Astronomy:Axiom Orbital Segment

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Short description: Planned ISS component
Axiom Station
Axiom modules connected to ISS.jpg
Artist's rendering of concept design for Axiom Station berthed at the forward port of Harmony
Station statistics
Launch2026 (planned)
Carrier rocketUndecided
Launch padUndecided
Mission statusUnder construction[1]

Axiom Orbital Segment or Axiom Segment (or AxS) are the planned modular components of the International Space Station (ISS) designed by Axiom Space for commercial space activities. Axiom Space gained initial NASA approval for the venture in January 2020. Axiom Space was later awarded the contract by NASA on February 28, 2020.[2] This orbital station will be separated from the ISS to become a modular space station, Axiom Station, after the ISS is decommissioned.


Axiom Segment

At least four Axiom modules will attach to the International Space Station. The first module is scheduled to be launched in late 2026[3] and would dock to the forward port of Harmony, requiring relocation of Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA-2) to any other ports on ISS like Harmony nadir. Axiom Space plans to attach at least three additional modules to its first core module, and send private astronauts to inhabit the modules.[4]

Axiom renderings illustrate how the four modules might attach to the ISS as they are berthed and relocated by the Mobile Servicing System using Canadarm2.[5][6]

Axiom Station

The company released preliminary plans in February 2020 for how the Axiom Orbital Segment could form the basis for the Axiom Station, a potential future space station, constructed out of the Axiom Segment and additional elements upon ISS retirement and separation, including a power and thermal module with an airlock.[7][non-primary source needed] The company plans to launch its first module to the ISS in 2026,[3] with the second, third and fourth launching in consecutive years afterward.[8][9][10]

The interior concept of the crew quarters of Axiom Orbital Segment was designed by French architect and designer Philippe Starck. Renderings of the habitat show a chamber with walls that are covered with tufted padding and studded with hundreds of color-changing LEDs.[11] The Axiom Orbital Segment will have amenities including high-speed Wi-Fi, video screens, picture windows and a glass-walled cupola — which Axiom calls "the largest window observatory ever constructed for the space environment".[12]

Each Axiom Station module is an independent spacecraft equipped with all the systems needed to maneuver in orbit - propulsion among them.[13]

Planned modules

AxH1

Axiom's first module, Hab One, is expected to launch in late 2026.[3] It will provide quarters for four crew members and volume to accommodate research and manufacturing applications. Each personal crew quarter is equipped with a large Earth-viewing window and touch-screen comms panel. A docking adapter allows visiting vehicles to dock to the Axiom Station; four radial ports on the Hub provide for the addition of future modules and increase the station's docking capability.[14][15] It will have propulsion, guidance, navigation and station control systems. The first windowed pressurized module is approximately 11 meters long and 4.2 meters in diameter at the widest part.[10]

AxSEE-1

Axiom Space plans to manufacture the SEE-1 module for the British company Space Entertainment Enterprise (or S.E.E.)[16][17]. It is planned to be a six meter spherical inflatable module[18] and to fulfill the purpose of a first entertainment studio in space. SEE-1 is currently expected to launch after AxH1 arrives at the ISS.[19]

The directors of SEE, Dmitry Lesnevsky and Elena Lesnevsky, have additionally been pursuing film shootings for a future movie with Tom Cruise at the station.[18]

AxH2

Axiom's Hab Two module is expected to launch no earlier than 2027.[3][8] It will provide quarters for an additional four crew members allowing the station to support up to eight crew.[14][15] It provides complete ECLSS support, commercial high data satellite communications and a Canadarm 3 styled Remote manipulator system for the Axiom Station.[20]

AxRMF

Axiom's Research & Manufacturing Facility module is expected to launch in the late 2020s.[14][15] It provides access to the unique microgravity environment as a platform to conduct innovative research, product development, process improvement, and manufacturing.[21]

AxEO

Axiom Earth Observatory interior. Scheduled to be launched in the late 2020s.

Axiom's Earth Observatory will be a glass-walled cupola planned to launch in the late 2020s.[15][14]

AxPT

Axiom's Power Thermal module will provide power and thermal capacity equivalent to that of the ISS via solar array to support the station so that Axiom Station will be able to support itself once it disconnects from the ISS. It is expected to launch in the late 2020s.[15][14] Until AxPT is launched, Axiom Station will be relying on the ISS to help provide power. AxPT also adds EVA capability to the station.[21]

AxPLM

The Raffaello MPLM is planned to be modified and installed on Axiom Station after the ISS is decommissioned.[22]

Construction

Manufacturing

Axiom Space signed a contract with Thales Alenia Space for Thales Alenia to manufacture and test the primary structure and the Micrometeoroid & Debris Protection System (or MDPS) for both AxH1 and AxH2.[23] Thales Alenia Space is already in the process of machining the primary structure of AxH1. With the completion of the Manufacturing Readiness Review on September 21, 2021, Thales Alenia was able to begin welding the cone panels of AxH1. The primary structure for AxH1 is expected to be delivered from Italy to Houston, TX in early 2023 where Axiom Space will complete assembly and integration of all systems before launch.[10]

Assembly

There have been no announcements as to which rocket will carry the AxS modules into Low Earth orbit. The first module, AxH1, is planned to attach onto the forward port of Harmony.[2] The SEE-1 module is planned to berth on one of the radial ports of AxH1. AxH2 will then berth on the forward port of AxH1. AxPT is planned to berth on the Zenith port of either AxH1 or AxH2.[5] As Axiom Station is a modular space station the modules may be moved to different ports as needed.

Purpose

Scientific research

Axiom Station is planned to have a lab module, AxRMF, to provide opportunities for Low Earth orbit research and manufacturing.

Commercial station

Axiom Station is also planned to have space for general commercial use, such as the SEE-1 entertainment module.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "A step closer to the Axiom Commercial Space Station". https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/news/step-closer-axiom-commercial-space-station. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Northon, Karen (2020-01-27). "NASA Selects First Commercial Destination Module for Space Station". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-first-commercial-destination-module-for-international-space-station. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Foust, Jeff (13 December 2023). "SpaceX yet to select launch pad for next Axiom Space private astronaut mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/spacex-yet-to-select-launch-pad-for-next-axiom-space-private-astronaut-mission/. "Ondler said in the briefing that the first of those modules is now scheduled to launch to the ISS at the end of 2026, about a year later than the company previously announced." 
  4. ↑ "NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station module". SpaceNews. 2020-01-28. https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-axiom-space-to-build-commercial-space-station-module/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Assembly Sequence: Watch the Axiom Segment of the ISS constructed module-by-module". Axiom Space. https://www.axiomspace.com/post/axiom-space-international-space-station-assembly-sequence. 
  6. ↑ "A Private Space Station Might Be Born From the ISS". https://www.seeker.com/international-space-station-retire-private-axiom-orbit-commercializati-2214242152.html. 
  7. ↑ "Axiom Space - Axiom Commercial Space Station". Axiom Space. https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Foust, Jeff (14 October 2022). "Commercial space station developers seek clarity on regulations". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/commercial-space-station-developers-seek-clarity-on-regulations/. 
  9. ↑ Corbett, Tobias (2020-01-28). "NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station segment" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/01/nasa-axiom-space-build-commercial-station-segment/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "A step closer to the Axiom Commercial Space Station" (in en). https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/news/step-closer-axiom-commercial-space-station. 
  11. ↑ "French designer creates womblike habitat for space tourists". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/french-designer-creates-womblike-habitat-space-tourists-ncna884801. 
  12. ↑ Corbett, Tobias (2020-01-27). "NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station segment". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/01/nasa-axiom-space-build-commercial-station-segment/. 
  13. ↑ @Axiom_Space. "Each Axiom Station module is an independent spacecraft equipped with all the systems needed to maneuver in orbit - propulsion among them. Progress on the thrusters, developed in-house, continues apace with this test unit undergoing new and progressively longer hotfire cycles.". https://twitter.com/Axiom_Space/status/1432796990816100352.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "Axiom Commercial Space Station" (in en-US). https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 "News & Media" (in en-US). https://www.axiomspace.com/news-and-media. 
  16. ↑ "Press - Space Entertainment Enterprise". https://www.seespacearena.com/press.html. 
  17. ↑ "SEE - Space Entertainment Enterprise". https://www.seespacearena.com/#01. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Bigelow Aerospace transfers BEAM space station module to NASA". 2022-01-21. https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-transfers-beam-space-station-module-to-nasa/. 
  19. ↑ "RELEASE - Axiom selected to build inflatable microgravity media venue" (in en-US). https://www.axiomspace.com/news/axiom-selected-to-build-inflatable-microgravity-media-venue. 
  20. ↑ Boucher, Marc (2022-05-04). "Canadarm3 technology to be included on Axiom commercial space station" (in en-US). https://spaceq.ca/canadarm3-technology-to-be-included-on-axiom-commercial-space-station/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Axiom Space Builds World's First Commercial Space Station". https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EPn_nx2XUAE7Kef?format=jpg&name=4096x4096. 
  22. ↑ Leinfelder, Andrea (2023-04-27). "NASA's Super Guppy delivers space shuttle module for reuse on Axiom Space's commercial station" (in en-US). https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/nasa-super-guppy-houston-commercial-space-station-17920584.php. 
  23. ↑ "Thales Alenia Space to provide the first two pressurized modules for Axiom Space Station" (in en). https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press_release/thales-alenia-space-provide-first-two-pressurized-modules-axiom-space. 

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