Astronomy:List of nearest supergiants

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This is a list of the nearest supergiant stars to Earth, located at a distance of up to 1,100 light-years (340 parsecs) from Earth. Some of the brightest stars in the night sky, such as Rigel and Antares, are in the list.

While supergiants are typically defined as stars with luminosity classes Ia, Iab or Ib, other definitions exist, such as those based on stellar evolution.[1] Therefore, stars with other luminosity classes can sometimes be considered supergiants.

List

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Name Distance (ly) Spectral type Stellar radius (R☉) Stellar mass (M☉) Stellar luminosity (L☉) Apparent magnitude (V) Notes
ε Leonis 247±3[2] G1IIIa[3] 21.0±0.3[4] 3.71±0.04[4] 282±13[4] 2.98[5] While being a giant star based on spectrum, in evolutionary terms the star is a supergiant.[6]
Canopus 309[7] A9II[8] 73.3±5.2[7] 9.81±1.83[7] 16,600+700
−680[7] 		−0.74[9] While it is frequently described as a yellow supergiant, especially in evolutionary terms,[7] it is classified as a bright giant based on spectrum.[8]
Rasalgethi
(α Herculis Aa) 		360[2] M5 Ib-II[10] 284±60[10] 2.5[10] 7,244–9,433[10] 3.35[11] Possibly a bright giant
Rastaban
(β Draconis) 		380±4[2] G2Ib-IIa[12] 41.4 ± 2.4 or 46.5 ± 2.7[13][lower-alpha 1] 6±0.2[14] 1,170–1,480 2.79[14]
Betelgeuse 408[15]–548+90
−49[16] 		M1-M2Ia-ab[3] 640[17] – 764+116
−62[16] 		14[16] – 19[16] 87,100+20,500
−11,200[16] 		0.5[18] (0.0 – 1.6)[19] The nearest non-disputed (uncontroversial) red supergiant, and the 10th brightest star in the night sky.
α Trianguli Australis 420±32[20] K2Ib-IIa[20] 143[20][lower-alpha 2] 7[20] 5,500[20] 1.91[21]
ζ Capricorni 442±16[22] G4Ib: Ba2[3] 31±2[23] 4.5+0.3
−0.2[24] 		561+180
−143[24] 		3.77[25]
Polaris 447±1[26] F7Ib-F8Ib[27][28] 46.27±0.42[26] 5.13±0.28[26] 1,260[29] 1.98[30] (1.86 – 2.13)[27]
Mirfak
(α Persei) 		510±10[2] F5Ib[14] 51.1±1.3[31] 6–7[32] 4,018±53[31] 1.806[14] 35th brightest star in the night sky.
Sadalsuud
(β Aquarii) 		542+18
−16[22] 		G0Ib[14] 47.88+1.68
−1.81[4] 		6.4±0.3[14] 2,046±180[4] 2.87[5]
Suhail (λ Velorum) 545±10[2] K4Ib[3] 211±6[33] 7.0+1.5
−1.1[33] 		8,300[33] 2.21[5] (2.14 – 2.30)[34] Likely an AGB star.[35]
Antares 554±94[2] M1.5Iab-Ib[3] 680[36] 11[36] – 16[15] 75,900+53,000
−31,200[37] 		0.6 – 1.6[38] 15th brightest star in the night sky.
κ Pavonis 590±30[39] F5-G5 I-II[40] 22.8±1.1[41] 0.56±0.08[41] 565[42] 4.35[43] (3.91 - 4.78)[44]
Saiph 650±30[2] B0.5Ia[45] 14[46] 15.5±1.25[47] 60,300+10,500
−9,000[46] 		2.09[48] The closest blue supergiant.
Enif
(ε Pegasi) 		690±20[2] K2Ib-II[3] 178[49] 11– 12[15] 8,508±596[49] 2.399[2] (2.37 – 2.45)[50]
Sadalmelik
(α Aquarii) 		691+38
−56[22] 		G2Ib[14] 70[51][lower-alpha 3] 6.5±0.3[14] 3,000[53] 2.942[54]
β Arae 714+39
−34[22] 		K3Ib-II[55] 141.4±6.6 [56] 8.21[57] 5,774±535[56] 2.84[58]
ζ Persei 750±30[2] to 1,300±200[59] B1Ib[60] 16.7[47][lower-alpha 4] to 26.1[61] 14.5±1.9[47] 47,000[47] 2.86[62]
Aspidiske
(ι Carinae) 		770±20[2] A7Ib[63] 46.4–50.1[64] 6.9[64] 4,900[65] 2.21[58]
Ahadi
(π Puppis) 		810±70[2] K3Ib[66] 235[49] 11.7[67] 11,380[49] 2.733[68]
Rigel 848±65[69] B8Ia[70] 74.1+6.1
−7.3[4] 		21±3[71] 120,000+25,000
−21,000[72] 		0.13[9] (0.05 – 0.18)[73] 7th brightest star in the night sky.
χ Aquilae 854±114[2] G8Ib[74] 23.3[49] 443[49] 5.8[74]
ζ Aurigae A 860±10[75] K5Ib[33] 148±3[76] 5.8±0.2[76] 4,786[33] 3.751[77] (3.70 – 3.97)[44] Sometimes considered a red supergiant;[1] possible bright giant[78]
Mebsuta (ε Geminorum) 861+52
−39[22] 		G8Ib[79] 130.2+5.5
−6[4] 		8.2±0.8[80] 6,980[80] 3.06[81]
β Camelopardalis 870±50[2] G1Ib–IIa[14] 58±13[82] 6.5±0.4[14] 1,530+300
−250[80] 		4.02[9]
η Aquilae A 885.8+41.7
−45.0,[22] 1010±33[83] 		F6Ib–G4Ib[84] 59±2[83] 5.7[85] 3,368±195[83] 3.48 – 4.33[86]
δ Cephei A 887±26[87][88] F5Ib-G1Ib[89][90] 46.07+1.9
−2.1[91] 		5.26+1.26
−1.40[92] 		1,949±107[83] 3.48 – 4.37[89] Prototype of the Classical Cepheid variable stars.
ζ Cephei 993+51
−46[22] 		K1.5Ib[45] 172.7+7.5
−8.3[91] 		10.1±0.1[93] 10,024±1,052[91] 3.35[94]
Miram
(η Persei) 		1,000±60[95] K3Ib[96] 173.1+9.69
−10.8[52] 		8±0.4[67] 7,508±864[52] 3.79[9]
β Doradus 1,040±50[97] – 1,140±13[98] F4-G4Ia-II[99][100] 67.8±0.7[98] 7.7±0.2[67] 3,200[101] 3.46 – 4.08[99]
Naos
(ζ Puppis) 		1,080±40[2] O4If(n)p[102] 13.5±0.2[103] 25.3±5.3[103] 446,700+66,200
−57,600[103] 		2.24 – 2.26[104]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    (5,7725,250)4⋅103.07=41.4 R⊙(5,7725,250)4⋅103.17=46.4 R⊙.
  2. ↑ Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    (5772/4,150)4*5,500=143.46 R⊙
  3. ↑ Using Alpha Aquarii's measured angular diameter at 3.066±0.036 milliarcseconds (mas),[52] together with its distance to Earth of 211.9 parsecs (or 691 light-years),[22] its physical size can be calculated. It is divided by 0.0046491 to convert to AU from 2 R☉, and the given value is divided by 2 to convert to the Sun's radius.
  4. ↑ Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    (5,77220,800)4⋅47,039=16.7 R⊙.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Levesque, Emily M. (2017). Astrophysics of red supergiants. AAS-IOP astronomy. Bristol: IOP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7503-1330-8. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy & Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989-10-01). "The Perkins Catalog of Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 71: 245. doi:10.1086/191373. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1989ApJS...71..245K. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; Belle, Gerard T. van (2017-12-21). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal 155 (1): 30. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2018AJ....155...30B. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Johnson, H. L.; Mitchell, R. I.; Iriarte, B.; Wisniewski, W. Z. (1966-01-01). "UBVRIJKL Photometry of the Bright Stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 4: 99–110. Bibcode: 1966CoLPL...4...99J. 
  6. ↑ Usenko, I. A. (April 2017). "Spectroscopic studies of yellow supergiants in the Cepheid instability strip" (in en). Astronomy Letters 43 (4): 265–283. doi:10.1134/S1063773717040090. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2017AstL...43..265U. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 de Souza, A. Domiciano; Zorec, J.; Millour, F.; Bouquin, J.-B. Le; Spang, A.; Vakili, F. (October 2021). "Refined fundamental parameters of Canopus from combined near-IR interferometry and spectral energy distribution". Astronomy & Astrophysics 654: A19. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140478. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2021A&A...654A..19D. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gray, R. O.; Garrison, R. F. (1989). "The early F-type stars - Refined classification, confrontation with Stromgren photometry, and the effects of rotation". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 69: 301. doi:10.1086/191315. Bibcode: 1989ApJS...69..301G. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F191315. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Ducati, J. R. (2002-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system.". VizieR Online Data Catalog 2237. Bibcode: 2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Khosroshahi, Habib; Wasatonic, Rick (2013). "THE AGE AND MASS OF THE α HERCULIS TRIPLE-STAR SYSTEM FROM a MESA GRID OF ROTATING STARS WITH 1.3 ⩽ M / M ☉⩽ 8.0". The Astronomical Journal 146 (6): 148. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/148. 
  11. ↑ häg, Erik (2001). "Tycho Star Catalogs: The 2.5 Million Brightest Stars". The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 0-333-75088-8. https://doi.org/10.1888%2F0333750888%2F2862. 
  12. ↑ Keenan, P. C.; Pitts, R. E. (1980-04-01). "Revised MK spectral types for G, K ANS M stars.". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 42: 541–563. doi:10.1086/190662. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1980ApJS...42..541K. 
  13. ↑ Charbonnel, C.; Lagarde, N.; Jasniewicz, G.; North, P. L.; Shetrone, M.; Krugler Hollek, J.; Smith, V. V.; Smiljanic, R. et al. (2020-01-01). "Lithium in red giant stars: Constraining non-standard mixing with large surveys in the Gaia era". Astronomy and Astrophysics 633: A34. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936360. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2020A&A...633A..34C. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (2010-02-21). "Accurate Fundamental Parameters or A-, F-, and G-type Supergiants in the Solar Neighbourhood". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 402 (2): 1369–1379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x. Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.402.1369L. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (2022-07-29). "Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 516 (1): 693–719. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1969. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael J.; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (2020-10-13). "Standing on the shoulders of giants: New mass and distance estimates for Betelgeuse through combined evolutionary, asteroseismic, and hydrodynamical simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal 902 (1): 63. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...902...63J. 
  17. ↑ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K. -P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2023-01-01), "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020", Astronomy and Astrophysics 669: A9, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924, ISSN 0004-6361, Bibcode: 2023A&A...669A...9M 
  18. ↑ Nicolet, B. (1978-10-01). "Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 34: 1–49. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1978A&AS...34....1N. 
  19. ↑ "Detail for alf Ori". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=24710. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Ayres, Thomas R.; Brown, Alexander; Harper, Graham M. (April 2007). "α TrA Junior". The Astrophysical Journal 658 (2): L107–L110. doi:10.1086/514818. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...658L.107A. 
  21. ↑ Wielen, R. et al. (1999). "Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions". Veröff. Astron. Rechen-Inst. Heidelb (Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg) 35 (35): 1. Bibcode: 1999VeARI..35....1W. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Rybizki, J.; Fouesneau, M.; Demleitner, M.; Andrae, R. (2021-03-01). "Estimating distances from parallaxes. V: Geometric and photogeometric distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3". The Astronomical Journal 161 (3): 147. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd806. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2021AJ....161..147B.  Data about this star can be seen here.
  23. ↑ Kervella, Pierre; Arenou, Frédéric; Thévenin, Frédéric (2022-01-01). "Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3. Proper-motion anomaly and resolved common proper-motion pairs". Astronomy and Astrophysics 657: A7. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142146. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...657A...7K. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jorissen, A.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Karinkuzhi, D.; Van Eck, S.; Escorza, A.; Shetye, S.; Van Winckel, H. (2019-06-01). "Barium and related stars, and their white-dwarf companions I. Giant stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 626: A127. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834630. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...626A.127J. 
  25. ↑ Anderson, Erik; Francis, Charles (2012-05-01). "XHIP: An Extended Hipparcos Compilation". Astronomy Letters 38 (5): 331–346. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2012AstL...38..331A. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Evans, Nancy Remage; Schaefer, Gail H.; Gallenne, Alexandre; Torres, Guillermo; Horch, Elliott P.; Anderson, Richard I.; Monnier, John D.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M. et al. (2024-08-01). "The Orbit and Dynamical Mass of Polaris: Observations with the CHARA Array". The Astrophysical Journal 971 (2): 190. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5e7a. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2024ApJ...971..190E. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Query= alf UMi". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=alf+UMi. 
  28. ↑ Lee, Byeong-Cheol; Mkrtichian, David E.; Han, Inwoo; Park, Myeong-Gu; Kim, Kang-Min (2008-06-01). "Precise Radial Velocities of Polaris: Detection of Amplitude Growth". The Astronomical Journal 135 (6): 2240–2244. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/2240. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135.2240L. 
  29. ↑ Fadeyev, Y. A. (2015). "Evolutionary status of Polaris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 449 (1): 1011–1017. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv412. Bibcode: 2015MNRAS.449.1011F. 
  30. ↑ Evans, Nancy Remage; Schaefer, Gail H.; Bond, Howard E.; Bono, Giuseppe; Karovska, Margarita; Nelan, Edmund; Sasselov, Dimitar; Mason, Brian D. (2008-09-01). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal 136 (3): 1137–1146. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136.1137E. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Bang, Tae-Yang; Lee, Byeong-Cheol; Choi, Yeon-Ho; Han, Inwoo; Park, Myeong-Gu (May 2025), "Periodic Low-amplitude Radial Velocity Variations in the Supergiant α Persei" (in en), The Astrophysical Journal 985 (2): 176, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcc13, ISSN 0004-637X, Bibcode: 2025ApJ...985..176B 
  32. ↑ Wade, Gregg; Oksala, Mary; Neiner, Coralie; Boucher, Etienne; Barron, James (2025). Magnetic field monitoring of four massive A-F supergiants. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Harper, Graham M.; Bennett, Philip D.; Brown, Alexander; Ayres, Thomas R.; Ohnaka, Keiichi; Griffin, Elizabeth (2022). "HST STIS Observations of ζ Aurigae A's Irradiated Atmosphere". The Astronomical Journal 164 (1): 16. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac6feb. Bibcode: 2022AJ....164...16H. 
  34. ↑ Ruban, E. V.; Alekseeva, G. A.; Arkharov, A. A.; Hagen-Thorn, E. I.; Galkin, V. D.; Nikanorova, I. N.; Novikov, V. V.; Pakhomov, V. P. et al. (2006-09-01). "Spectrophotometric observations of variable stars". Astronomy Letters 32 (9): 604–607. doi:10.1134/S1063773706090052. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2006AstL...32..604R. 
  35. ↑ Carpenter, Kenneth G. (1998). "The Structure of the Outer Atmosphere and Wind of lambda Vel". Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars 191: 206. Bibcode: 1998IAUS..191P.206C. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Ohnaka, Keiichi; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz; Schertl, Dieter; Weigelt, Gerd; Baffa, Carlo; Chelli, Alain; Petrov, Romain; Robbe-Dubois, Sylvie (July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics 555: A24. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2013A&A...555A..24O. 
  37. ↑ Mark J. Pecaut; Eric E. Mamajek; Eric J. Bubar (February 2012). "A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History among the F-type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association". Astrophysical Journal 746 (2): 154. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...746..154P. 
  38. ↑ Kiss, L. L.; Szabo, Gy M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006-11-11). "Variability in red supergiant stars: pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 372 (4): 1721–1734. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.372.1721K. 
  39. ↑ Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, Barbara E.; Feast, Michael W.; Barnes, Thomas G.; Harrison, Thomas E.; Bean, Jacob L.; Menzies, John W.; Chaboyer, Brian et al. (2011-12-01). "Distance Scale Zero-Points from Galactic RR Lyrae Star Parallaxes". The Astronomical Journal 142 (6): 187. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/6/187. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2011AJ....142..187B. 
  40. ↑ Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". Vizier Online Data Catalog. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Pilecki, Bogumił; Gieren, Wolfgang; Pietrzyński, Grzegorz; Thompson, Ian B.; Smolec, Radosław; Graczyk, Dariusz; Taormina, Mónica; Udalski, Andrzej et al. (July 2018). "The Araucaria Project: High-precision Cepheid Astrophysics from the Analysis of Variables in Double-lined Eclipsing Binaries" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 862 (1): 43. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacb32. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  42. ↑ Balog, Z.; Vinko, J.; Kaszas, G. (1997). "Baade-Wesselink Radius Determination of Type II Cepheids". Astronomical Journal 113: 1833. doi:10.1086/118394. Bibcode: 1997AJ....113.1833B. 
  43. ↑ Feast, Michael W.; Laney, Cliford D.; Kinman, Thomas D.; van Leeuwen, Floor; Whitelock, Patricia A. (June 2008). "The Luminosities and Distance Scales of Type II Cepheid and RR Lyrae variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (4): 2115–2134. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13181.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.386.2115F. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973-01-01). "Spectral Classification". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11: 29–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333. ISSN 0066-4146. Bibcode: 1973ARA&A..11...29M. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Haucke, M.; Cidale, L. S.; Venero, R. O. J.; Curé, M.; Kraus, M.; Kanaan, S.; Arcos, C. (2018). "Wind properties of variable B supergiants. Evidence of pulsations connected with mass-loss episodes". Astronomy and Astrophysics 614. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731678. Bibcode: 2018A&A...614A..91H. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Hohle, Markus M.; Neuhaeuser, Ralph; Schutz, Bernard F. (2010-04-01). "Masses and Luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red super giants". Astronomische Nachrichten 331 (4): 349–360. doi:10.1002/asna.200911355. ISSN 0004-6337. Bibcode: 2010AN....331..349H. 
  48. ↑ Crawford, D. L.; Barnes, J. V.; Golson, J. C. (1971-12-01). "Four-color, H-beta and UBV photometry for bright B-type stars in the northern hemisphere.". The Astronomical Journal 76: 1058–1071. doi:10.1086/111220. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1971AJ.....76.1058C. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 McDonald, I.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Watson, R. A. (2017-10-01). "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho-Gaia stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 (1): 770–791. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1433. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2017MNRAS.471..770M. 
  50. ↑ "Detail for eps Peg". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=25522. 
  51. ↑ Lang, Kenneth R. (2006), Astrophysical formulae, Astronomy and astrophysics library, 1 (3rd ed.), Birkhäuser, ISBN 3-540-29692-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=OvTjLcQ4MCQC&pg=PA41 . The radius (R*) is given by:
    2⋅R*=(211.9⋅3.066⋅10−3) AU0.0046491 AU/R⨀≈140⋅R⨀
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Baines, Ellyn K.; Clark, James H., III; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Stone, Jordan M.; von Braun, Kaspar (2023-12-01). "33 New Stellar Angular Diameters from the NPOI, and Nearly 180 NPOI Diameters as an Ensemble". The Astronomical Journal 166 (6): 268. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad08be. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2023AJ....166..268B. 
  53. ↑ Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  54. ↑ Cousins, A. W. J. (1984-01-01). "Standardisation of broad band photometry of equatorial standards.". South African Astronomical Observatory Circular 8: 59–67. Bibcode: 1984SAAOC...8...59C. 
  55. ↑ De Medeiros, J. R.; Alves, S.; Udry, S.; Andersen, J.; Nordström, B.; Mayor, M. (January 2014). "A catalog of rotational and radial velocities for evolved stars V. Southern stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 561: A126. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220762. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2014A&A...561A.126D. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Soubiran, C.; Creevey, O. L.; Lagarde, N.; Brouillet, N.; Jofré, P.; Casamiquela, L.; Heiter, U.; Aguilera-Gómez, C. et al. (2024-02-01). "Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Fundamental Teff and log g of the third version". Astronomy and Astrophysics 682: A145. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347136. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2024A&A...682A.145S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...682A.145S.  Beta Arae's database entry at VizieR.
  57. ↑ Heiter, U.; Jofré, P.; Gustafsson, B.; Korn, A. J.; Soubiran, C.; Thévenin, F. (October 2015). "Gaia FGK Benchmark Stars: Effective temperatures and surface gravities". Astronomy & Astrophysics 582: A49. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526319. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...582A..49H. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Wielen, R.; Schwan, H.; Dettbarn, C.; Lenhardt, H.; Jahreiß, H.; Jährling, R. (1999-01-01). "Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions.". Veroeffentlichungen des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts Heidelberg 35: 1. Bibcode: 1999VeARI..35....1W. 
  59. ↑ Megier, A.; Strobel, A.; Galazutdinov, G. A.; Krełowski, J. (2009-11-01). "The interstellar Ca II distance scale". Astronomy and Astrophysics 507 (2): 833–840. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/20079144. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2009A&A...507..833M. 
  60. ↑ Abt, Helmut A.; Levato, Hugo; Grosso, Monica (2002-07-01). "Rotational Velocities of B Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 573 (1): 359–365. doi:10.1086/340590. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...573..359A. 
  61. ↑ Remie, H.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (1982-01-01). "Effective temperatures, and radii of luminous O and B stars : a test for the accuracy of the model atmospheres.". Astronomy and Astrophysics 105: 85–97. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1982A&A...105...85R. 
  62. ↑ Lutz, T. E.; Lutz, J. H. (1977-06-01). "Spectral classification and UBV photometry of bright visual double stars.". The Astronomical Journal 82: 431–434. doi:10.1086/112066. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1977AJ.....82..431L. 
  63. ↑ Gray, R. O.; Garrison, R. F. (1989-07-01). "The Late A-Type Stars: Refined MK Classification, Confrontation with Stroemgren Photometry, and the Effects of Rotation". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 70: 623. doi:10.1086/191349. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1989ApJS...70..623G. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Neiner, Coralie; Oksala, Mary E.; Georgy, Cyril; Przybilla, Norbert; Mathis, Stéphane; Wade, Gregg; Kondrak, Matthias; Fossati, Luca et al. (2017-10-01). "Discovery of magnetic A supergiants: the descendants of magnetic main-sequence B stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 (2): 1926–1935. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1549. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2017MNRAS.471.1926N. 
  65. ↑ Smiljanic, R. et al. (April 2006), "CNO in evolved intermediate mass stars", Astronomy and Astrophysics 449 (2): 655–671, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054377, Bibcode: 2006A&A...449..655S 
  66. ↑ Houk, N. (1982-01-01). Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD stars. Volume_3. Declinations -40_ƒ0 to -26_ƒ0.. Bibcode: 1982mcts.book.....H. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (2011-01-01). "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3kpc from the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 410 (1): 190–200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x. Bibcode: 2011MNRAS.410..190T. 
  68. ↑ Gutierrez-Moreno, A. (1966). "A system of photometric standards". Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile 1. Bibcode: 1966PDAUC...1....1G. 
  69. ↑ De Almeida, E S G.; Hugbart, M.; Domiciano De Souza, A.; Rivet, J-P; Vakili, F.; Siciak, A.; Labeyrie, G.; Garde, O. et al. (2022). "Combined spectroscopy and intensity interferometry to determine the distances of the blue supergiants P Cygni and Rigel". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 515 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1617. Bibcode: 2022MNRAS.515....1D. 
  70. ↑ Przybilla, N.; Butler, K.; Becker, S. R.; Kudritzki, R. P. (2006-01-01). "Quantitative Spectroscopy of BA-type Supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics 445 (3): 1099–1126. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053832. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...445.1099P. 
  71. ↑ Shultz, M.; Wade, G. A.; Petit, V.; Grunhut, J.; Neiner, C.; Hanes, D.; Collaboration, the MiMeS (2014-02-21). "An Observational Evaluation of Magnetic Confinement in the Winds of BA Supergiants". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 438 (2): 1114–1126. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2260. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2014MNRAS.438.1114S. 
  72. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (2012). "Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The MOST High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring". The Astrophysical Journal 747 (1): 108–115. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..108M. 
  73. ↑ Guinan, Edward F.; Eaton, J. A.; Wasatonic, R.; Stewart, H.; Engle, S. G.; McCook, G. P. (2009-11-01). "Times-Series Photometry & Spectroscopy of the Bright Blue Supergiant Rigel: Probing the Atmosphere and Interior of a SN II Progenitor" (in en). Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5 (H15): 359. doi:10.1017/S1743921310009798. ISSN 1743-9221. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 389 (2): 869–879. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.389..869E. 
  75. ↑ Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2023-01-01). "Orbital parallax of binary systems compared to Gaia DR3 and the parallax zero-point offset at bright magnitudes". Astronomy and Astrophysics 669: A4. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244479. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2023A&A...669A...4G.  Zeta Aurigae's database entry at VizieR.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Harper, G. M.; Griffin, R. E. M.; Bennett, P. D.; O'Riain, N. (2016-02-01). "Orbitally modulated photoexcited Si I emission in the eclipsing composite-spectrum binary ζ Aurigae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 456 (2): 1346–1358. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2668. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2016MNRAS.456.1346H. 
  77. ↑ Kiyokawa, M. (1967-01-01). "Photoelectric observations of ZET AUR during the 1963-64 eclipse.". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 19: 209. ISSN 0004-6264. Bibcode: 1967PASJ...19..209K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PASJ...19..209K. 
  78. ↑ Shenavrin, V. I.; Taranova, O. G.; Nadzhip, A. E. (2011-01-01). "Search for and study of hot circumstellar dust envelopes" (in en). Astronomy Reports 55 (1): 31–81. doi:10.1134/S1063772911010070. ISSN 1562-6881. Bibcode: 2011ARep...55...31S. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063772911010070. 
  79. ↑ "Epsilon Geminorum". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Epsilon+Geminorum. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Rosas-Portilla, F.; Schröder, K.-P.; Jack, D. (2022-04-26). "On the physical nature of the Wilson-Bappu effect: revising the gravity and temperature dependence". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 513 (1): 906–924. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac929. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  81. ↑ Mallik, Sushma V. (1999-12-01). "Lithium abundance and mass". Astronomy and Astrophysics 352: 495–507. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1999A&A...352..495M. 
  82. ↑ Van Belle, G. T. et al. (2009). "Supergiant temperatures and linear radii from near-infrared interferometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 394 (4): 1925. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14146.x. Bibcode: 2009MNRAS.394.1925V. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Gallenne, A.; Mérand, A.; Kervella, P.; Pietrzyński, G.; Gieren, W.; Hocdé, V.; Breuval, L.; Nardetto, N. et al. (May 25, 2021). "Extended envelopes around Galactic Cepheids. V. Multi-wavelength and time-dependent analysis of IR excess". Astronomy & Astrophysics 651: A113. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140350. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2021A&A...651A.113G. 
  84. ↑ "VSX : Detail for eta Aql". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=2802. 
  85. ↑ Evans, Nancy Remage; Bond, Howard E.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Mason, Brian D.; Karovska, Margarita; Tingle, Evan (2013-09-11). "Binary Cepheids: Separations and Mass Ratios in $5\,M_\odot$ Binaries". The Astronomical Journal 146 (4): 93. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/93. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2013AJ....146...93E. 
  86. ↑ GCVS Query=eta Aql, General Catalogue of Variable Stars @ Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia, http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=eta+Aql, retrieved 2010-11-24. 
  87. ↑ Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, B. E.; Fredrick, L. W.; Harrison, T. E.; Slesnick, C. L.; Rhee, J.; Patterson, R. J.; Skrutskie, M. F. et al. (September 2002). "Astrometry with Hubble Space Telescope: A Parallax of the Fundamental Distance Calibrator delta Cephei". The Astronomical Journal 124 (3): 1695–1705. doi:10.1086/342014. Bibcode: 2002AJ....124.1695B. 
  88. ↑ Majaess, Daniel J.; Turner, David G.; Gieren, Wolfgang (2012-03-10). "New Evidence Supporting Cluster Membership for the Keystone Calibrator Delta Cephei". The Astrophysical Journal 747 (2): 145. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/145. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..145M. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Query= del cep". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=del+cep. 
  90. ↑ Engle, Scott G.; Guinan, Edward F.; Harper, Graham M.; Neilson, Hilding R.; Evans, Nancy Remage (2014-09-25). "The Secret Lives of Cepheids: Evolutionary Changes and Pulsation-Induced Shock Heating in the Prototype Classical Cepheid {\delta} Cep". The Astrophysical Journal 794 (1): 80. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/80. ISSN 1538-4357. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Clark III, James H.; Gorney, Jim; Hutter, Donald J.; Jorgensen, Anders M.; Kyte, Casey; Mozurkewich, David et al. (2021-11-01). "Angular Diameters and Fundamental Parameters of Forty-Four Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal 162 (5): 198. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2021AJ....162..198B. 
  92. ↑ Nardetto, N.; Hocdé, V.; Kervella, P.; Gallenne, A.; Gieren, W.; Graczyk, D.; Merand, A.; Rainer, M. et al. (2024-04-01). "The orbital parameters of the δ Cep inner binary system determined using 2019 HARPS-N spectroscopic data". Astronomy and Astrophysics 684: L9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449600. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2024A&A...684L...9N. 
  93. ↑ Machado, L. N.; Abe, K.; Hayato, Y.; Hiraide, K.; Ieki, K.; Ikeda, M.; Kameda, J.; Kanemura, Y. et al. (2022-08-01). "Pre-supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande". The Astrophysical Journal 935 (1): 40. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f9c. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...935...40M. 
  94. ↑ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (August 2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, But Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal 628 (2): 973–985. doi:10.1086/430901. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...628..973L. 
  95. ↑ Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  96. ↑ De Medeiros, J. R.; Udry, S.; Burki, G.; Mayor, M. (2002). "A catalog of rotational and radial velocities for evolved stars. II. Ib supergiant stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics 395: 97–98. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021214. Bibcode: 2002A&A...395...97D. 
  97. ↑ McArthur, Barbara E.; Benedict, G. Fritz; Harrison, Thomas E.; van Altena, William (2011-05-01). "Astrometry with the Hubble Space Telescope: Trigonometric Parallaxes of Selected Hyads". The Astronomical Journal 141 (5): 172. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/172. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2011AJ....141..172M. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Taylor, Melinda M.; Booth, Andrew J. (1998-08-01). "The bright southern Cepheid beta Doradus: the radial velocity curve, distance and size". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 298 (2): 594–600. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01670.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1998MNRAS.298..594T. 
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  101. ↑ Turner, David G. (April 2010), "The PL calibration for Milky Way Cepheids and its implications for the distance scale", Astrophysics and Space Science 326 (2): 219–231, doi:10.1007/s10509-009-0258-5, Bibcode: 2010Ap&SS.326..219T 
  102. ↑ Sota, A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Walborn, N. R.; Alfaro, E. J.; Barbá, R. H.; Morrell, N. I.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I. (2011-04-01). "The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey. I. Classification System and Bright Northern Stars in the Blue-Violet at R~2500". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 193 (2): 24. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/193/2/24. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2011ApJS..193...24S. 
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  104. ↑ "Detail for zet Pup". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=27176. 



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