2011-01-01), Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Margaret, eds., "CHAPTER 32 - Viola odorata, sweet violet; Viola tricolor, heartsease" (in en), Medical Herbs (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone): pp. 337–348, doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10344-5.00037-9, ISBN 978-0-443-10344-5, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443103445000379, retrieved 2023-08-11 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Toiu A., Muntean E., Oniga I., Tǎmaş M. "Pharmacognostic research on Viola declinata Waldst. et Kit. (Violaceae)" Farmacia 2009 57:2 (219-222)
  30. ↑ Witkowska-Banaszczak E, Bylka W, Matławska I, Goślińska O, Muszyński Z, "Antimicrobial activity of Viola tricolor herb". Fitoterapia 76(5):458-461, 2005 Jul.
  31. ↑ Hine and Martin, Robert and Elizabeth (2016). A Dictionary of Biology (7 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198714378. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Tang J., Wang C.K., Pan X., Yan H., Zeng G., Xu W., He W., Daly N.L., Craik D.J., Tan N. "Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor", Peptides 2010 31:8 (1434-1440)
  33. ↑ Erika Svangård, Ulf Göransson, Zozan Hocaoglu, Joachim Gullbo, Rolf Larsson,, Per Claeson and Lars Bohlin, 2004. "Cytotoxic Cyclotides from Viola tricolor" Journal of Natural Products 67 (2), 144-147
  34. ↑ Bull, Henry. (1890). Love in Idleness (Nigella). Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club 1883–1885, pp. 61 ff.
  35. ↑ Frith, Richard (1 March 2014). Literature and Theology. pp. 29–44. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q190326 entry



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