Astronomy:IXPE

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Short description: NASA satellite of the Explorer program
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer
IXPE-artist-rendition.jpg
IXPE satellite, on the top are its three identical X-ray optics elements, the sensors are on the bottom.
NamesExplorer 97
IXPE
SMEX-14
Mission typeX-ray astronomy satellite
OperatorNASA, ASI
COSPAR ID2021-121A
SATCAT no.49954
Websiteixpe.msfc.nasa.gov
asi.it/ixpe
Mission duration5 years (planned)
2 years, 4 months and 17 days (in progress)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftExplorer XCVII
Spacecraft typeImaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer
BusBCP-100
ManufacturerBall Aerospace & Technologies
OHB Italia
Launch mass330 kg (730 lb)[1]
Payload mass170 kg (370 lb)
Dimensions1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in diameter and 5.2 m (17 ft) tall, fully extended
Solar array: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) fully deployed
Start of mission
Launch date9 December 2021, 06:00 UTC[3]
RocketFalcon 9, B1061.5
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39A
ContractorSpaceX
Entered service10 January 2022[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Perigee altitude540 km (340 mi)
Apogee altitude540 km (340 mi)
Inclination0.20°
Period90.00 minutes
Main telescope
TypeThree-mirror
Focal length4 m[4]
WavelengthsX-ray
Transponders
BandS-band[5]
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) logo.png
IXPE mission logo
Explorer Program
← ICON (Explorer 96)
PUNCH and TRACERS →
 

Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, commonly known as IXPE or SMEX-14, is a space observatory with three identical telescopes designed to measure the polarization of cosmic X-rays of black holes, neutron stars, and pulsars.[6] The observatory, which was launched on 9 December 2021, is an international collaboration between NASA and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). It is part of NASA's Explorers program, which designs low-cost spacecraft to study heliophysics and astrophysics.

The mission will study exotic astronomical objects and permit mapping of the magnetic fields of black holes, neutron stars, pulsars, supernova remnants, magnetars, quasars, and active galactic nuclei. The high-energy X-ray radiation from these objects' surrounding environment can be polarized – oscillating in a particular direction. Studying the polarization of X-rays reveals the physics of these objects and can provide insights into the high-temperature environments where they are created.[7]

Overview

Illustration of IXPE

The IXPE mission was announced on 3 January 2017[6] and was launched on 9 December 2021.[3] The international collaboration was signed in June 2017,[1] when the Italian Space Agency (ASI) committed to provide the X-ray polarization detectors.[7] The estimated cost of the mission and its two-year operation is US$188 million (the launch cost is US$50.3 million).[8][7] The goal of the IXPE mission is to expand understanding of high-energy astrophysical processes and sources, in support of NASA's first science objective in astrophysics: "Discover how the universe works".[1] By obtaining X-ray polarimetry and polarimetric imaging of cosmic sources, IXPE addresses two specific science objectives: to determine the radiation processes and detailed properties of specific cosmic X-ray sources or categories of sources; and to explore general relativistic and quantum effects in extreme environments.[1][6]

During IXPE's two-year mission, it will study targets such as active galactic nuclei, quasars, pulsars, pulsar wind nebulae, magnetars, accreting X-ray binaries, supernova remnants, and the Galactic Center.[4]

The spacecraft was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies.[1] The principal investigator is Martin C. Weisskopf of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; he is the chief scientist for X-ray astronomy at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and project scientist for the Chandra X-ray Observatory spacecraft.[7]

Other partners include the McGill University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Roma Tre University, Stanford University,[5] OHB Italia[9] and the University of Colorado Boulder.[10]

Objectives

The technical and science objectives include:[3]

  • Improve polarization sensitivity by two orders of magnitude over the X-ray polarimeter aboard the Orbiting Solar Observatory 8
  • Provide simultaneous spectral, spatial, and temporal measurements
  • Determine the geometry and the emission mechanism of active galactic nuclei and microquasars
  • Find the magnetic field configuration in magnetars and determine the magnitude of the field
  • Find the mechanism for X-ray production in pulsars (both isolated and accreting) and the geometry
  • Determine how particles are accelerated in pulsar wind nebula

Telescopes

The space observatory features three identical telescopes designed to measure the polarization of cosmic X-rays.[6] The polarization-sensitive detector was invented and developed by Italian scientists of the Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica (INAF) and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and was refined over several years.[4][11][12]

Telescope (×3) Basic parameters
Wavelength X-ray
Energy range 2–8 keV
Field of view (FoV) >11′
Angular resolution ≤30″

Principle

IXPE's payload is a set of three identical imaging X-ray polarimetry systems mounted on a common optical bench and co-aligned with the pointing axis of the spacecraft.[1] Each system operates independently for redundancy and comprises a mirror module assembly that focuses X-rays onto a polarization-sensitive imaging detector developed in Italy.[1] The 4 m (13 ft) focal length is achieved using a deployable boom.

The Gas Pixel Detectors (GPD),[13] a type of Micropattern gaseous detector, rely on the anisotropy of the emission direction of photoelectrons produced by polarized photons to gauge with high sensitivity the polarization state of X-rays interacting in a gaseous medium.[4] Position-dependent and energy-dependent polarization maps of such synchrotron-emitting sources will reveal the magnetic-field structure of the X-ray emitting regions. X-ray polarimetric imaging better indicates the magnetic structure in regions of strong electron acceleration. The system is capable to resolve point sources from surrounding nebular emission or from adjacent point sources.[4]

Launch profile

IXPE launch

IXPE was launched on 9 December 2021 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 (B1061.5) from LC-39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The relatively small size and mass of the observatory falls well short of the normal capacity of SpaceX's Falcon 9 launch vehicle. However, Falcon 9 had to work to get IXPE into the correct orbit because IXPE is designed to operate in an almost exactly equatorial orbit with a 0° inclination. Launching from Cape Canaveral, which is located 28.5° above the equator, it was physically impossible to launch directly into a 0.2° equatorial orbit. Instead, the rocket needed to launch due east into a parking orbit and then perform a plane, or inclination, change once in space, as the spacecraft crossed the equator. For Falcon 9, this meant that even the tiny 330 kg (730 lb) IXPE likely still represented about 20–30% of its maximum theoretical performance (1,500–2,000 kg (3,300–4,400 lb)) for such a mission profile, while the same launch vehicle is otherwise able to launch about 15,000 kg (33,000 lb) to the same 540 km (340 mi) orbit IXPE was targeting when no plane change is needed, while recovering the first stage booster.[14]

IXPE is the first satellite dedicated to measuring the polarization of X-rays from a variety of cosmic sources, such as black holes and neutron stars. The orbit hugging the equator will minimize the X-ray instrument's exposure to radiation in the South Atlantic Anomaly, the region where the inner Van Allen radiation belt comes closest to Earth's surface.

Operations

IXPE is built to last for two years.[8] After that it may be retired and deorbited or given an extended mission.

After launch and deployment of the IXPE spacecraft, NASA pointed the spacecraft at 1ES 1959+650, a black hole, and SMC X-1, a pulsar, for calibration. After that the spacecraft observed its first science target, Cassiopeia A. A first-light image of Cassiopeia A was released on 11 January 2022.[15] 30 targets are planned to be observed during IXPE's first year.[15]

IXPE communicates with Earth via a ground station in Malindi, Kenya. The ground station is owned and operated by the Italian Space Agency.[15]

At present mission operations for IXPE are controlled by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP).[16]

Results

In May 2022 the first study of IXPE hinted the possibility of vacuum birefringence on 4U 0142+61[17][18] and in August another study looked at Centaurus A measuring low polarization degree, suggesting that the X-ray emission is coming from a scattering process rather than arising directly from the accelerated particles of the jet.[19][20] In October 2022 it observed the gamma ray burst GRB 221009A, also known as the "Brightest of all time" (BOAT).[21][22]

Gallery

  • IXPE spacecraft

  • Diagram of IXPE's structure

  • IXPE before launch

  • Animation of the IXPE deployment process

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "IXPE (Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer)". ESA. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/ixpe. 
  2. ↑ "IXPE X-ray observatory completes commissioning, eyes Cassiopeia A for calibration". NASASpaceFlight.com. 10 January 2022. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/01/ixpe-post-launch-update/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "IXPE Home: Expanding the X-ray View of the Universe". Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). NASA. 7 September 2021. https://ixpe.msfc.nasa.gov/index.html.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Weisskopf, Martin C.; Ramsey, Brian; o'Dell, Stephen L.; Tennant, Allyn; Elsner, Ronald; Soffitta, Paolo; Bellazzini, Ronaldo; Costa, Enrico et al. (31 October 2016). "The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)". Results in Physics 6: 1179–1180. doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2016.10.021. Bibcode: 2016ResPh...6.1179W. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "IXPE Fact Sheet". NASA. 2017. https://ixpe.msfc.nasa.gov/about/IXPE_fact_sheet.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "NASA Selects Mission to Study Black Holes, Cosmic X-ray Mysteries". NASA. 3 January 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-mission-to-study-black-holes-cosmic-x-ray-mysteries.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "NASA selects X-ray astronomy mission". SpaceNews. 4 January 2017. https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-x-ray-astronomy-mission/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Clark, Stephen (8 July 2019). "SpaceX wins NASA contract to launch X-ray telescope on reused rocket". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/08/spacex-wins-nasa-contract-to-launch-x-ray-telescope-on-reused-rocket/. 
  9. ↑ "Advanced Observatory Design for the Imaging X-Ray Polarimeter Explorer (IXPE) Mission". Space Foundation. 2018. https://www.spacefoundation.org/tech_track_papers/advanced-observatory-design-for-the-imaging-x-ray-polarimeter-explorer-ixpe-mission. 
  10. ↑ "Students operate $214M spacecraft. 'It's like what you see in the movies.'" (in en). 2022-01-18. https://www.colorado.edu/today/2022/IXPE-mission-operations. 
  11. ↑ Costa, Enrico; Soffitta, Paolo; Bellazzini, Ronaldo; Brez, Alessandro; Lumb, Nicholas; Spandre, Gloria (2001). "An efficient photoelectric X-ray polarimeter for the study of black holes and neutron stars". Nature 411 (6838): 662–665. doi:10.1038/35079508. PMID 11395761. Bibcode: 2001Natur.411..662C. https://cds.cern.ch/record/511427. 
  12. ↑ Bellazzini, R.; Spandre, G.; Minuti, M.; Baldini, L.; Brez, A.; Latronico, L.; Omodei, N.; Razzano, M. et al. (2017). "A sealed Gas Pixel Detector for X-ray astronomy". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 592 (2): 853–858. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.05.304. Bibcode: 2007NIMPA.579..853B. 
  13. ↑ Soffitta, Paolo; Costa, Enrico; di Persio, Giuseppe; Morelli, Ennio; Rubini, Alda; Bellazzini, Ronaldo; Brez, Alessandro; Raffo, Renzo et al. (2001-08-11). "Astronomical X-ray polarimetry based on photoelectric effect with microgap detectors" (in en). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 469 (2): 164–184. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(01)00772-0. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168900201007720. 
  14. ↑ "SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket rolls out to launch pad with NASA X-ray telescope". 7 December 2021. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-nasa-ixpe-falcon-9-pad-39a-rollout/amp/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Mohon, Lee (2022-01-11). "NASA's New IXPE Mission Begins Science Operations". http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ixpe/news/nasa-s-new-ixpe-mission-begins-science-operations.html. 
  16. ↑ "Quick Facts: Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)". https://lasp.colorado.edu/home/missions-projects/quick-facts-ixpe/. 
  17. ↑ Taverna, Roberto; Turolla, Roberto; Muleri, Fabio; Heyl, Jeremy; Zane, Silvia; Baldini, Luca; Caniulef, Denis González; Bachetti, Matteo et al. (2022-05-18). "Polarized x-rays from a magnetar". Science 378 (6620): 646–650. doi:10.1126/science.add0080. PMID 36356124. Bibcode: 2022Sci...378..646T. 
  18. ↑ "X-ray polarisation probes extreme physics" (in en-GB). 2022-06-30. https://cerncourier.com/a/x-ray-polarisation-probes-extreme-physics/. 
  19. ↑ Ehlert, Steven R.; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo; Marinucci, Andrea; Marshall, Herman L.; Middei, Riccardo; Pacciani, Luigi; Perri, Matteo; Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier et al. (2022-08-01). "Limits on X-Ray Polarization at the Core of Centaurus A as Observed with the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer". The Astrophysical Journal 935 (2): 116. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8056. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...935..116E. 
  20. ↑ "Probing a Bright Radio Galaxy with X-Rays" (in en-US). 2022-08-26. https://aasnova.org/2022/08/26/probing-a-bright-radio-galaxy-with-x-rays/. 
  21. ↑ Negro, Michela; Di Lalla, Niccolò; Omodei, Nicola; Veres, Péter; Silvestri, Stefano; Manfreda, Alberto; Burns, Eric; Baldini, Luca et al. (2023-03-01). "The IXPE View of GRB 221009A" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Letters 946 (1): L21. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acba17. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...946L..21N. 
  22. ↑ Hensley, Kerry (2023-03-29). "Focusing on the Brightest Gamma-ray Burst of All Time" (in en-US). https://aasnova.org/2023/03/29/gamma-ray-burst-grb-221009a/. 



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