Astronomy:List of open clusters

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The open cluster Messier 6 in the constellation Scorpius is also known as the Butterfly Cluster or NGC 6405

This is a list of open clusters located in the Milky Way. An open cluster is an association of up to a few thousand stars that all formed from the same giant molecular cloud. There are over 1,000 known open clusters in the Milky Way galaxy, but the actual total may be up to ten times higher.[1] The estimated half-lives of clusters, after which half the original cluster members will have been lost, range from 150 million to 800 million years, depending on the original density.[2]

Table

Milky Way

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Known and candidate Milky Way open clusters
Cluster
identifier 		Image Epoch J2000 Constellation Distance
(Light-years) 		Age
(Myr) 		Diameter Apparent
magnitude 		Notes
R. A. Dec.
Hyades 90px  04h 26.9m +15° 52′ Taurus 153 625 330' 0.5 [3]
Coma Star Cluster 90px  12h 22.5m +25° 51′ Coma Berenices 280 400–500 120' 1.8 [4]
Messier 45 (Pleiades) 90px  03h 47.4m +24° 07′ Taurus 444 125 120' 1.2 [5]
IC 2602 (Southern Pleiades/Theta Carinae Cluster) 90px  10h 43.2m −64° 24′ Carina 486 30 100' 1.9 [6]
Alpha Persei Cluster 90px  03h 26.0m +49° 07′ Perseus 570 50 300' 1.2 [7]
IC 2391 (Omicron Velorum Cluster) 90px  08h 40.6m −53° 02′ Vela 574 30 60' 2.5 [6]
NGC 2451 A 90px  07h 45.4m −37° 58′ Puppis 600 50 45' 2.8 [8][9]
Messier 44 (Beehive Cluster) 90px  08h 40.4m +19° 41′ Cancer 610 830 70' 3.1 [10][11]
Melotte 186 90px  18h 01.1m +02° 54′ Ophiuchus 652 100 240' 3.0 [12]
Blanco 1  00h 04.3m −29° 56′ Sculptor 850+160
−130 		100 90' 4.5 [6]
Messier 7 (Ptolemy's Cluster) 90px  17h 53.8m −34° 47′ Scorpius 980 ± 33 224 80' 3.3 [8][13]
Messier 39 (Pyramid Cluster) 90px  21h 31.8m +48° 27′ Cygnus 1,010 280 30' 4.6 [1][8]
IC 348 90px  03h 44.6m +32° 10′ Perseus 1,028 44 7' 7.3 [1]
NGC 6633 90px  18h 27.7m +06° 34′ Ophiuchus 1,040 660 20' 4.6 [14]
Pi Puppis Cluster 90px  07h 08m −37° 10′ Puppis 1,040.5 50' 2.1 [15]
NGC 2232 90px  06h 26.4m −04° 45′ Monoceros 1,060 53 45' 3.9 [1][8]
Trumpler 10 90px  08h 47.8m −42° 29′ Vela 1,100 35 14' 4.6 [1][8]
IC 4665 (Summer Beehive Cluster) 90px  17h 46.3m +05° 43′ Ophiuchus 1,120 43 70' 4.2 [1]
NGC 2547 90px  08h 10.8m −49° 18′ Vela 1,190 38 25' 4.7 [8]
Collinder 140  07h 24.5m −31° 51′ Canis Major 1,226 35 42' 3.5 [1][8]
Sigma Orionis Cluster 90px  05h 38m −02° 36′ Orion 1,263
IC 4756 (Graff's Cluster) 90px  18h 39.0m −05° 27′ Serpens 1,300 500 40' 4.6 [1][8]
NGC 2516 (Southern Beehive Cluster) 90px  07h 58.0m −60° 48′ Carina 1,300 141 30' 3.8 [8][13]
Lambda Orionis Cluster 90px  05h 35m +09° 56′ Orion 1,300 5 2.8 [16]
NGC 3532 (Wishing Well Cluster) 90px  11h 06.4m −58° 40′ Carina 1,321 316 50' 3.0 [8][13]
Trapezium Cluster 90px  5h 35.4m −05° 27′ Orion 1,344 ± 20 0.3 0.783' 4.0 [17]
NGC 752 90px  01h 57.7m +37° 47′ Andromeda 1,470 1,700–2,000 75' 5.7 [18]
Messier 34 (Spiral Cluster) 90px  02h 42.1m +42° 46′ Perseus 1,500 180 36' 5.2 [1][13]
Messier 6 (Butterfly Cluster) 90px  17h 40.1m −32° 13′ Scorpius 1,590 94 20' 4.2 [1]
Messier 47 90px  07h 36.6m −14° 30′ Puppis 1,600 73 25' 4.4 [1]
NGC 6281 (Moth Wing Cluster) 90px  17h 04.7m −37° 59′ Scorpius 1,611 220 8' 5.4 [1]
NGC 1980 (The Lost Jewel of Orion) 90px  5h 25.43m −05° 54′ Orion 1,793 4.7 14' 2.5 [19]
Messier 25 90px  18h 31.7m −19° 07′ Sagittarius 2,000 92 30' 4.6 [1]
Messier 23 90px  17h 57.0m −18° 59′ Sagittarius 2,050 300 30' 5.5 [1][13]
NGC 5662 90px  14h 35.6m −56° 37′ Centaurus 2,170 70 30' 5.5 [1][13]
NGC 225 90px  00h 43.6m +61° 46′ Cassiopeia 2,200 130 12' 7.0 [1]
NGC 5460 90px  14h 07.4m −48° 20′ Centaurus 2,350 160 36' 5.6 [1][13]
NGC 2264 90px  06h 41.0m +09° 53′ Monoceros 2,350 ± 52 1.5 40' 3.9 [20]
Messier 41 90px  06h 46.0m −20° 46′ Canis Major 2,360 240 40' 4.5 [1][13]
NGC 6025 90px  16h 03.3m −60° 26′ Triangulum Australe 2,410 130 14' 5.1 [1][13]
Messier 48 90px  08h 13.7m −05° 45′ Hydra 2,500 400 30' 5.8 [1]
IC 5146 90px  21h 53.5m +47° 16′ Cygnus 2,500±100 1 9' 7.2 [1]
Messier 67 (King Cobra Cluster/Golden Eye Cluster) 90px  08h 51.3m +11° 48′ Cancer 2,610 – 2,930 4,000 25' 6.9 [1][13]
NGC 2301 90px  06h 51.75m +00° 28′ Monoceros 2,840 165 12' 6.0 [21]
Messier 50 (Heart-shaped Cluster) 90px  07h 02.6m −08° 23′ Monoceros 2,870 130 14' 5.9 [22]
IC 4651 90px  17h 24.8m −49° 56′ Ara 2,900 1,900 10' 6.9 [1][13]
NGC 7822 (Berkeley 59) 90px  00h 04.0m +68° 35′ Cepheus 2,900 2 180' [23]
Messier 35 (Shoe-Buckle Cluster) 90px  06h 09.1m +24° 21′ Gemini 2,970 180 25' 5.0 [22]
NGC 3114 90px  10h 02.7m −60° 07′ Carina 2,970 124 36' 4.2 [1]
NGC 381 90px  01h 08.3m +61° 35′ Cassiopeia 3,120 ± 300 320 7' 9.3 [1]
Messier 93 (Critter Cluster) 90px  07h 44.6m −23° 52′ Puppis 3,380 390 10' 6.2 [1]
NGC 1502 (Golden Harp Cluster) 90px  04h 07.8m +62° 20′ Camelopardalis 3,452 10 8' 5.7 [1]
Messier 38 (Starfish Cluster) 90px  05h 28.7m +35° 51′ Auriga 3,480 316 20' 6.4 [1]
NGC 6087 (S Normae Cluster) 90px  16h 18.8m −57° 56′ Norma 3,500 70 14' 5.4 [1][13]
NGC 6204 90px  16h 46.1m −47° 01′ Ara 3,540 79 6' 8.2 [1]
Collinder 121  07h 08m −37° 10′ Canis Major 3,590 ± 0.72 50' 2.6 [24]
NGC 2169 90px  06h 08.4m +13° 58′ Orion 3,600 12 5' 5.9 [1]
NGC 2360 (Caroline's Cluster) 90px  07h 17.7m −15° 38′ Canis Major 3,700 1,000 13' 7.2 [1][13]
Messier 21 (Webb's Cross) 90px  18h 04.2m −22° 29′ Sagittarius 3,930 12 14' 5.9 [1]
NGC 189 90px  00h 39.7m +61° 04′ Cassiopeia 4,200 10 3.7' 8.8 [1]
Messier 18 (Black Swan Cluster) 90px  18h 20.0m −17° 06′ Sagittarius 4,230 17 5' 6.9 [1]
Messier 36 (Pinwheel Cluster) 90px  05h 36.2m +34° 08′ Auriga 4,340 ± 0.87 25 10' 6.0 [1]
NGC 6242 90px  16h 55.6m −39° 28′ Scorpius 4,350 ± 0.53 50 9' 6.4 [1][13]
Messier 37 (Salt and Pepper Cluster) 90px  05h 52.3m +32° 33′ Auriga 4,500 347 14' 5.6 [1]
Messier 52 (Scorpion Cluster) 90px  23h 24.8m +61° 35′ Cassiopeia 4,600 160 15' 6.9 [1]
NGC 6067 90px  16h 13.2m −54° 13′ Norma 4,621 170 14' 5.6 [1][13]
NGC 2362 (Tau Canis Majoris Cluster) 90px  07h 18.6m −24° 59′ Canis Major 4,830 ± 0.97 4–5 5' 4.1 [25]
Messier 46 90px  07h 41.7m −14° 49′ Puppis 4,920 ± 980 250 20' 6.1 [1]
Messier 26 90px  18h 45.3m −09° 23′ Scutum 5,160 85 7' 8.0 [1]
NGC 2244 (Satellite Cluster) 90px  06h 31.9m +04° 56′ Monoceros 5,200 1.9 30' 4.8 [1]
NGC 2355 90px  07h 17.0m +13° 47′ Gemini 5,380 955 5' 9.7 [1][13]
NGC 188 (Polarissima Cluster) 90px  00h 48.4m +85° 15′ Cepheus 5,400 6,600 17' 8.1 [13][26]
NGC 129 90px  00h 30.0m +60° 13′ Cassiopeia 5,450 76 21′ 6.5 [27]
NGC 3766 (Pearl Cluster) 90px  11h 36.2m −61° 37′ Centaurus 5,500 14 12' 5.3
NGC 6231 (Baby Scorpion Cluster) 90px  16h 54.1m −41° 50′ Scorpius 5,600 ± 400 6 14' 2.6 [1][13]
Messier 16 (Eagle Nebula) 90px  18h 18.8m −13° 49′ Serpens 5,700 ± 400 1.3 6' 6.0 [1]
Messier 11 (Wild Duck Cluster) 90px  18h 51.1m −06° 16′ Scutum 6,120 250 13' 5.8 [1][13][28]
NGC 2175 90px  06h 09.7m +20° 29′ Orion 6,350 8.9 5' 6.8 [1]
NGC 6756 90px  19h 08.7m +04° 42′ Aquila 6,363 62 4' 4.5 [1]
NGC 4755 (Jewel Box) 90px  12h 53.6m −60° 22′ Crux 6,500 14 10' 4.2 [1][13]
NGC 6200 90px  16h 44.1m −47° 28′ Ara 6,700 8.5 12' 7.4 [29]
NGC 6031 90px  16h 07.9m −54° 03′ Norma 6,800 ± 2.3 117 3' 8.5 [1][30]
NGC 663 90px  01h 46.1m +61° 14′ Cassiopeia 6,850 25 14' 7.1 [1]
NGC 637 90px  01h 43.0m +64° 02′ Cassiopeia 7,045 ± 1.409 10 4.2' 8.2 [1]
NGC 2129 90px  06h 01.1m +23° 19′ Gemini 7,200 10 5' 6.7 [1][31]
NGC 869 (h Persei) 90px  02h 19.1m +57° 09′ Perseus 7,460 12 18' 3.7 [1]
NGC 1931 90px  05h 31.0m +34° 15′ Auriga 7,500 10 3' 10.1 [1]
NGC 884 (χ Persei) 90px  02h 22.0m +57° 08′ Perseus 7,600 14 18' 3.8 [1][13]
NGC 7789 (White Rose Cluster) 90px  23h 57.4m +56° 43′ Cassiopeia 7,600 1,700 16' 6.7 [32]
NGC 457 (Dragonfly Cluster) 90px  01h 19.1m +58° 17′ Cassiopeia 7,922 21 20' 6.4 [33]
Collinder 261  12h 38.0m −68° 22′ Musca 8,150 8,000 9' 10.7 [34][35]
NGC 659 (Yin-Yang Cluster) 90px  01h 44.4m +60° 40′ Cassiopeia 8,200 35 5' 7.9 [1]
NGC 3293 90px  10h 35.8m −58° 13′ Carina 8,400 8 8' 4.7
NGC 7419 90px  22h 54.3m +60° 48.9′ Cepheus 9,130 2' 13
Messier 103 90px  01h 33.4m +60° 39′ Cassiopeia 9,400 16 5' 7.4 [36]
NGC 2509 90px  08h 00.7m −19° 04′ Puppis 9,500 Uncertain[37] 10' 9.3 [38]
Messier 24 (Small Sagittarius Star Cloud) 90px  18h 17.0m −18° 29′ Sagittarius 10,000 220 90' 2.5 [1][13]
NGC 6834 90px  19h 52.2m +29° 25′ Cygnus 10,850 76 5' 7.8 [1][30]
NGC 2158 90px  06h 07.4m +24° 06′ Gemini 11,000 1,054 5' 8.6 [1]
NGC 2439 90px  07h 40.8m −31° 41′ Puppis 12,570 25 9' 6.9 [1][13]
NGC 6791 90px  19h 20.9m +37° 46′ Lyra 13,300 8,900 16' 9.5 [1][13]
NGC 2204 90px  06h 15.5m −18° 40′ Canis Major 13,400 ± 1.3 787 13' 8.6 [1]
Gaia 1 90px  06h 45.9m −16° 45′ Canis Major 15,000 6,300 13' 8.3
Ruprecht 7  06h 57m 49.7s −13° 13′ 38″ Canis Major 16,300-18,780 [39][40]
Teutsch 2  05h 41.4m +39° 14′ Auriga 18,590 900 2' 11 [41]
Alicante 7 (RSGC5)  18h 44m 29.45s −03° 30′ 02.4″ Scutum 19,600 16–20
Alicante 10 (RSGC6)  18h 45m 30s −03° 40′ 00″ Scutum 19,600 16–20
Arches Cluster 90px  17h 45m 50.5s −28° 49′ 28″ Sagittarius 25,000 2.5
Quintuplet Cluster 90px  17h 46m 13.9s −28° 49′ 48″ Sagittarius 26,000 4.8
Arp-Madore 2  07h 38.8m −33° 51′ Puppis 30,000 5,000 1.3' [42]

Local Group

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Open clusters of the Local Group[43]
Identifier Image Epoch J2000 Diameter
(′) 		Apparent
Magnitude 		Galaxy
Right ascension Declination
NGC 2070 90px  05h 38.7m −69° 06′ 3.5' 7.25 LMC[44][45]
Hodge 301 90px  05h 38.5m −69° 04′ 0.5' 11 LMC[46][47]
NGC 376 90px  01h 03m 50.21s −72° 49′ 33.5″ 10.90 SMC

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 Dias W.S.; Alessi B.S.; Moitinho A.; Lepine J.R.D. (July 2002). "New catalog of optically visible open clusters and candidates". Astronomy and Astrophysics 389 (3): 871–873. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020668. Bibcode: 2002A&A...389..871D.  Note: see the VizieR catalogue B/ocl.
  2. ↑ de La Fuente, M. R. (1998). "Dynamical Evolution of Open Star Clusters". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 110 (751): 1117. doi:10.1086/316220. Bibcode: 1998PASP..110.1117D. 
  3. ↑ Perryman, M.A.C. (1998). "The Hyades: distance, structure, dynamics, and age". Astronomy & Astrophysics 331: 81–120. Bibcode: 1998A&A...331...81P. 
  4. ↑ Casewell, S. L.; Jameson, R. F.; Dobbie, P. D. (January 2006). "New stellar members of the Coma Berenices open star cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 365 (2): 447–453. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09689.x. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.365..447C. 
  5. ↑ Percival, S. M.; Salaris, M.; Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2005). "The distance to the Pleiades. Main sequence fitting in the near infrared". Astronomy and Astrophysics 429 (3): 887–894. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041694. Bibcode: 2005A&A...429..887P. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mermilliod, J.-C.; Turon, C.; Robichon, N.; Arenou, F.; Lebreton, Y. (May 13–16, 1997). "The Distance of the Pleiades and Nearby Clusters". Venice, Italy: ESA. Bibcode: 1997ESASP.402..643M. 
  7. ↑ Basri, Gibor; Martín, Eduardo L. (January 1999). "The Mass and Age of Very Low Mass Members of the Open Cluster alpha Persei". The Astrophysical Journal 510 (1): 266–273. doi:10.1086/306564. Bibcode: 1999ApJ...510..266B. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 Robichon, N. (2005). "Open clusters with Hipparcos. I. Mean astrometric parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics 345: 471–484. Bibcode: 1999A&A...345..471R. 
  9. ↑ Hünsch, M.; Weidner, C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (May 2003). "An X-ray study of the open clusters NGC 2451 A and B". Astronomy and Astrophysics 402 (2): 571–586. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030268. Bibcode: 2003A&A...402..571H. 
  10. ↑ Pinfield, D. J. (July 2003). "Brown dwarfs and low-mass stars in the Pleiades and Praesepe: membership and binarity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 342 (4): 1241–1259. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06630.x. Bibcode: 2003MNRAS.342.1241P. 
  11. ↑ "NGC 2632". http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?mescat.distance=on&Ident=%401110595&Name=NGC++2632&submit=display+selected+measurements#lab_meas. 
  12. ↑ "Cl Melotte 186". http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Mel+186&submit=submit+id. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 Meynet, G.; Mermilliod, J.-C.; Maeder, A. (May 1993). "New dating of galactic open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 98 (3): 477–504. Bibcode: 1993A&AS...98..477M. 
  14. ↑ van Leeuwen, F. (February 2013), "Parallaxes and proper motions for 20 open clusters as based on the new Hipparcos catalogue", Astronomy and Astrophysics 497 (1): 209–242, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811382, Bibcode: 2009A&A...497..209V. 
  15. ↑ "Cl Collinder 135". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Cl+Collinder+135. 
  16. ↑ "Cl Collinder 69". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Cl+Collinder+69. 
  17. ↑ Reid, M. J. et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal 700 (1): 137–148. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...700..137R. 
  18. ↑ Giardino, G. (October 2008). "The X-ray luminosity of solar-mass stars in the intermediate age open cluster NGC 752". Astronomy and Astrophysics 490 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810042. Bibcode: 2008A&A...490..113G. 
  19. ↑ "The open cluster NGC 1980". In the Sky. https://in-the-sky.org/data/object.php?id=NGC1980. 
  20. ↑ Baxter, Eric J. et al. (September 2009), "The Distance to NGC 2264", The Astronomical Journal 138 (3): 963–974, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/3/963, Bibcode: 2009AJ....138..963B. 
  21. ↑ "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 2301. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+2301&submit=SIMBAD+search. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kalirai, Jasonjot Singh; Fahlman, Gregory G.; Richer, Harvey B.; Ventura, Paolo (September 2003). "The CFHT Open Star Cluster Survey. IV. Two Rich, Young Open Star Clusters: NGC 2168 (M35) and NGC 2323 (M50)". The Astronomical Journal 126 (3): 1402–1414. doi:10.1086/377320. Bibcode: 2003AJ....126.1402K. 
  23. ↑ Pandey, A. K. (January 2008). "Stellar contents and star formation in the young star cluster Be 59". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 383 (3): 1241–1258. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12641.x. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.383.1241P. 
  24. ↑ "Cl Collinder 121". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Cl+Collinder+121. 
  25. ↑ Currie, Thayne (June 2009). "The Last Gasp of Gas Giant Planet Formation: A Spitzer Study of the 5 Myr Old Cluster NGC 2362". The Astrophysical Journal 698 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/1. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...698....1C. 
  26. ↑ Bonatto, C.; Bica, E.; Santos, J. F. C. Jr. (April 2005). "Spatial dependence of 2MASS luminosity and mass functions in the old open cluster NGC 188". Astronomy and Astrophysics 433 (3): 917–929. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041113. Bibcode: 2005A&A...433..917B. 
  27. ↑ Turner, David G. et al. (September 1992). "Galactic clusters with associated Cepheid variables. II – NGC 129 and DL Cassiopeiae". Astronomical Journal 104 (3): 1132–1143. doi:10.1086/116302. Bibcode: 1992AJ....104.1132T. http://library2.smu.ca/handle/01/26682. 
  28. ↑ Paunzen, E.; Pintado, O. I.; Maitzen, H. M. (December 2003). "CCD photometric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. V. NGC 2099, NGC 3114, NGC 6204, NGC 6705 and NGC 6756". Astronomy and Astrophysics 412 (3): 721–725. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031065. Bibcode: 2003A&A...412..721P. 
  29. ↑ "open cluster NGC 6200". WEBDA. Universität Wien. http://www.univie.ac.at/webda/cgi-bin/ocl_page.cgi?dirname=ngc6200. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Paunzen, E. (July 2006). "CCD photometric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. VII. Berkeley 11, Berkeley 94, Haffner 15, Lyngå 1, NGC 6031, NGC 6405, NGC 6834 and Ruprecht 130". Astronomy and Astrophysics 454 (1): 171–178. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054628. Bibcode: 2006A&A...454..171P. 
  31. ↑ Carraro, Giovanni; Chaboyer, Brian; Perencevich, James (January 2006). "The young open cluster NGC 2129". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 365 (8): 867–873. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09762.x. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.365..867C. 
  32. ↑ Kharchenko, N. V; Piskunov, A. E; Röser, S; Schilbach, E; Scholz, R.-D (2005). "Astrophysical parameters of Galactic open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics 438 (3): 1163–1173. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042523. Bibcode: 2005A&A...438.1163K. 
  33. ↑ Frinchaboy, Peter M. (2008). "Open Clusters as Galactic Disk Tracers. I. Project Motivation, Cluster Membership, and Bulk Three-Dimensional Kinematics". The Astronomical Journal 136 (1): 118–145. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/118. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136..118F.  See table I, p. 12.
  34. ↑ "Cl Collinder 261". http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?mescat.distance=on&Ident=%409920972&Name=Cl+Collinder++261&submit=display+selected+measurements#lab_meas. 
  35. ↑ Salaris, M; Weiss, A; Percival, S. M. (2004). "The age of the oldest Open Clusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics: 165–167. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2004/04/aah4736.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Sanner, J. (September 1999). "Photometric and kinematic studies of open star clusters. I. NGC 581 (M 103)". Astronomy and Astrophysics 349: 448–456. Bibcode: 1999A&A...349..448S. 
  37. ↑ Carraro, G.; Costa, E. (March 2007). "Photometry of the five marginally studied open clusters Collinder 74, Berkeley 27, Haffner 8, NGC 2509, and VdB-Hagen 4". Astronomy and Astrophysics 464 (2): 573–580. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066350. Bibcode: 2007A&A...464..573C. 
  38. ↑ Sujatha, S.; Babu, G. S. D. (2003). "Study of open cluster NGC 2509". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 31: 9–18. Bibcode: 2003BASI...31....9S. 
  39. ↑ "CL Berkeley 33". SIMBAD. https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=Ruprecht%207. 
  40. ↑ Carraro, G.; Geisler, D.; Baume, G.; Vazquez, R.; Moitinho, A. (2005-06-21). "The intermediate-age open clusters Ruprecht 4, Ruprecht 7 and Pismis 15" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 360 (2): 655–661. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09054.x. ISSN 0035-8711. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09054.x. 
  41. ↑ Bonatto, C.; Bica, E. (22 October 2010). "The wide variety of evolutionary stages among 34 unstudied Teutsch open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics 521: A74. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015222. Bibcode: 2010A&A...521A..74B. 
  42. ↑ Lee, Myung Gyoon (February 1997). "UBVI CCD Photometry of the Remote Old Open Cluster AM-2". Astronomical Journal 113: 729–739. doi:10.1086/118292. Bibcode: 1997AJ....113..729L. 
  43. ↑ Milky Way Globular Clusters [1][2], Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
  44. ↑ "NGC 2070". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+2070. 
  45. ↑ Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P. et al. (2000). The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars. 355. L27. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 978-0333750889. Bibcode: 2000A&A...355L..27H. 
  46. ↑ "Hodge 301". The Hubble Heritage Project. NASA. April 1, 1999. http://heritage.stsci.edu/1999/12/fast_facts.html. 
  47. ↑ Grebel, Eva K.; Chu, You-Hua (February 2000). "Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus". The Astronomical Journal 119 (2): 787–799. doi:10.1086/301218. Bibcode: 2000AJ....119..787G. 



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