Astronomy:S-IVB

Short description: Third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB

S-IVB

S-IVB-206 which was used for the Skylab 2 flight
Manufacturer	Douglas
Country of origin	USA
Used on	Saturn IB (stage 2) Saturn V (stage 3)
General characteristics
Height	17.81 m (58 ft, 5 in)
Diameter	6.60 m (21 ft, 8 in)
Gross mass	271,000 pounds (123,000 kg)
Propellant mass	241,300 lb (109,000 kg)
Empty mass	29,700 lb (13,500 kg)
Launch history
Status	Retired
Total launches	21
Successes (stage only)	20
Other	Restart failure (Apollo 6)
First flight	February 26, 1966
Last flight	July 15, 1975
S-IVB 200 series
Engines	1 J-2
Thrust	200,000 pounds-force (890,000 N)
Specific impulse	420 s (4.1 km/s)
Burn time	480 s
Fuel	LH2 / LOX
S-IVB 500 series
Engines	1 J-2
Thrust	232,250 pounds-force (1,033,100 N)
Specific impulse	421 s (4.13 km/s)
Burn time	500 s
Fuel	LH2 / LOX

The S-IVB (pronounced "S-four-B") was the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB launch vehicles. Built by the Douglas Aircraft Company, it had one J-2 rocket engine. For lunar missions it was fired twice: first for Earth orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and then for translunar injection (TLI).

History

The S-IVB evolved from the upper stage of the Saturn I rocket (the S-IV) and was the first stage of the Saturn V to be designed. The S-IV used a cluster of six RL-10 engines but used the same fuels as the S-IVB – liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. It was also originally meant to be the fourth stage of a planned rocket called the C-4, hence the name S-IV.

Eleven companies submitted proposals for being the lead contractor on the stage by the deadline of 29 February 1960. NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan decided on 19 April that Douglas Aircraft Company would be awarded the contract. Convair had come in a close second but Glennan did not want to monopolize the liquid hydrogen-fueled rocket market as Convair was already building the Centaur stage of the Atlas-Centaur rocket.

In the end, the Marshall Space Flight Center decided to use the C-5 rocket (later called the Saturn V), which had three stages and would be topped with an uprated S-IV called the S-IVB featuring a single J-2 engine, as opposed to the cluster of 6 RL-10 engines on the S-IV. Douglas was awarded the contract for the S-IVB because of the similarities between it and the S-IV. At the same time, it was decided to create the C-IB rocket (Saturn IB) that would also use the S-IVB as its second stage and could be used for testing the Apollo spacecraft in low Earth orbit.

12 200-series and 16 500-series S-IVB stages were built, alongside 3 test stages. NASA was working on acquiring 4 additional 200-series stages (as part of 4 new Saturn IB rockets, SA-213 to 216), but funding never materialized and the order was canceled in August 1968 before S-IVB hardware was assembled. Similarly, an order for two additional 500-series stages (for Saturn V rockets 516 and 517) was canceled around the same time.

Configuration

Douglas built two distinct versions of the S-IVB, the 200 series and the 500 series. The 200 series was used by the Saturn IB and differed from the 500 in that it did not have a flared interstage and it had less helium pressurization on board since it did not have to be restarted. In the 500 series, the interstage flared out to match the larger diameter of the S-II stage of the Saturn V. The 200 series also had three solid rockets for separating the S-IVB from the S-IB during staging. On the 500 series this was reduced to two, and two small Auxiliary Propulsion System (APS) thruster modules were added as ullage motors for restarting the J-2 engine and to provide attitude control during coast phases of flight.

Cutaway drawing of the Saturn V S-IVB

The S-IVB carried 73,280 litres (19,360 US gal) of liquid oxygen (LOX), massing 87,200 kilograms (192,200 lb). It carried 252,750 litres (66,770 US gal) of liquid hydrogen (LH2), massing 18,000 kilograms (40,000 lb). Empty mass was 10,000 kilograms (22,000 lb)

Auxiliary Propulsion System

Attitude control was provided by J-2 engine gimbaling during powered flight and by the two APS modules during coast. APS modules were used for three-axis control during coast phases, roll control during J-2 firings, and ullage for the second ignition of the J-2 engine. Each APS module contained two 150-pound-force (670 N) thrusters providing thrust for roll and pitch, another 150-pound-force thruster for yaw, and one 70-pound-force (310 N) thruster for ullage. Each module contained its own propellant tanks of 150 pounds (68 kg) dinitrogen tetroxide and 115 pounds (52 kg) monomethyl hydrazine as well as compressed helium to pressurize its propellants.

Uses

A surplus S-IVB tank, serial number 212, was converted into the hull for Skylab, the first American space station. Skylab was launched on a Saturn V on May 14, 1973, and it eventually reentered the atmosphere on July 11, 1979. A second S-IVB, serial number 515, was also converted into a backup Skylab, but this one never flew.

From Apollo 13 onward, the S-IVB stages were crashed into the Moon to perform seismic measurements used for characterizing the lunar interior.

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  Apollo 7 S-IVB in orbit over Cape Canaveral.

• 

  Distant view of Apollo 7 S-IVB stage

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  Apollo 8 S-IVB, shortly after separation

Stages built

200 series
Serial number	Use	Launch date	Current location	Notes	Image
S-IVB-S	"Battleship" static test stage		Stacked on top of S-IB-11 at the Alabama Welcome Center in Ardmore, AL	Test article made with thicker stainless steel tanks (flight stages would use thinner aluminum tanks) for early propellant loading and engine tests. Assembly completed in mid-1964, began testing in September of the same year.
S-IVB-F	Facilities test stage		Appears to have been scrapped in the 1990s	Completed in early 1965, used later that year (without J-2 engine) to check out ground facilities at LC-34 and LC-37 at Cape Canaveral. Completed similar testing as part of SA-500F at KSC in 1965/1966. Modified in 1970 to become Skylab Dynamic Test vehicle.
S-IVB-D	"Dynamic" test stage		U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama	Assembly completed in 1964. Delivered to Marshall Space Flight Center in January 1965; also used for structural testing as part of SA-500D in 1967.
S-IVB-T	Flight-weight test stage; Assembly cancelled			Would have featured flight-like aluminum tanks (unlike S-IVB-S) for final tanking and engine testing. Canceled during assembly, tanks were transferred to the S-IVB-F unit
S-IVB-201	AS-201	February 26, 1966	Suborbital test; impacted Atlantic Ocean at 9.6621S, 10.0783E	First S-IVB to fly; suborbital Saturn IB mission.
S-IVB-202	AS-202	August 25, 1966	Suborbital test; impacted Atlantic Ocean	Suborbital Saturn IB mission; J-2 engine ignition recorded via a camera on S-IB stage.
S-IVB-203	AS-203	July 5, 1966	Exploded in orbit during bulkhead test at end of mission; debris decayed	Carried no payload in order to test the behavior of liquid hydrogen in weightlessness. Data used to validate J-2 restart possibility on 500-series S-IVB.
S-IVB-204	Apollo 5 (originally intended for Apollo 1)	January 22, 1968	Launched LM-1 into low Earth orbit for uncrewed test; decayed
S-IVB-205	Apollo 7	October 11, 1968	Decayed from low Earth orbit
S-IVB-206	Skylab 2, (crew to Skylab)	May 25, 1973	Decayed from low Earth orbit	First Saturn IB launched from LC-39B. Stages 206-210 were produced in 1966/67 then stored at Huntington Beach until 1971. Refurbished and put through a second set of ground testing prior to being shipped to KSC.
S-IVB-207	Skylab 3, (crew to Skylab)	July 28, 1973	Decayed from low Earth orbit
S-IVB-208	Skylab 4, (crew to Skylab)	November 16, 1973	Decayed from low Earth orbit
S-IVB-209	Unflown Skylab rescue vehicle		Kennedy Space Center	Also acted as a backup vehicle for ASTP, never needed.
S-IVB-210	Apollo Soyuz Test Project	July 15, 1975	Decayed from low Earth orbit
S-IVB-211	Unused		U.S. Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama
S-IVB-212	Converted to Skylab	May 14, 1973	Re-entered Earth's atmosphere on July 11, 1979
500 series
Serial number	Use	Launch date	Current location	Notes	Image
S-IVB-501	Apollo 4	November 9, 1967	Impacted Pacific Ocean at 23.435N, 161.207E.	First Saturn V flight test and first S-IVB to restart its J-2. Engine restart placed S-IVB and spacecraft on an Earth-intersecting trajectory.
S-IVB-502	Apollo 6	April 4, 1968	Decayed from low Earth orbit	Second uncrewed Saturn V flight test. J-2 restart failed due to damage from pogo oscillation of previous stages. Some mission milestones accomplished using additional burns of the Apollo Service Propulsion System (SPS).
S-IVB-503	Destroyed during testing			Originally intended for Apollo 8 prior to destruction
S-IVB-503N	Apollo 8	December 21, 1968	Heliocentric orbit
S-IVB-504N	Apollo 9	March 3, 1969	Heliocentric orbit
S-IVB-505N	Apollo 10	May 18, 1969	Heliocentric orbit
S-IVB-506	Apollo 11	July 16, 1969	Heliocentric orbit
S-IVB-507	Apollo 12	November 14, 1969	Heliocentric orbit	Believed to have been discovered as an asteroid in 2002 and given the designation J002E3
S-IVB-508	Apollo 13	April 11, 1970	Impacted lunar surface April 14, 1970*
S-IVB-509	Apollo 14	January 31, 1971	Lunar surface*
S-IVB-510	Apollo 15	July 26, 1971	Lunar surface*
S-IVB-511	Apollo 16	April 16, 1972	Lunar surface*
S-IVB-512	Apollo 17	December 7, 1972	Lunar surface*
S-IVB-513	Apollo 18 (cancelled)		Johnson Space Center	The other two stages of the SA-513 stack launched the Skylab space station to low Earth orbit
S-IVB-514	Apollo 19 (cancelled)		Kennedy Space Center
S-IVB-515	Apollo 20 (cancelled), later converted to Skylab B		National Air and Space Museum	Converted to Skylab B space station as a backup to Skylab. Proposed multiple times to be launched after Skylab, but funding never materialized and the station remained unused.

(* See List of artificial objects on the Moon for location.)

Derivatives

The second stage of the Ares I rocket and the proposed Earth Departure Stage (EDS) would have had some of the characteristics of the S-IVB stage, as both would have had an uprated J-2 engine, called the J-2X, with the latter performing the same functions as that of the Series 500 version of the stage (placing the payload into orbit, and later firing the spacecraft into trans-lunar space).

The MS-IVB was a proposed modification of the S-IVB that would have been used on a Mars flyby, but it was never produced.

See also

• S-IC
• S-II
• S-IV
• Saturn IB
• Saturn V
• Apollo (spacecraft)
• List of artificial objects on the Moon

References

• Marshall Space Flight Center, Apollo Systems Description Volume II - Saturn Launch Vehicles, 1 February 1964. (Archived copy, pdf)

External links

• NASA New Reference: Saturn third stage