Medicine:Ureaplasma urealyticum infection
| Ureaplasma urealyticum infection | |
|---|---|
| Types | infectious disease |
Ureaplasma urealyticum is a type of bacteria that can cause infection of the urinary tract and vagina. It can be passed from mother to infant during birth, or be sexually transmitted.[1] Ureaplasma urealyticum can be found in a majority of sexually active people,[citation needed] most of whom are asymptomatic.[2] It can also be found in cultures in cases of pelvic inflammatory disease. It is not a commensal of the healthy uterine or amniotic microbiome. Infection with U. urealyticum can contribute to neonatal infection and negative birth outcomes.
Presentation
Men
It had also been associated with a number of diseases in humans, including nonspecific urethritis, and infertility.[3][4]
Women and infants
Infection in the newborn is accompanied by a strong immune response and is correlated with the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation.[5] Infection with U. urealyticum in pregnancy and birth can be complicated by chorioamnionitis, stillbirth, premature birth,[1] and, in the perinatal period, pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia[6] and meningitis.[7] U. urealyticum has been found to be present in amniotic fluid in women who have had a premature birth with intact fetal membranes.[8]
U. urealyticum has been noted as one of the infectious causes of sterile pyuria.[9] It increases the morbidity as a cause of neonatal infections.[5] It is associated with premature birth, preterm rupture of membranes, preterm labor, cesarean section, placental inflammation, congenital pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, fetal lung injury and death of infant.[4] Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with miscarriage.[10] In addition, this pathogen may latently infect the chorionic villi tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome.[11]
Diagnosis
Treatment
Doxycycline is the drug of choice, but azithromycin is also used as a five-day course rather than a single dose that would be used to treat Chlamydia infection;[12] streptomycin is an alternative, but is less popular because it must be injected. Penicillins are ineffective — U. urealyticum does not have a cell wall,[13] which is the drug's main target.[14][15]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ljubin-Sternak, Suncanica; Mestrovic, Tomislav (2014). "Review: Chlamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens 2014 (183167): 183167. doi:10.1155/2014/183167. PMID 25614838.
- ↑ "Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: Are they Sexually Transmitted Infections?" (in en). https://www.treated.com/blog/mycoplasma-and-ureaplasma-are-they-sexually-transmitted.
- ↑ C. Huang; H.L. Zhu; K.R. Xu; S.Y. Wang; L.Q. Fan; W.B. Zhu (September 2015). "Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Andrology 3 (5): 809–816. doi:10.1111/andr.12078. PMID 26311339.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Medscape (2017-11-17). Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231470-overview#a5.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pryhuber, Gloria S. (2015). "Postnatal Infections and Immunology Affecting Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity". Clinics in Perinatology 42 (4): 697–718. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2015.08.002. ISSN 0095-5108. PMID 26593074; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
- ↑ "Maternal genital colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum promotes preterm delivery: association of the respiratory colonization of premature infants with chronic lung disease and increased mortality". Clin. Infect. Dis. 39 (8): 1113–22. October 2004. doi:10.1086/424505. PMID 15486833.
- ↑ Queena, John T. .; Spong, Catherine Y; Lockwood, Charles J., editors (2012). Queenan's management of high-risk pregnancy : an evidence-based approach (6th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780470655764.
- ↑ Payne, Matthew S.; Bayatibojakhi, Sara (2014). "Exploring Preterm Birth as a Polymicrobial Disease: An Overview of the Uterine Microbiome". Frontiers in Immunology 5: 595. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00595. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 25505898.
- ↑ Dieter RS (2000). "Sterile pyuria: a differential diagnosis". Compr Ther 26 (3): 150–2. doi:10.1007/s12019-000-0001-1. PMID 10984817.
- ↑ Cunningham, F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Sheffield JS (2013). "Abortion". Williams Obstetrics. McGraw-Hill. pp. 5.
- ↑ "Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage.". J Cell Physiol 234 (1): 100–9107. 2018. doi:10.1002/jcp.26952. PMID 30078192.
- ↑ "Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Parvum Test Online". thesticlinic.com. http://www.thesticlinic.com/ureaplasma-urealyticum.aspx.
- ↑ Vancutsem E, Soetens O, Breugelmans M, Foulon W, Naessens A (2011). "Modified Real-Time PCR for Detecting, Differentiating, and Quantifying Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum". J Mol Diagn 13 (2): 206–12. doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2010.10.007. PMID 21354056.
- ↑ "Drugs — Pencillin". elmhurst.edu. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/652penicillin.html.
- ↑ "In vitro antimicrobial profile of Ureaplasma urealyticum from genital tract of childbearing-aged women in Northern and Southern Italy". APMIS 122 (6): 552–5. 2013. doi:10.1111/apm.12184. PMID 24106832.
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